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התרגומים לאנגלית נעשו באמצעות המנוע "מתרגם גוגל" והתרגום הועתק לאתר בצורתו המקורית ללא עריכה נוספת
The English translations were done using the "Google Translate" engine and the translations were copied to the site in their original form without further editing.
Defender of the Fatherland Day in Russia, (Russian: День защитника Отечества Den' zashchitnika Otechestva); Kazakh: Отан қорғаушы күні; Tajik: Рӯзи Дорандаи Ватан; Kyrgyz: Мекенди коргоочулардын күнү; Belarusian: Дзень абаронцы Айчыны) is a holiday observed in Russia, Turkmenistan, Belarus, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan and Tajikistan. It is celebrated on 23 February, except in Kazakhstan, where it is celebrated on 7 May. In Russia and Belarus, it is a federal holiday and, usually, an off-day. Ukraine abolished the holiday starting 1992 (although its Russophone population still commemorates the Soviet Army legacy to this day) and, after the Revolution of Dignity, has instated the somewhat similar Defender of Ukraine Day on 14 October. First celebrated in 1919, the holiday marks the date in 1918 during the Russian Civil War when the first mass draft into the Red Army occurred in Petrograd and Moscow (on 17 February). In January 1919, it was decided to combine the celebration of that day with the anniversary of the publication of the decree on the establishment of the Red Army (of 18 February 1918). In 1919, 17 February fell on a Monday, so it was decided to move the holiday to the following Sunday, 23 February. That choice of day has been retained ever since. It was originally known as "Red Army Day" (Russian: День Красной Армии). In 1923, it was officially named Day of the Red Army and the Navy. In 1949, it was renamed to Soviet Army and Navy Day (Russian: День Советской армии и Военно-морского флота, romanized: Dyen' Sovyetskoy armii i Voyenno-morskogo flota). Following the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, the holiday was given its current name in 2002 by Russian President Vladimir Putin, who decreed it a state holiday (in Russia). Officially, as the name suggests, the holiday celebrates people who are serving or were serving the Russian Armed Forces (both men and women, both military and civilian personnel), but unofficially, nationally it has also come to include the celebration of men as a whole, and to act as a counterpart of International Women's Day on March 8. The holiday is celebrated with parades and processions in honor of veterans, and women also give small gifts to men in their lives, especially husbands (or boyfriends, fiances), fathers, sons and brothers. As a part of the workplace culture, women often give small gifts to their male co-workers. Consequently, in colloquial usage, the holiday is often referred to as "Men's Day" (Russian: День мужчин, romanized: Den' muzhchin). One of the holiday traditions in Moscow is a ceremony near the Kremlin, the laying of wreaths at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier. The Russian President, the heads of both chambers of parliament, military leaders, representatives of other branches of government, heads of political parties as well as Russian Orthodox Church officials arrive at the Alexander Garden which is located near the Moscow Kremlin walls. After a moment of silence, the national anthem is played and a solemn march of an honour guard unit passes. In the evening, the country's leadership is present at a concert dedicated to the holiday on the State Kremlin Palace. Also in the evening in Moscow and in many other cities of Russia, fireworks are displayed. A military parade on Omsk's Cathedral Square is held on 23 February. In Ukraine, Defender of the Fatherland Day (Ukrainian: День захисника Вітчизни/ Den' zakhysnyka Vitchyzny) was never celebrated as a state holiday. In 1999 President Leonid Kuchma recognized 23 February as Defenders of the Fatherland Day without, however, granting it any official status. President Petro Poroshenko made a statement on 24 August 2014, according to which, Ukraine "should not celebrate the holidays of the military-historical calendar of Russia, but will honor the defenders of our homeland, not someone else's". On 14 October 2014, a decree by Poroshenko instated the Defender of Ukraine Day, with its official holiday status. Today, even though it is not a public holiday, many women will still give some extra attention to male relatives, friends, husbands and boyfriends, especially to those serving in the Armed Forces of Ukraine. Armed Forces Day for the entire Armed Forces is celebrated yearly on 6 December with special programs and nationwide gun salutes and fireworks displays.
Day of the Red Army (Defender of the Fatherland Day) is a holiday of Soviet origin, celebrated on February 23 in Russia and some CIS countries. Unofficially celebrated as men's day. The history of the holiday dates back to January 28 (January 15, old style) 1918. On this day, against the backdrop of the ongoing World War I in Europe, the Council of People's Commissars (the actual government of Soviet Russia), headed by its chairman Vladimir Lenin, adopted a Decree on the organization of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army (RKKA). In the first days of January 1919, the Soviet authorities remembered the approaching anniversary of the decree of the Council of People's Commissars on the organization of the Red Army. On January 10, the chairman of the Supreme Military Inspectorate of the Red Army Nikolai Podvoisky sent a proposal to the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee to celebrate the anniversary of the creation of the Red Army, timed to coincide with the next Sunday before or after January 28. However, due to the late submission of the application, no decision was made. Then the initiative to celebrate the first anniversary of the Red Army was taken over by the Moscow Soviet. On January 24, 1919, its presidium, which at that time was headed by Lev Kamenev, decided to time these celebrations on the Day of the Red Gift. This day was arranged by the appropriate commission at the All-Russian Central Executive Committee in order to provide assistance to the fighting Red Army men. The day of the red gift was scheduled for February 16, but the commission did not have time to hold it on time. Therefore, the Day of the Red Gift and the Day of the Red Army, timed to coincide with it, decided to celebrate the next Sunday after February 16, that is, February 23. In 1920-1921, the Day of the Red Army was not celebrated. On January 27, 1922, the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee published a decree on the 4th anniversary of the Red Army, which said: "In accordance with the decree of the IX All-Russian Congress of Soviets on the Red Army, the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee draws the attention of the executive committees to the upcoming anniversary of the creation of the Red Army (February 23)." In 1923, a resolution of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, adopted on January 18, said: “On February 23, 1923, the Red Army will celebrate the 5th anniversary of its existence. On this day, five years ago, the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of January 28 of the same year was published, which laid the foundation for the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army, the stronghold of the proletarian dictatorship." However, this statement did not correspond to the truth, since the mentioned decree was published in the central newspapers almost immediately after its adoption. The 10th anniversary of the Red Army in 1928, like all the previous ones, was celebrated as the anniversary of the decree of the Council of People's Commissars on the organization of the Red Army dated January 28 (15), 1918, but the very date of publication, contrary to the truth, was directly linked to February 23rd. In 1938, a fundamentally new version of the origin of the date of the holiday, not related to the decree of the Council of People's Commissars, was presented in the "Short Course on the History of the CPSU (b)". The book stated that in 1918, near Narva and Pskov, “a decisive rebuff was given to the German occupiers. Their advance to Petrograd was suspended. The day of the rebuff to the troops of German imperialism-February 23-became the birthday of the young Red Army. " Later, in the order of the People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR of February 23, 1942, the wording was changed: “The young detachments of the Red Army, who first entered the war, utterly defeated the German invaders near Pskov and Narva on February 23, 1918. That is why February 23 was declared the birthday of the Red Army." In 1951, the last interpretation of the holiday appeared. The History of the Civil War in the USSR indicated that in 1919 the first anniversary of the Red Army was celebrated "on the memorable day of the mobilization of workers to defend the socialist Fatherland, the massive entry of workers into the Red Army, the wide formation of the first detachments and units of the new army." In the Federal Law of March 13, 1995 N32 FZ "On the days of military glory of Russia", February 23 has the official name: "Day of the victory of the Red Army over the Kaiser's troops in Germany in 1918-the Day of the defenders of the Fatherland." In accordance with the changes made to the Federal Law "On the Days of Military Glory of Russia" by the Federal Law of April 15, 2006, the words "Day of the Red Army victory over the Kaiser's troops in Germany (1918)" are excluded from the official description of the holiday, and is also stated in the singular the concept of "defender".
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