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THE WORLD-FAMOUS Don Cossack Chorus of Serge Jaroff. Serge Jaroff’s Don Cossack Choir was an improbable phenomenon. Founded at a miserable Turkish internment camp in 1920, it drew members from Don Cossack regiments expelled from Russia after the Russian Civil War. Jaroff, a detainee who had attended the Moscow Synodal School of Church Singing in Moscow, was ordered to establish and conduct it. He arranged repertoire from memory and turned thirty-six amateur singers into a world-class a cappella ensemble. Once liberated, they concertized throughout the non-Soviet world and enjoyed long-term success. Banned from Russia forever, they eventually became American citizens.
Don Cossacks (Russian: Донские казаки) or Donians (Russian: донцы, dontsy), are Cossacks who settled along the middle and lower Don. Historically, they have been located within what was the Don Cossack Host (Russian: Донско́е каза́чье во́йско, Donskoye Kazache Voisko), which was either an independent or an autonomous democratic republic in the present-day Southern Russia and the Donbas region of Ukraine, from the end of the 16th century until 1918. As of 1992, by the presidential decree of the Russian Federation, Cossacks can be enrolled on a special register. A number of Cossack communities have been reconstituted to further the Cossack cultural traditions, including those of the Don Cossack Host. Don Cossacks have had a rich military tradition, playing an important part in the historical development of the Russian Empire and participating in most of its major wars.
Serge Jaroff and the Don Cossack Choir: the State of Research in the 21 st Century Donna Arnold, University of North Texas. Serge Jaroff’s Don Cossack Choir was founded at a miserable Turkish concentration camp in 1921 in an attempt to raise morale. It drew singers from the Tsarist Don Cossack regiments deported by the Red Army after their defeat in the Russian revolution. Jaroff, a detainee, had graduated from the famous Moscow Synodal Choir School, so he was ordered to conduct it. He arranged repertoire for it from memory, and against all odds, polished 36 amateurs into a brilliant world-class unit. Once freed, the destitute men stayed together and kept singing. Discovered by an impresario, they gave a groundbreaking concert at Vienna’s Hofburg on July 4, 1923, which launched their remarkable professional career. They proceeded to tour the world with unimaginable success for nearly 60 years. They always sang only in Russian, and they always wore the same kind of austere Cossack uniforms they had been wearing when they were deported. For 22 years Jaroff and his choristers travelled with “Nansen” passports, devised by the League of Nations for Russian émigrés without a country. The passports read “en voyage” where a country name would have been. For some time the men were based in Germany, but they sought permanent-resident status in the United States as war was breaking out in Europe. They attained United States citizenship in 1943. The Don Cossacks began every concert with Russian Orthodox liturgical music arranged by Jaroff for classical performance. They continued with Russian art songs and concluded with Russian folk and soldier songs, most of them arranged by Jaroff. The style of the music was essentially classical, but was still difficult to classify.
After World War, I the Cossacks who fought for Tsar Nicolaj II were sent to the Tschillinger Camp. There they lived a miserable life. Trying to forget all misery they sang the songs of their homeland at the campfire. A 25 year old lieutenant, Sergej Jarov, with a remarkable education in music, took the lead and so a community, which was destined to become one of the famous choirs in the world, was born. The maiden concert took place in Sofia (4th July 1923) and soon after that they gave a concert in Vienna. During the following years, the Don Cossacks went to many countries all over the world and they gathered great fame. Just before Sergej Jarov died, in Lakewood, United States, this unique choir fell apart. Most members went their own musical way. So did Michael Minsky, one of the star-soloists with an impressive musical background of the original Don Cossacks Choir. He did his utmost to restart the Don Cossacks Choir with a number of very enthusiastic singers in the The Hague region. Immediately after the restart he became the conductor of the new Don Cossacks Choir in The Netherlands. From February 1991 on this Don Cossacks Choir has been conducted by Serge Latychev. Nowadays the choir has 36 members. Each voice-section has a number of singers performing as soloist or presentor. The repertoire includes songs from the Russian Orthodox Church, composed by Bortnjansky, Doebjenski, Gretsjaninov, Rachmaninov, Tsjesnokov among others. Besides this the program contains many Cossack-, soldiers-, and folk-songs, from the former Russia. The choir does not only give concerts for a great number of people but also performs in front of smaller groups and special events, for instance at Russian weeks, icon display, jubilee concerts, benefit performances, special church services, festivals and TV-programs. Serge was born in Moscow on the 3rd of March 1957. He studied at the school of music there , from 1967 to 1972, followed by music college for four years. After that he studied orchestral and choral conduction at the Gnessin Institute (Music Academy) in Moscow. He finished his studies in 1982 and the Gnessin Institute offered him a job as a concert leader. Here he stayed till 1986 and worked together with famous singing-educationalists like Nina Mesjko and Ljoedmila Sjamina. After that he became conductor of the orchestra of the Orenburg State Cossacks Choir and teacher at the State Institute of Culture in Moscow. In 1990 he came to The Netherlands and from then on he has conducted the Don Cossacks Choir. Besides that he is the director of several other Dutch choirs.
Virgin Soil Upturned. Opera in four acts (eight paintings). Libretto by L. I. Dzerzhinsky. Premiere: Moscow, Bolshoi Theatre, October 23, 1937. Plot. The action takes place on the Don in 1930. On the outskirts of the farm gathered young Cossacks and girls. They have fun under the harmony of Timothy, listen to the funny fictions of His grandfather Shchukar. Among the young women-Lushka, wife of Makar Nagulnova. She is fascinated by Timothy and delighted with his invitation to a date. The fun is interrupted by the arrival of Davydov. A locksmith from the Putilovsky plant, he came to help organize a collective farm. Davydov's speeches about the advantages of collective farm life Timothy meets in bayonets, threatening violence. He is not alone in his hatred of collective farms. His father Frol Damascusov, Bannik and other fists, secretly met in the house of Jacob Ostrovnov, develop a plan of action. The former Yesaul Polovtsev, who led the plot, promises help from abroad. As a sign of allegiance to the oath, he demands to sign the oath. However, Hoprov, who was forced to come under the threat of exposure-he served in the white army-refuses to sign and runs away. In fear, the fists hurriedly diverge. Fearing the disclosure of the conspiracy, Polovtsev inclines Timothy, who hastened to date, to the murder of Hoprov. This time Lushka waited in vain for her sweetheart. Not knowing about Ostrov's participation in the conspiracy, Davydov and the secretary of the party cell Nagulnov trust him to run the collective farm. The square in front of the village council. Davydov gives instructions - to whom to unpize. Lubishkin, who refuses out of pity, he tells about the tragic fate of his family. Kulakov is expelled, and Lushka wants to say goodbye to Timothy. In vain Nagulnov asks not to shame him in all the people. She breaks out of her husband's hands and rushes to Timothy. In the yard of his house, Makar learns English. Lushka, having decided to leave the house, says goodbye to her husband. In a collision with the Cossacks, who do not want to hand over the seed bread, Nagulnov breaks down, lets in the course of the Nagan. Davydov is outraged by his behavior. He promises to report it to the district. Women provoked by rumors about sending bread abroad, demand from Davydov keys from the barn. But he doesn't give them away. He is knocked to the ground and beaten with a stake. Davydov loses consciousness. Breaking the barn, Cossacks pull grain. The conspirators gathered at Ostrov's. Learning from the newspapers that the Soviet government condemns those who forcibly drove into the collective farm, they decide to abandon the oath given to Polovtsev. Attempts by the leader of the conspiracy to persuade them to their side again are in vain. He has to, defending himself with a revolver, to flee. A room in the district committee. Nagulnov was expelled from its ranks for distorting the party's line. Makar is appalled by what happened. He considers the decision unfair. But gradually in his soul a fracture is brewing. He decides to work like this to earn the party ticket again. In the courtyard of the village council, Davydov explains to Nagulnova, Lubishkin and Shchukar how to work on involving the Cossacks in the collective farm. The women who came with the guilty ask Davydov for forgiveness. As the main culprit, they point to Ostrovov, who beat them to take away the barn keys. Left alone, Davydov encounters Lushka, who tries to seduce him. However, Davydov does not want to talk to a man who is away from work. Lushka at first flatly refuses to work, but then still asks to write it in the collective farm. Evening. The steppe's celina is raised, the collective farmers are resting. When everyone disperses, Davydov sees Lushka. She changed dramatically - became one of the best workers. Davydov realizes that he loves her. He invites Lusha to become his wife. Lusha, who sincerely fell in love with Davydova, is happy. Meanwhile, Timothy, who escaped from exile, meets with Ostrov. They conspired to kill Davydov and set fire to the collective farm. Farmers celebrate the end of sowing. Lusha, who ran, excitedly reports that Tymoshka has returned and with him-runaway bandits. Bandits are caught. Davydov in all collective farmers reveals the true appearance of Ostrovov. Now, finally, you can live and work quietly. Nagulnov has a double joy: the district decided to restore him to the party. The history of creation. Shortly after the successful production of "Silent Don" on the instructions of the Leningrad Small Opera House I. I. Dzerzhinsky began work on the opera "Raised Celina" on the first part of the novel of the same name by M. A. Sholokhov (1932). The composer showed great courage, turning to the plot of the life of the village during the period of collectivization, that is, to the events historically close. To get to know the songs of the Don Cossacks, Dzerzhinsky visited the Don in the village of Veshenskaya and in the Cossack collective farms in the Area of Millerov. This trip the composer made on the advice of Sholokhov, the meeting with which occurred at the performances of "Silent Don." The opera was completed in 1937. On October 23 of the same year, the first performance of the Union of the USSR took place in Moscow, on the stage of the Bolshoi Theatre of the Union of the USSR.
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