כדי לשחזר את השיר בשפה המקורית אם אינו מופיע לאחר לחיצה על שם השיר המסומן כאן בקוו תחתון או כדי למצוא גירסות נוספות העתיקו/הדביקו את שם השיר בשפת המקור מדף זה לאתר YOUTUBE
To restore the song in the original language if it does not appear after clicking on the name of the song marked here with a bottom line or to find additional versions Copy/Paste the song name in the original language from this page to the YOUTUBE website
Cossack-Britannica Online Encyclopedia
התרגומים לאנגלית נעשו באמצעות המנוע "מתרגם גוגל" והתרגום הועתק לאתר בצורתו המקורית ללא עריכה נוספת
The English translations were done using the "Google Translate" engine and the translations were copied to the site in their original form without further editing.
Notes written by Izzy Hod: The song, For a long way I send you, written in 1936, is a farewell song and Cossack regiments are mentioned in it. According to this it is a song of Cossacks, going out to battle. The song captured the hearts of the people of Russia and especially in the city of Moscow, where, to this day, in the national park named after Gorky, it is used to be sung in public poetry, which is joined by crowds of visitors day after day. However, nothing was written about the history of the song's writing and it remains only to speculate the reasons. The song tells about a parting of a woman and mother of a child, who sends her Cossack husband to war. World War II, for Russia and Ukraine, has not yet started [1941] and World War I, has already ended [1918] and so has the Russian Civil War [1923 at the latest]. So what kind of war did the Cossack regiments mentioned in the song go to? The Cossacks fought in the Russian Civil War, between the years 1917-1923, mainly alongside the supporters of the White Army and after the defeat of the White Army, they were persecuted by Stalin and the Red Army. Among others, tens of thousands of Cossacks were executed. In the Second World War [1941-1945], Cossacks fought on both sides of the lines, many served in cavalry divisions, which were established as part of the Red Army and excelled in the containment battles that stopped the Germans and later, took part in the military effort that brought the Red Army to Berlin. On the other hand, other Cossacks, residents of German occupation zones, or, from among the millions of prisoners of war, who fell into the hands of the Nazis, chose to enlist in Ukrainian, pro-German Cossack divisions and the fighting SS [Waffen SS] frameworks. Meanwhile, during the Russian Civil War [1918-1923], the Cossacks fought against the Soviet government who wanted to rob them of their freedom and subjugate them under it. At that time, they were headed by a general of Russian origin, named Pyotr Krasnov, who in World War II, fought at the head of his Cossack regiments, alongside Nazi Germany, and the years 1918-1920 have not been forgotten, in which execution of >100.000 Jews were also held in Ukraine by Ukrainians and their Cossack regiments. As for the war closest to the time of writing the poem in 1936, then, between the years 1932 and 1939 a border conflict continued on the Soviet-Japanese border, the conflict was particularly acute in 1935. The conflict ended in 1939 in the battle, Halkhin- Gol, in which Soviet Mongolia, with the help of the Red Army, prevailed over Manchukuo [the future Manchuria] with the help of the Japanese Emperor's army and an agreement was signed in 1941. At that time, in 1936, Russia removed all restrictions on the service of Cossacks in the Red Army, restrictions that were severe Until 1935, because most of the Cossack fighters in the Russian Civil War, between the years 1917 and 1922, fought on the side of the opponents of the Soviet regime, which after the Civil War, rewarded the Cossacks with cultural, economic and military oppression and intended to assimilate the Cossacks among the masses of the Russian people. When the restrictions were lifted in 1936, many Cossacks enthusiastically joined the Red Army, which apparently needed many soldiers to manage the Soviet-Japanese conflict. The battle of Halkhin- Gol was led and won by Marshal [then General] Georgi Konstantinovich Zhukov, who defeated the Nazi army in World War II in 1945. Perhaps coincidences were among the reasons for writing this poem and the Japanese-Russian conflict. The Cossacks [a name originating in the Turkish language and meaning, Low breakers], were refugees from Turkey, who fled the Ottoman regime and were later joined by Russian peasants and soldiers, who became the majority of this population and sought for themselves a place of residence and autonomy, in the steppes adjacent to the Black Sea, close to the mouth of the Don River [the Cossacks of the Don] or, the Kuban River [the Kuban Cossacks]. To this, they studied war and were experts in war, mainly as cavalry regiments and were known for their speed and ferocity. They served extensively as mercenaries and thus gained their autonomy. Most recently, they supported Vladimir Putin, the President of Russia, during the consolidation of his rule and regained a special status, in their areas of residence. It so happened that they once served one side in the war and another time the other side and were always cruel to the Jews.
Kuban Cossacks, or Kubanians (are Cossacks who live in the Kuban region of Russia. Most of the Kuban Cossacks are descendants of different major groups of Cossacks who were re-settled to the western Northern Caucasus in the late 18th century (estimated 230,000 to 650,000 initial migrants). The western part of the host (Taman Peninsula and adjoining region to the northeast) was settled by the Black Sea Cossack Host who were originally the Zaporozhian Cossacks of Ukraine, from 1792. The eastern and southeastern part of the host was previously administered by the Khopyour and Kuban regiments of the Caucasus Line Cossack Host and Don Cossacks, who were re-settled from the Don from 1777. The Kuban Cossack Host (Кубанское казачье войско), the administrative and military unit composed of Kuban Cossacks, formed in 1860 and existed until 1918. During the Russian Civil War, the Kuban Cossacks proclaimed the Kuban People's Republic, and played a key role in the southern theatre of the conflict. The Kuban Cossacks suffered heavily during the Soviet policy of decossackization, which between 1917 and 1933 aimed at the elimination of the Cossacks as a separate ethnic, political, and economic entity. The decossackization is frequently described as genocide of the Cossacks. Hence, during the Second World War, Cossacks fought both for the Red Army and against them with the German Wehrmacht. The modern Kuban Cossack Host was re-established in 1990 at the fall of the Soviet Union.
Cossack, Russian Kazak, (from Turkic kazak, “adventurer” or “free man”), member of a people dwelling in the northern hinterlands of the Black and Caspian seas. They had a tradition of independence and finally received privileges from the Russian government in return for military services. Originally (in the 15th century) the term referred to semi-independent Tatar groups, which formed in the Dnieper region. The term was also applied (by the end of the 15th century) to peasants who had fled from serfdom in Poland, Lithuania, and Muscovy to the Dnieper and Don regions, where they established free self[1]governing military communities. In the 16th century there were six major Cossack hosts: the Don, the Greben (in Caucasia), the Yaik (on the middle Ural River), the Volga, the Dnieper, and the Zaporozhian (mainly west of the Dnieper). Polish kings in the early 16th century began to organize the Zaporozhian Cossacks into military colonies to protect Poland’s borders. Throughout the 16th century and the first half of the 17th, those Cossacks retained their political autonomy, briefly forming a semi-independent state under Bohdan Khmelnytsky (c. 1649). Threatened by Polish domination, the Zaporozhian Cossacks signed a treaty with Russia in 1654, under which their autonomy was to be respected. The Russians likewise used the Cossacks first as defenders of the Russian frontier and later as advance guards for the territorial extension of the Russian Empire. Internally, the Cossacks regained a greater degree of their cherished liberties under the Russians than they had known under the Poles. The Russian throne reserved the right to approve Cossacks’ negotiations with the Poles and the Turks, the peoples with whom Russian relations were the most sensitive. Otherwise, the chief ruler, or hetman (ataman), of the Cossack army had a free hand in foreign policy. Thus, in exchange for some military obligations, the Cossacks had restored some of their autonomy—in the short term. Over the years, however, Russia increasingly came to dominate the Cossacks. Under the Russian umbrella, the Cossacks expanded eastward from their home in the Don and were early colonizers of Siberia. Indeed, Cossack leader Yermak Timofeyevich became a Russian folk hero for his role in the conquest of that region. By the end of the 19th century, the number of Cossack groups had expanded to 11, including the Don, Kuban, Terek, Orenburg, and Ussuri Cossacks. When their privileges were threatened, the Cossacks revolted, their most-famous rebel leaders of the 17th and 18th centuries being Stenka Razin, Kondraty Bulavin, and Yemelyan Pugachov. Hetman Ivan Mazepa contributed 5,000 Cossacks to the cause of Charles XII of Sweden during the Second Northern War. As a result, they gradually lost their autonomous status. By the late 18th century, all Cossack males were required to serve in the Russian army for 20 years, and, although each Cossack village (stanitsa) continued to elect its own assembly, the hetman was appointed by the central government. The Cossacks’ social structure, which had traditionally been based on equality and communal landholding, deteriorated, particularly after 1869, when Cossack officers and civil servants were allowed to own land privately and rent it to outsiders. In the 19th and 20th centuries, the Russians used Cossacks extensively in military actions and to suppress revolutionary activities. During the Russian Civil War (1918–20), the Cossacks were divided. Those in southern Russia formed the core of the White armies there, and about 30,000 fled Russia with the White armies. Under Soviet rule Cossack communities ceased to function as administrative units. In the 21st century, under Russian Pres. Vladimir Putin, Cossacks resumed their historical relationship with Moscow. Cossack auxiliaries bolstered local police forces within Russia, most notably at the Sochi 2014 Olympic Winter Games, but their use of harsh tactics and enforcement of a conservative moral code sparked concerns among human rights organizations, Cossack paramilitary groups fought alongside Russian troops during the 2008 invasion of Georgia, and they participated in Russia’s armed annexation of the Ukrainian autonomous republic of Crimea in 2014 as well as the subsequent Russian-backed insurgency in eastern Ukraine. According to the 2010 Russian census, some 68,000 people identified themselves as ethnic Cossacks.
Rehabilitation of Cossack Divisions, Subject essay: Lewis Siegelbaum, Relations between the various Cossack “hosts” and the Soviet state were largely determined by the privileges that the tsarist regime had granted to the Cossacks which over time had become part of Cossacks’ social identity and by Soviet leaders’ ideologically based hostility towards them. Although some Cossacks had fought on the side of the Reds during the civil war (see Isaac Babel’s stories published as Red Cavalry), most vigorously opposed Soviet rule. Relations were further complicated after the civil war by the Soviet government’s attempts to eliminate the cultural distinctiveness and economic advantages of the Cossacks and by Cossack resistance to being folded into the social category of peasants. Indeed, at least for the Don Cossacks, nothing could be worse than to be equated with the inogorodnie (“peasant outsiders”). Neither a class nor a nationality by Soviet reckoning, the Cossacks remained a tough nut to crack throughout the 1920s. Much remains unclear about the collectivization of Cossack lands and the simultaneous process of dekulakization during the late 1920s and early 1930s. The extraordinary pace of collectivization in the North Caucasus and Lower Volga and the ensuing famine in 1932-33 hint at the devastation to which the Cossacks in those regions were subjected. In any case, with international tensions mounting, the Soviet government decided in 1936 to remove restrictions on Cossacks serving in the Red Army. This decision was accompanied by an order issued by Marshal Voroshilov, the People’s Commissar of Defense, to recreate special Cossack divisions within the army. The reaction of Cossacks, as reported by the head of the NKVD in Migulin raion (Rostov-on-Don oblast), was overwhelmingly enthusiastic. Some, however, regarded the order distrustfully, interpreting it as a sign of weakness and claiming that “nothing will come of this.” Others expressed bitterness at the earlier repression of their “brothers.” Seeking to co-opt the Cossack esprit de corps, Soviet authorities sponsored parades of Cossack cavalry in Rostov, and promoted folklorized versions of Cossack dances on stage and horsemanship in the circus. During the Great Patriotic War, the invading Nazis enjoyed some success in wooing the Cossacks to their side. However, the majority of Cossack soldiers fought bravely if not always effectively against the invader.
Soviet–Japanese border conflicts, The Soviet–Japanese border conflicts, also known as the Soviet-Japanese Border War, was an undeclared border conflict fought between the Soviet Union and Japan in Northeast Asia from 1932 to 1939. Japanese expansion in the Northeast China region bordering the Soviet Far East and disputes over the demarcation line led to growing tensions with the Soviet Union, with both sides often violating the border and accusing each other of border violations. The Soviets and Japanese, including their respective client states of Mongolia and Manchukuo, fought in a series of escalating small border skirmishes and punitive expeditions from 1935 until Soviet-Mongolian victory over the Japanese in the Battles of Khalkhin Gol in 1939 which resolved the dispute and returned the borders to status quo ante bellum. The Soviet–Japanese border conflicts heavily contributed to the signing of the Soviet-Japanese Neutrality Pact in 1941.
**