כדי לשחזר את השיר בשפה המקורית אם אינו מופיע לאחר לחיצה על שם השיר המסומן כאן בקוו תחתון או כדי למצוא גירסות נוספות העתיקו/הדביקו את שם השיר בשפת המקור מדף זה לאתר YOUTUBE
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התרגומים לאנגלית נעשו באמצעות המנוע "מתרגם גוגל" והתרגום הועתק לאתר בצורתו המקורית ללא עריכה נוספת
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The song "Partisan Zheleznyak" by Matvey Blanter on the verses of Mikhail Golodny. History of creation. The hero left the song. Soviet composer Matvey Blanter. Matvey Isaakovich Blanter (1903-1990) - Soviet composer, People's Artist of the USSR (1975), Hero of Socialist Labor (1983). Operetta "On the Bank of the Amur" (1939), songs, including "Katyusha" (1939), "In the forest near the front" (1944), "Migratory birds are flying" (1949). State Prize of the USSR (1946). A feeling of pride and excitement covers when you are present at the birth of a legend. The poet's fantasy is suddenly, immediately, and sometimes gradually overgrown with facts, the authenticity of which is impossible and does not want to be doubted. And you yourself, comrade and contemporary, find yourself connected with deeds and events that until recently were a fairy tale, but now they enter life so easily and naturally. Hence the feeling of pride - you are also a part of this wonderful transformation. So it was with the song "Partizan Zheleznyak". The song was written by poet Mikhail Golodny (1903-1949) and composer Matvey Blanter in 1935. In the early 1930s, the talent of Mikhail Golodny was revealed especially brightly. As a young man, barely eighteen years old, he participated in the civil war in Ukraine, but the impressions and images gleaned on its fiery roads did not immediately find poetic expression. It took more than ten years for the heroes of the civil war to come to life in Golodny's ballads: judge Gorba, commander Ternik, partisan Grach, Verka Volnaya, partisan Zheleznyak. It was not without intent that I listed the names of the heroes of the poems: you notice that there is a certain regularity and consistency in the sound of these surnames, and even in the fact that the heroes of the ballads are certainly named by their surnames. The Civil War was becoming a legendary story just at that time, and the poet was looking for, or perhaps choosing in memory, sharp and catchy names, creating in verse a portrait gallery of romantic figures of the fighters of the Revolution. Was the name of the judge really hunchback, Was it Ternik the cavalry commander? For poetry, this is irrelevant. The poet's pen made them alive in the mind of the reader: according to the lines, spread over the verses, the artist could paint portraits, the sculptor could sculpt. We, comrades of Mikhail Golodny, knew well the poet's predilection for prominent, cool-sounding names. When he wrote a poem about the partisan Zheleznyak, we asked Golodny whether he really was such, and received the expected answer: the surname Zheleznyak is best suited for the hero of the poem. Already in the name itself there is a meaning and theme of the poem, a song about courage and firmness. But was there such a partisan in reality? All of them were strong, like iron ore, and the surname is common in Ukraine. So think what you want - if in reality there was no person with such a surname, then let the image of the partisan hero be called that now. The poem "Partisan Zheleznyak" was published in Pravda on July 24, 1935. Pravda then held a song contest on the eve of the twentieth anniversary of Soviet power. In my memory there are dozens of various song contests. They were open and closed, with and without slogans, with limited and unlimited participants, multi-stage and in one round. But very rarely at the competitions they took the first places of the song, which was then destined to take the first places in the everyday life of the people. That distant Pravda contest is a rare exception. The poems about the partisan Zheleznyak immediately began to receive works by composers. Pravda received 389 packets of notes in a short time. Can you imagine how difficult it was to choose one music? The composition of Matvey Blanter was recognized as the best music, and the song was published for the second time - already with notes. Soviet poet Mikhail Golodny. Mikhail Semenovich Golodny (Epstein) (1903-1949), Russian poet. In poems, ballads, songs (“Song of Shchors”, “Partisan Zheleznyak”, collection “Lyric”, 1936) - revolutionary pathos of the 1920s and 30s. Collection "Songs and ballads of the Patriotic War" (1942). The song fell in love and sang right away. In 1936, the Spanish events began. It was the first military battle with the advancing fascism. Anti-fascists from many countries rushed to Spain to help the struggling people. They joined the ranks of the international brigades. We then learned that the troops fighting for the freedom of Spain were armed not only with machine guns and planes, but also with beautiful and noble songs. Among them is "Partizan Zheleznyak", a song about the courage of the defender of the Revolution. As if in exchange for Zheleznyak, the songs of the Republicans came to the Soviet Union from the banks of the Zbro, from near Madrid. Partizan Zheleznyak, an image composed by Mikhail Golodny, set to music by Matvey Blanter, has become familiar to everyone. And then the miracle began, which I mentioned at the beginning of the story about Zheleznyak: the partisan sailor Zheleznyak gradually became a real historical figure.
There were fighting associates of Zheleznyak, even his relatives. Contradictory indications came, under which mound in the Kherson region he was buried. Photographs of the partisan Zheleznyak appeared in newspapers and magazines. The songwriters themselves were quite surprised by what happened. At first, there were several Zheleznyakovs - this was probably the most consistent with historical truth. But gradually the image that arose initially in the song began to be associated mainly with one figure. In the history of our Revolution, materials have been preserved about the sailor Anatoly Zheleznyakov, one of those sailors who arrested the Provisional Government and participated in the storming of the Winter Palace. Evidence was found that Zheleznyakov spoke with Vladimir Ilyich in Smolny and that Lenin sent the sailor Zheleznyakov on an important mission to the Ukraine. Anatoly Zheleznyakov died heroically, and it was believed that the song was composed about him. So a real hero was born from a song. This is not the only case, and if it is a miracle, then it is our usual, Soviet miracle and evidence of the vitality of Soviet poetry, its fidelity to the truth of the century. On a rainy autumn evening in 1949, Soviet poets met with the famous German anti-fascist singer Ernst Busch, who came back to Moscow for the first time after the war. Bush sang Spanish Republican battle songs. He also sang "Zheleznyak" in German. Late in the evening we left the Writers' Union on Vorovskogo Street. The mood was upbeat, especially for Mikhail Golodny. Still - from a distant front, his "Zheleznyak" arrived! We went home and an hour later we learned that a car had run into Golodny and he had died. And yet, on his last evening, he experienced the happiness of meeting with his song. Source: Dolmatovsky E. A. Stories about your songs. Moscow, 1973 Song partisan Zheleznyak.
The most famous melody of the song belongs to Matvey Blanter. In addition, there is a melody by Grigory Smetanin. During the Great Patriotic War, the song was popular among the partisans. In the author's poem by Mikhail Golodny, Zheleznyak's opponents are not named, and the hero himself is conditional. However, among the people he became associated with the participant of the revolution of 1917 and the Civil War, the Baltic anarchist sailor Anatoly Zheleznyakov (1885-1919). The real Zheleznyakov did not go to Odessa and did not die near Kherson. Alexander Zheleznyakov became famous in January 1918 for the dispersal of the Constituent Assembly. "The guard is tired!" he told the deputies who stayed up late. Then he held command positions in the Red Army, several times outlawed by the Bolshevik authorities. He died in the Red Partisan detachment in 1919 near Ekaterinoslav. The poet Mikhail Golodny was an eyewitness to the Civil War in Ukraine. Until 1920 he lived in Ekaterinoslav (now Dnepropetrovsk), where in 1919 he joined the Komsomol, then moved to Kharkov - the capital of Soviet Ukraine. In the early 1920s, together with Ekaterinoslav Komsomol friends - novice poets Mikhail Svetlov (the future author of "Grenada") and Alexander Yasny - he went to study literature in Moscow. Author of poems of popular songs about the Civil War: "Song of Chapaevets", "Song of Shchors" and "Partizan Zheleznyak".
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Anatoli Zhelezniakov, Anatoli Jelezniakov (1895—1919). Early years. Anatoli Zhelezniakov was born in the village of Fedoskino, in the Moscow Governorate, where his father worked as an employee on a landowner's estate. He had an older sister Alexandra and two brothers - Nikolai and Victor. Nikolai was a sailor and a notorious anarchist, Victor graduated from the Petrograd Naval School and served as the commander of the ship in the Baltic Fleet. His father died of a heart attack in May 1918 and his mother died in 1927. Anatoli enrolled in the Lefortovo military paramedic school, but in April 1912 he refused to go to the parade in honor of the empress's name day, provoking his expulsion. He also failed at admission to the Kronstadt Naval College and began working in a pharmacy at a weaving mill in Bogorodsk, where his family had moved. He then went to Odessa and began working as a port worker, and then as a fireman in the merchant fleet. In the summer of 1915, he worked as a mechanic, where he first engaged in clandestine propaganda work. In October 1915 he was called up for military service and enrolled in the 2nd Baltic Fleet crew. In June 1916, fearing arrest, he deserted and began work as a fireman on the merchant ships of the Black Sea Fleet, hiding under the fictitious surname "Victorsky". Revolution and Civil War. Drawing by Mikhail Artsybashev, a page from the album "Dictatorship of the proletariat" (1918). Anatoli Zhelezniakov is on the bottom-right. During the fall of the tsarist government in the 1917 February Revolution, the deserters of the tsarist era returned to the navy and ended up in Kronstadt, where Anatoli Grigorievich Zhelezniakov served on a minelayer. Being a staunch anarchist by this time, he did not recognize the Russian Provisional Government and often spoke at revolutionary rallies. In May 1917, he was elected a delegate to the 1st Congress of the Baltic Fleet. For several months following the revolution, anarchists and other revolutionaries turned the Dacha Durnovo, a private villa previously owned by Mikhail Bakunin, into a commune. In June, following an attempt by its occupants to occupy a local newspaper printing press, the government ordered the eviction of the Dacha Durnovo occupants. In response, Zhelezniakov and 49 other sailor–revolutionaries joined the Durnovo occupants to defend against the eviction After two weeks and another occupant attack to liberate a prison, the government ordered a raid on the Durnovo villa, which killed one anarchist. Zhelezniakov was imprisoned in the Preobrazhensky Regiment barracks and sentenced to 14 years of hard labor, but within weeks of the 1917 July Days, Zhelezniakov escaped. Zhelezniakov, who followed Kropotkin and Bakunin, organized Kronstadt sailors to demonstrate at the American embassy to protest results of the San Francisco Preparedness Day Bombing trial: both Tom Mooney's death sentence and the potential extradition of Alexander Berkman. Though he was the minelayer crew's delegate to the Second Congress of Soviets in October, he instead attended the assault on the Winter Palace with a crew of sailors, as part of the October Revolution. Zhelezniakov cooperated with the Bolshevik overthrow of the Russian Provisional Government and subsequently joined the Revolutionary Naval Committee. He also took part in battles against the Kerensky–Krasnov uprising on the outskirts of Petrograd. In December 1917, he became deputy commander of a revolutionary detachment of sailors (450 people, 2 armored trains, 4 armored vehicles, about 40 machine guns and a searchlight team with two searchlights and a power station, commander - Nikolai Khovrin, chief of staff -Alexander Ilyin-Genevsky, Commissar - Ivan Pavlunovsky), who had already participated in the establishment of Soviet power in Petrograd, Moscow, Kharkov, and in battles near Belgorod and Chuguev. In the second half of December, part of the Khovrina-Zhelezniakov detachment returned to Petrograd and was housed in the 2nd Baltic Fleet Crew. The sailors of the detachment, distinguished by left radicalism and anarchism, were the initiators and supporters of tough measures in the fight against enemies of the Soviet government. In particular, the organizers of the later assassination of the former ministers Andrei Ivanovich Shingarev and Fyodor Kokoshkin. Lenin described the killing as "outrageous." The detachment was used to disperse demonstrations in support of the All-Russian Constituent Assembly and was sent to the guard of the Tauride Palace, where the Constituent Assembly was held. Zhelezniakov was appointed head of the guard. On Bolshevik orders, Zhelezniakov was responsible for disbanding the Russian Constituent Assembly, telling the assembly on January 5, 1918, that, "The guard is tired." Anarchists were known opponents of both parliamentary assembly and this specific configuration. The same detachment guarded the Third All-Russian Congress of Soviets at which Zhelezniakov greeted delegates on behalf of the Petrograd garrison, the revolutionary detachments of the army and navy. At the end of the congress, he was elected to lead the fight against the Romanian military intervention in Bessarabia and the evacuation of Russian troops and ships that were surrounded in the Danube region. He was instructed to take 5 million rubles for expenses, as well as money for the field treasury of the troops of the Romanian Front and the Black Sea Fleet. Upon arrival in the Odessa Soviet Republic, he boarded the destroyer "Daring" in Vilkovo, where the ships of the Romanian Danube Flotilla were located, and took part in the hostilities. Upon returning to Odessa in mid-February, he led a special detachment of naval forces for the defense of coastal approaches to the city. He led the arrests of hostages, captured Romanian ships, and spoke a lot at rallies. In March 1918 he was appointed commander of the fortifications at Podilsk, which included significant reserves and military units. Receiving direct instructions from the commander of the Southern Front Vladimir Antonov-Ovseyenko, he led a detachment of 1,500 sailors and soldiers and participated in the hostilities against the Austro-German forces, with the retreating forces evacuated to the rear. Upon his return to Petrograd, he was appointed a member of the Political Department of the Naval General Staff, but in mid-June he again went to the front, this time to the Tsaritsyn area, where he was appointed commander of the First Elansky Infantry Regiment and participated in fierce battles against the Cossack troops of Pyotr Krasnov. Zhelezniakov opposed Trotsky's Red Army reorganization, which abolished self-organization and put tsarist officers in charge, as regressive. The conflict ended with his removal from the command of the regiment and Podvoisky ordered the arrest of Zhelezniakov. He was subsequently outlawed by the Bolsheviks, along with the anarchist Black Guards and Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine. He escaped arrest, but was forced to return to Moscow, where the Soviet Executive Committee chairman attempted to reconcile what he considered a misunderstanding by offering Zhelezniakov a high-ranking role, which he turned down. In this same period, he married Elena Nikolaevna Vind, a teacher in the Red Army. In October 1918, under the name "Victor", he was sent to work underground in Hetmanate-controlled Odessa. Working as a mechanic at a ship repair plant and having been elected to the board of the seamen's trade union, he was actively engaged in underground campaigning and at the same time became close to Grigory Kotovsky’s fighting squad. He participated in the anti-imperialist uprising as the units of the Red Army approached. After the occupation of Odessa by the Red Army on April 6, 1919 he was elected chairman of the merchant seafarers union. At this post he concluded agreements with the owners of enterprises and facilitated the relocation of multi-family dugouts and barracks into apartments and houses vacated after mass emigration. In early May 1919 he was appointed to the post of commander of an armored train, which he helped repair. In May - June he took part in the fight against the uprising of Nikifor Grigoriev, in July he was assigned to the Denikin front, where he participated in battles near Zaporizhia and Yekaterinoslav. Denikin put a contract on Zhelezniakov. Death and funeral. Monument to Anatoli Zhelezniakov in Noginsk. On July 25, 1919, in a battle with Andrei Shkuro’s troops, the armored train under Zhelezniakov's command was ambushed by Denikin's artillery outside Ekaterinoslav. At the very last moment of the battle, when the armored train, backing up, had already escaped from the ambush, Zhelezniakov was wounded in the chest. The wound was fatal and on July 26, Anatoli Zhelezniakov died at the age of 24. On August 3, in Moscow, the coffin holding Zhelezniakov's body was transported in an armored car, accompanied by a large number of sailors, fighting friends, comrades, acquaintances and relatives. The funeral procession proceeded from Novinskiy Boulevard, where the last farewell took place, to Vagankovo Cemetery, where his body was buried with all military honors. Legacy The Soviets, who outlawed and ostracized Zhelezniakov during his life, lauded him as a hero posthumously. Speeches in Moscow accompanied his burial. The Bolsheviks later built a statue in Kronstadt to honor Zhelezniakov's role in the October Revolution. Multiple songs and poems have been penned in his honor, though his remembrance is limited to his role as a revolutionary and martyr, without mention of his anarchist affiliation.[3] Though he has been claimed to belong to leftist groups, Zhelezniakov was an anarchist and never joined the Bolshevik party.
Zhelezniakov, Anatoli, 1895-1919 - stormy petrel. A short sketch of the life of a young Russian anarchist sailor who, in collaboration with the Bolsheviks and others, was on hand to disperse both the Provisional Government in October 1917 and the Constituent Assembly in January 1918. Submitted by Red Marriott on August 25, 2006 A very slightly revised version appears as Chapter 6 of "Anarchist Portraits" by Paul Avrich, Princeton University Press, 1988. Stormy Petrel - Anatoli Zhelezniakov (By Paul Avrich) "The guard is tired." With these words, uttered on the night of January 5, 1918, a young anarchist sailor named Anatoli Zhelezniakov dispersed the Constituent Assembly and carved a niche for himself in the history of the Russian Revolution. When the tsarist regime collapsed in February 1917, Zhelezniakov, a disciple of Kropotkin and Bakunin, had been serving on a minelayer based in Kronstadt, the famous headquarters of the Baltic Fleet near the capital city of Petrograd. After the February Revolution, anarchists and other militants occupied the villa of P.P. Durnovo, the Governor of Moscow during the revolution of 1905, and converted it into a revolutionary commune and a "house of rest," with rooms for reading and discussion and a garden as a playground for their children. To hostile minds, however, the Durnovo villa had become a foul den of iniquity, "a sort of Brocken, where the powers of evil assembled, witches' Sabbaths were held, and there were orgies, plots, dark and sinister, and doubtless bloody doings," as N.N. Sukhanov wrote in his notes on the Russian Revolution. Yet the villa was left undisturbed until June 5, 1917, when a number of its anarchist occupants tried to seize the printing plant of a middle-class newspaper. The First Congress of Soviets, then in session in the capital, denounced the raiders as "criminals who call themselves anarchists," and on June 7, P.N. Pereverzev, the Minister of Justice in the Provisional Government ordered the anarchists to evacuate the house immediately. The next day fifty sailors, Zhelezniakov among them, rushed from Kronstadt to defend their fellow revolutionaries, who had meanwhile barricaded themselves in the villa against a government attack. For the next two weeks the anarchists remained entrenched in the villa in defiance of both the Provisional Government and the Petrograd Soviet. But after some of them broke into a nearby jail and liberated the inmates, Minister Pereverzev ordered a raid on the house, during which an anarchist workman was killed and Zhelezniakov was taken captive, relieved of four bombs, and locked up in the barracks of the Preobrazhensky Regiment. After a summary trial the government sentenced him to 14 years at hard labour and ignored all petitions from the Baltic sailors for his release. One day a group of sailors came to the Tauride Palace to see Pereverzev in person. Finding him absent, they seized the Minister of Agriculture, Victor Chernov, the Socialist Revolutionary leader and future chairman of the Constituent Assembly to whom Zhelezniakov, some six months later, would address his order to disperse; and it was only an impromptu speech by Trotsky, who (in a phrase that was to become famous) praised the Kronstadt sailors as "the pride and glory of the Revolution," that saved Chernov from being lynched. A few weeks later, Zhelezniakov escaped from his "republican prison" as one anarchist journal called it, and resumed his revolutionary activities. In a dramatic episode, he organised a mass demonstration of Kronstadt sailors at the American embassy to protest against the death sentence imposed on Tom Mooney in San Francisco, as well as the threatened extradition to California of Alexander Berkman, whom the authorities sought to implicate, with the same perjured evidence used against Mooney, in the Preparedness Parade bombing of July 22, 1916. In October 1917 Zhelezniakov co-operated whole-heartedly with the Bolsheviks in the overthrow of the Provisional Government. Although the crew of his minelayer elected him as their delegate to the Second Congress of Soviets, which met on October 25, 1917, he was busy that night leading a contingent of sailors in the storming of the Winter Palace that overthrew the Provisional Government. After the October Revolution Zhelezniakov was named as commander of the detachment guarding the Tauride Palace - "bandoleers of cartridges draped coquettishly across their shoulders and grenades hanging obtrusively from their belts", in the description of an eyewitness; and it was in this capacity that he carried out (on Bolshevik orders) his historic mission of dispersing the Constituent Assembly, ending its life of a single day. It seems fitting that an anarchist should have played this role. For the anarchists, as opponents of all government, rejected representative democracy almost as vehemently as they rejected the tsarist and proletarian dictatorships. Universal suffrage was counterrevolution, as Proudhon had said, and parliament was a nest of fraud and compromise, an instrument of the upper and middle classes to dominate the workers and peasants. With few exceptions (Kropotkin among them) the anarchists scorned what they called the "parliamentary fetishism" of the other revolutionary groups and openly denounced the Constituent Assembly from the first. During the Civil War that followed, Zhelezniakov fought in the Red Army as commander of a flotilla and later of an armoured train. He took part in crucial campaigns against the Don Cossacks led by Ataman Kaledin and against Generals Krasnov and Denikin. When Trotsky reorganised the Red Army, putting tsarist officers in positions of high authority and abolishing the system of self-government among the rank and file, Zhelezniakov protested vigorously, as did many other revolutionaries who opposed the return to old military methods. For this the Bolsheviks outlawed him, as they outlawed the Black Guards in Moscow and Makhno in the Ukraine. Zhelezniakov, however, returned to Moscow illegally and discussed the matter with Sverdlov, chairman of the Soviet Executive Committee, who assured him that there had been a misunderstanding and offered him a high military position. Zhelezniakov declined and left for Odessa, where he resumed his activities against the Whites. But he was too effective a warrior to be let go so easily, and the following year, 1919, the Bolsheviks repeated their overtures. This time Zhelezniakov accepted, and he was appointed as commander of the of the armoured train campaign against Denikin, who placed a reward of 400,000 rubles on his head. Zhelezniakov fought bravely without injury until July 26, 1919, when he was killed near Ekaterinoslav by a shell of Denikin's artillery. He was 24 years old. The Soviet government, though it had outlawed Zhelezniakov and declared him a traitor, now embraced him as one of its heroes. His body was brought to Moscow and buried with speeches and pomp. A statue of Zhelezniakov stands today in the city of Kronstadt - erected by the Bolsheviks in tribute to his role in the October Revolution and the Civil war. Poems and songs by Soviet writers have been composed in his honour and are recited and sung to this day ("beneath the earth, overgrown with weeds, lies the sailor Zhelezniakov, partisan"), but without any hint that Zhelezniakov was an anarchist. On the contrary, the Communists claim him as one of their own and avoid mentioning his anarchist affiliations by calling him a "revolutionary", a "hero," and a "martyr for the people." Soviet sources, in fact, say that he joined the Bolshevik party, but this is untrue. Though he had participated in the October Revolution and he had fought in the Red Army, Zhelezniakov remained an anarchist to the last. As he told his comrade Volin: "Whatever may happen to me, and whatever they may say of me, know well that I am an anarchist, that I fight as one, and that whatever my fate, I will die an anarchist." For all his revolutionary zealotry, Zhelezniakov had a gentler side. Hot-headed, militant, impulsive, he was also literate, idealistic, even aesthetic. During the summer of 1917, while imprisoned by the Provisional Government after the Durnovo villa affair, he wrote a remarkable poem, the only one of his that survives. First published in 1923 in the journal Krasny Flot (Red Fleet), it was reprinted in the 1970 edition of the annual Soviet literary anthology Den' poezii (Poetry Day). It is a moving poem, of which my unrhymed literal translation can only give a hint. Falcon, falcon, Do not laugh at me now, That I should find my destiny in jail, I was higher than you in the heavens, above the earth, I was higher than you and the eagle. I saw many celestial bodies unknown to you, I learned many great secrets; I often spoke with the stars, I flew as high as the bright sun. But the day quickly passed and the next one came, And I burned with a rebellious flame. I was pursued by the enemies of freedom, My brothers were the wind and thunder. But once in the dark night of the steppe During a fatal storm I became weak And since then here I sit like a thief in his chains, Like an unfaithful and captured slave. Falcon, falcon, when you chance to fly Into the limitless and mountainous space - Don't forget to give the clouds my greetings, Tell all that I shall break my chains, That my life in jail is only a twilight nap, Only a spectral day-dream.
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