כדי לשחזר את השיר בשפה המקורית אם אינו מופיע לאחר לחיצה על שם השיר המסומן כאן בקוו תחתון או כדי למצוא גירסות נוספות העתיקו/הדביקו את שם השיר בשפת המקור מדף זה לאתר YOUTUBE
To restore the song in the original language if it does not appear after clicking on the name of the song marked here with a bottom line or to find additional versions Copy/Paste the song name in the original language from this page to the YOUTUBE website
Песни Победы (xn----btbjbcp8akees2k.xn--p1ai), ON THE WILD STEPPES OF TRANSBAIKALIA
התרגומים לאנגלית נעשו באמצעות המנוע "מתרגם גוגל" והתרגום הועתק לאתר בצורתו המקורית ללא עריכה נוספת
The English translations were done using the "Google Translate" engine and the translations were copied to the site in their original form without further editing.
Notes written by Izzy Hod: The Baikal (or, near the wild steppes of Transbaikalia, or the wanderer, or On the steppe of the Baikal), is a Russian folk song, composed, probably by a Russian exile to Siberia, back in 1880, as suggested, without actual evidence, by the journalist Ivan Petrovich Balukonsky, but the words are attributed to the poet, Ivan Kuzmich Kondratyev. The poem was published only in 1908, after the Swedish sailor, Julius Napoleon Wilhelm Harteveldt, found it in 1906, during his travels in Siberia. The song is considered a documentary document of that time. The song describes the pain of many prisoners who were sentenced and accused and even there was no injustice in their hand. The one who made the song so famous was, indeed, the poet, Ivan Kuzmich Kondratyev, when he included the words of the song in a collection of poems, he compiled at the beginning of the twentieth century and is therefore considered to be the first writer or author of the words of the song. This is what the researchers, Alexander Smolik and Ivan Nazarov believed, and indeed there was a man named Ivan Kondratyev who was close to the government, accused of corruption and sent to Siberia for hard labor in gold mining. But this is only a description, perhaps only a story, from the book of the Russian writer, Victor Lvovich Kibalchich, whose literary name is Victor Serge, in his book, The Case of Comrade Tulayev. In the book, a famous man is murdered, several defendants are convicted and executed, and one named, Ivan Kondratyev is sent to a penal colony. In the biographies of Ivan Kuzmich Kondratyev, the incident of exile from punishment is not mentioned. On the first record of the song, when the name of the song was still, The vagabond [wonderer], Kondratyev, was listed even then, at the beginning of the 20th century, as the lyricist. The original song has many different versions of the lyrics. The composer, Vasily Andreyevich Zolotariev, owned the original manuscript of the song, attributed to Kondratyev, and even wrote a melody for the song, probably another version, because in 1880, when prisoners were already singing the song, Zolotariev was only 8 years old. Whoever still collected the original words of the song in Siberia, is, as mentioned, the composer, Julius Napoleon Wilhelm Harteveldt, who published the song in 1908. Transbaikalia is a wild steppe in Russia, adjacent to a large lake called Baikal. The area is in Siberia and there were labor camps, to which prisoners were deported. In the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century, when the poem was written, there were no labor camps in Russia yet. They were established according to the spirit of Lenin, for every person who opposed the 1917 revolutions, whether there was evidence against him or not, and their official beginning of the labor camps is on April 25, 1930. Before that, there were penal colonies in Siberia, to which people who were judged, a justice trial, or not a justice trial, were sent and worked there as hard labor in gold mining, coal, etc. In such a place, where hard work and death were every day or two, the poem was written. At that time, Tsar Nicholas II still ruled Russia. He, in 1894 came to power in Russia and continued to operate the penal colonies like his predecessors and paid for it with his life and the life of his family in the February Revolution of 1917. How to sing the song, we were taught by two performances, one by the singer of the revolutions and wars of Russia, Lidia Andreyevna Ruslanova, for solo singing, and the second, the Pyatnitsky Choir, for choral singing, who sang the song as if on the breeze of the Transbaikalia steppe and the sound of the waves of Lake Baikal. We chose the song in three voices [by Izzy] adapted to Hebrew from the wonderful translation of Yosef Harmoni. The song was heard in the movie called, The Story of the Land of Siberia, or Siberia Land of Wonders, or The Ballad of Siberia. In the film, a virtuoso pianist is injured in the war and loses his ability and desire to return to the piano. He wanders to solitude in Siberia, learns its wonders, recovers and returns to music through singing and playing the accordion, at the tea house on the main roads, where factory workers, soldiers and passers-by gather. A plane crash necessitates a forced landing at the airport, which is near the tea house and among the survivors is his ex-girlfriend, who is a famous singer on her way to a concert, and her close friend, a competing pianist and other fans. They meet the disabled pianist in the tea house, the meeting is difficult for him and he wanders north to isolate himself in Antarctica and then, inspired by the events, he writes the ballad, Siberia the Land of Wonders and returns to perform it in the concert halls, and in additional to the music, he talks about the amazing development of northern Russia and his singer girl friend is with him. The song is sung at the beginning of the film, with the pianist accompanying the song and then showing his virtuoso ability playing the piano. The film was produced in 1948 and is the second color film produced in the Soviet Union. The song describes the situation of the prisoners in the closed labor camps. Next to the, Baikal, there is a desolate and wild prairie, the song tells. In the mountains there are gold mines and a prisoner who escaped from the closed labor camp, is wandering there and a backpack on his shoulder and his old shirt full of bruises and tears. The overalls and hat on him are of prisoners, because he escaped from prison on a dark night, where he fought for his suffered people. He crossed the prairie and reached Lake Baikal, found a boat and crossed Lake Baikal and there he met his family asking, did you see my brother and father who are imprisoned there?. Your father is dead and buried and your brother is handcuffed, answers the wondering prisoner in the prairie near the Baikal.
Song became widely known from the early 1900s, but in the prison environment in Siberia was in the 1880s. The authorship has not been established. It is usually published as a song by an unknown author. In the k.-in the discography of performers of the early 20th century, this song under the title "The Tramp" is given with the authorship of the words I. K. Kondratieva. I. Kondratiev, a poet from the Surikov circle, is the author of several popular songs, including "Adorable Eyes". Art historian Boris Almazov: the likely author calls the poet with "a pseudonym P.K. (Paul Kondratyev?)". There's some confusion here, because Kondratyev is not "P" but "I."
"Po dikim stepyam Zabaikalya" (Russian: По диким степям Забайкалья, lit. 'By the wild Steppes of the Transbaikalia') is a Russian folk song, also known as "Brodyaga" (Russian: Бродяга, lit. 'tramp, vagabond'). It was published and recorded at the beginning of the 20th century and has since become part of the repertoire of various Russian and foreign artists. According to popular belief, the song was composed by convicts in Siberia towards the end of the 19th century. The revolutionary Ivan Belokonsky insisted, though, that it was known in Siberia in the 1880s, but there was no indication of the author of the lyrics. According to Ivan Nazarov (and Alexander Smolik), Ivan Kondratyev was the author of the lyrics, although the poem is not included in the latter's last published volume of poems, Under the noise of the Oak Groves. In 1906, Swedish composer Wilhelm Harteveld also collected the song during his trip to Siberia and published it in 1908. In the early 20th century, several recordings of the song were made in Russia: Brodyaga (From the songs of convicts) performed by Nadezhda Plevitskaya and released by Pathé Records in Moscow, 1908. Brodyaga (From the songs of convicts) also performed by Nadezhda Plevitskaya; Beka Records, Moscow, 1909. Brodyaga (From the songs of convicts), performed by Nina Dulkevich (Russian: Нина Викторовна Дулькевич), Pathé Records, 1912. 21, исп. Нина Дулькевич. The song remains in the repertoire of various Russian artists. The best known performances include those by: Pyatnitsky Choir (numerous versions), The Siberian Russian Folk Choir, All these releases credit Ivan Kondratyev as the author of the lyrics. The song was featured in the Russian movie Ballad of Siberia (Russian: Сказание о земле Сибирской), performed by actor Vladimir Druzhnikov, being a secondary theme song. The Ballad of Siberia (in Russian: Сказание о земле Сибирской, romanized: Skazanie o zemle sibirskoy), also known as Symphony of Life, produced by Mosfilm and released in 1948, was the Soviet Union's second color film (after The Stone Flower). It is a Soviet style musical movie, full of songs, such as "The Wanderer", describing the development of Siberia after World War II. Pianist Andrei Balashov (Vladimir Druzhnikov) after being wounded at the front during the Great Patriotic War loses the opportunity to earnestly pursue music due to a hand injury. Without saying goodbye to his friends and his beloved Natasha (Marina Ladynina), he goes to Siberia. He works on the construction of a plant, and in the evenings sings in a teahouse. By chance, weather conditions force the plane with Andrey's friends, Boris Olenich (Vladimir Zeldin) and Natasha, who are flying to a competition abroad, to land at the airport near the building of the plant. Andrey meets them and it changes his life. He travels to the Arctic and inspired by the heroic labor of the builders to write a symphonic oratorio "Ballad of Siberia", which receives universal recognition.
Песни Победы (xn----btbjbcp8akees2k.xn--p1ai), ON THE WILD STEPPES OF TRANSBAIKALIA", Often during the war, when front-line concert brigades came to the soldiers, the soldiers managed to forget for a short time about the hardships and deprivations of this difficult time. Lowering the sides of the "half-torque", the performers climbed onto the improvised stage and sang. In every phrase of the song there was love for the native home, the warmth of the hearth, faith in victory and a quick return. The soldiers were especially fond of Lydia Ruslanova coming to visit them. In every military unit she visited, she was asked to perform an old Russian song "On the Wild Steppes of Transbaikalia." Listening to this song, measured as the noise of Lake Baikal, it seemed to the soldiers that time was stopping. According to researchers, this song was written at the beginning of the XVIII century at the Siberian penal colony by one of its prisoners. It carried all the pain and injustice of that time, so researchers often call this song a documentary reflection of that era. The song was then called "Tramp", and there were several versions of the lyrics. One thing remained unchanged - the dimensionality and length of the sound, as if it were the noise of a brooding Baikal. Each natural object has its own musical rhythm, symbolism. And Baikal has always been distinguished by sad singing sounds, in which you can hear the sound of wind and waves. The song "On the wild steppes of Transbaikalia" became especially popular at the beginning of the XX century, when it was included in his collection by the famous poet Ivan Kondratyev. At the dawn of the revolution, this song became a symbol of all the humiliated and oppressed, who in October 1917 began to build a new just world. In 1940, in Bucharest, this song was recorded by the famous Russian singer Peter Leshchenko. But in the Soviet Union, "On the Wild Steppes of Transbaikalia" was better known in the performance of Lydia Ruslanova. In the XXI century, the song was not forgotten, and the wanderer-tramp, cast in bronze, now rises above Lake Baikal.
On the wild steppes of Transbaikalia, The song became widely known since the early 1900s, but existed in the prison environment in Siberia back in the 1880s. The authorship has not been reliably established; in the discography of performers of the early 20th century, this song under the title "Tramp" is given with the authorship of the words of Ivan Kondratyev . The melody and rhythm of the song "On the wild steppes of Transbaikalia" is known for a whole mass (both author's and folk) alterations, versions and updates. A little later, after the Russo-Japanese War, the song " From the Fallen Strongholds of Port Arthur " to the text of Shchepkina-Kupernik was often performed to the same melody ; during the First World War, a version of "Under the Strong Walls of Przemysl", dedicated to the 133-day siege of the fortress, and in the 1920s the folk convict song "The Prisoner" ( who fled from the Siberian region ) was also sung to the same melody.
"IN THE WILD STEPS OF THE BAIKALIA", Often during the war years, when front-line concert brigades came to the soldiers, the soldiers managed to forget for a while about the hardships and hardships of this difficult time. Having lowered the sides of the "lorry", the performers climbed onto an impromptu stage and sang. Each phrase of the song contained love for the home, the warmth of the hearth, faith in victory and an early return. The soldiers especially loved it when Lydia Ruslanova came to visit them. In every military unit that she visited, she was asked to perform an old Russian song "Through the wild steppes of Transbaikalia." Listening to this measured song, like the noise of Lake Baikal, the soldiers thought that time stood still. According to researchers, this song was written at the beginning of the 18th century in a Siberian penal servitude by one of its prisoners. She carried all the pain and injustice of that time, so researchers often call this song a documentary reflection of that era. The song was then called "The Tramp", and there were several versions of the text. One thing remained unchanged - the regularity and length of the sound, as if it were the noise of the brooding Baikal. Each natural object has its own musical rhythm and symbolism. And Baikal has always been distinguished by sad chanting sounds, in which you can hear the sound of wind and waves. The song "On the wild steppes of Transbaikalia" became especially popular at the beginning of the 20th century, when the famous poet Ivan Kondratyev included it in his collection. At the dawn of the revolution, this song became a symbol of all the humiliated and oppressed, who in October 1917 began to build a new, just world. In 1940 in Bucharest this song was recorded by the famous Russian singer Pyotr Leshchenko. But in the Soviet Union "On the wild steppes of Transbaikalia" was better known in the performance of Lydia Ruslanova. In the 21st century, the song was not forgotten, and the wandering vagabond, cast in bronze, now towers over Lake Baikal.
History [edit], According to popular belief, the song was composed by convicts in Siberia towards the end of the 19th century. The revolutionary Ivan Belokonsky insisted, though, that it was known in Siberia in the 1880s, but there was no indication of the author of the lyrics. According to Ivan Nazarov (and Alexander Smolik), Ivan Kondratyev was the author of the lyrics, although the poem is not included in the latter's last published volume of poems, Under the noise of the Oak Groves. In 1906, Swedish composer Wilhelm Harteveld also collected the song during his trip to Siberia and published it in 1908. In the early 20th century, several recordings of the song were made in Russia: Brodyaga (From the songs of convicts) performed by Nadezhda Plevitskaya and released by Pathé Records in Moscow, 1908. Brodyaga (From the songs of convicts) also performed by Nadezhda Plevitskaya; Beka Records, Moscow, 1909. Brodyaga (From the songs of convicts), performed by Nina Dulkevich ( Russian : Nina Viktorovna Dulkevich ), Pathé Records, 1912.21, isp. Nina Dulkevich. All these releases credit Ivan Kondratyev as the author of the lyrics.
On the wild steppes of Transbaikalia, "Along the wild steppes of Transbaikalia" is a Russian folk song of literary origin. At least five versions of the verses for this song are known. In the prison environment in Siberia, it existed back in the 1880s. It gained wide popularity in the early 1900s, after it was published in a music collection with the authorship of the words of the poet IK Kondratyev. The researcher of Kondratyev's heritage, Ivan Smolik, believes that the author is different. There are pre-revolutionary recordings of the song performed by Nadezhda Plevitskaya and Semyon Sadovnikov. In the 1940s, a recording performed by Pyotr Leshchenko was published in Bucharest. In 1946, Lydia Ruslanova recorded it in the Soviet Union. Repeatedly performed by the Pyatnitsky choir. In 1973, the Polish singer Cheslav Nemen included "Along the Wild Steppes of Transbaikalia" into his album of Russian songs. In 1980, Zhanna Bichevskaya recorded the song for her album. An excerpt from the song sounds in the film by Emir Kusturitsa "Dad on a Business Trip" in 1985 and in the film by P. Todorovsky "Intergirl" in 1989. In 1996 Andrei Makarevich performed the album "Songs I Love". Performed by the group "Mongol Shuudan" in the album "Victim" in 2004. Since 2009 it has been performed by the ChayF group within the framework of the Salt project. It is assumed that he owns the original text of the Russian folk song Along the wild steppes of Transbaikalia Vasily Andreevich Zolotarev wrote music for Kondratyev's texts to the Russian poet and writer, author of the world famous song Along the wild steppes of Transbaikalia Readings were organized by the Ministry of Culture, the Belarusian state brewed porridge from an ax Chicherina - I will go to Chaif street - Along the wild steppes of Transbaikalia Sisters - Druzhenka Kukryniksy - Black Raven Picnic - Lyubo, brothers of the library. Vileyskiy district Pomnik compatriot, autara immortal songs Across the wild steppes of Transbaikalia adry pads Vileykay Regional newspaper Vileyskiy such songs are known as Glorious Sea - sacred Baikal Along the wild steppes of Transbaikalia and many others. By V. Antik's book publishing Benefit in Moscow Either there is a thunderclap, or a machine gun sounded. Texts in Wikisource On the wild steppes of Transbaikalia Fathers on a business trip feature film by Emir Kusturitsa Aquarium in particular, near the Black Sea and the Caucasus, as well as in the Ob valley and in Transbaikalia The soil of the Russian steppes is largely black soil, lying most often in the Yenisei taiga St. Petersburg, 1888 ... Ignatkin Yu. A. On the wild steppes of Transbaikalia Essays on the gold of Transbaikalia Chita, 1994. Latkin N.V. Geographical and Transbaikal Territory unofficially Transbaikalia is a subject of the Russian Federation in the eastern part of Transbaikalia as part of the Far Eastern Federal District.
“On the wild steppes of Transbaikalia” ( “Tramp” ) is a Russian folk song of literary origin . At least five versions of the verses for this song are known [1] . In the prison environment in Siberia, it existed back in the 1880s. It gained wide popularity in the early 1900s, after it was published in a music collection with the authorship of the words of the poet IK Kondratyev . The researcher of Kondratyev's heritage Ivan Smolik believes that the author is different. History of existence There are pre-revolutionary recordings of the song performed by Nadezhda Plevitskaya and Semyon Sadovnikov. In the 1940s, a recording performed by Pyotr Leshchenko was published in Bucharest. In 1946, Lydia Ruslanova recorded it in the Soviet Union . Repeatedly performed by the Pyatnitsky choir . In 1973, the Polish singer Czeslaw Nemen included "Along the Wild Steppes of Transbaikalia" in his album of Russian songs. In 1980, Zhanna Bichevskaya recorded the song for her album. An excerpt from the song sounds in the film by Emir Kusturica " Dad on a Business Trip " (1985) and in the film by P. Todorovsky " Intergirl " (1989). In 1996 performed by Andrey Makarevich (album "Songs I Love"). Performed by the group " Mongol Shuudan " in the album "Victim" in 2004. Since 2009 it has been performed by the ChayF group within the framework of the Salt project.
ON THE WILD STEPS OF THE TRANSBAIKALIA, The song has become widely known since the early 1900s, but it was used in the prison environment in Siberia back in the 1880s. The authorship has not been reliably established. Usually published as a song by an unknown author. In the book: Black Eyes: An Old Russian Romance. M .: Publishing house Eksmo, 2004. - in the discography of performers of the early 20th century, this song under the title "Tramp" is given with the authorship of the words of I.K. in Eksmo, 2004., pp. 112-113, 174, 249) : Tramp (From the songs of convicts), disc of the "Pathé" company, Moscow, 1908, 26721, isp. Nadezhda Plevitskaya. Vagabond (From the songs of convicts, lyrics by I. Kondratyev), disc of the "Beka Record" company, Moscow, 1909, 45657, isp. Nadezhda Plevitskaya. Vagabond (From the songs of convicts, words by I. Kondratyev), disc of the "Pate" company, 1912, 26721, isp. Nina Dulkevich.
Tramp (Song of convicts to verses by IK Kondratyev), plate of the "Electrekord" company, Bucharest, 1944-45, WHR1303, isp. Petr Leshchenko. I. Kondratyev is the author of several popular romances, including "Charming Eyes" . Art critic Boris Almazov calls a poet with "the pseudonym P. K. (Pavel Kondratyev?)" (Almazov B. A. Not only music to words ... M .: ZAO Tsentrpoligraf: OOO MiM-Delta, 2003. - p. 443). There is some kind of confusion here, since Kondratyev is not a "P", but an "I". There is a "cowboy" adaptation of Viktor Baranov - " Russian folk song. Sometimes it is simply called by the first line "Along the wild steppes of Transbaikalia". It has become widely known since the early 1900s, but it existed in the prison environment in Siberia back in the 1880s. The authorship has not been reliably established; in the discography of performers of the early XX century, this song under the title "Tramp" is given with the authorship of the words of IK Kondratyev. One of the first artists who recorded The Tramp (August 17, 1910) on a gramophone record was Semyon Pavlovich Sadovnikov - “Senya Sadovnikov,” as all Moscow called him. Unfortunately, the dates of his birth and death are unknown. Its origin is also unknown. The voice of this wonderful singer at the beginning of the twentieth century was loved and known by many people. It was he who was the first performer of songs that we call "folk", although they were written by specific people. A contemporary describes his appearance as follows: “He was wearing a caftan, all sewn with stones, with a high collar, a deep silk shirt belted with a blue silk cord, red high morocco boots - in a word, some kind of amalgam from a boyar costume and an opera costume a robber, not that "Vanka the key-keeper" What distinguished Sadovnikov from all other performers? His soft tenor is subject to tenderness, melancholy, and reckless Russian prowess, which is not characteristic of all vocalists ... Such stage masters as Leonid Vitalievich Sobinov and Peter Ivanovich Slavtsov are more contemplative and thoughtful ... They rarely left their role of hero-lovers. Semyon Pavlovich had a certain “zest”. He created his own choir with wonderful balalaika players. There are pre-revolutionary recordings of the song "Tramp" performed by Nadezhda Plevitskaya and Semyon Sadovnikov . In the 1940s, a recording performed by Pyotr Leshchenko was published in Bucharest. Repeatedly performed by the choir. Pyatnitsky . In 1973, the Polish singer Czeslaw Nemen included "Along the Wild Steppes of Transbaikalia" in his album of Russian songs.
Who is Ivan Kondratiev from The Case of Comrade Tulayev and what is their importance? Kondratiev is an emissary of the U.S.S.R. who takes on many different disguises. He is a career revolutionary, over fifty years old. He is sent to Spain under disguise to collect information on the Revolution there, and he is very concerned with the reports he receives. They highlight corruption, lack of supplies, a starving population, and probable defeat. Kondratiev is tired and is beginning to believe that the rumors of corruption are true. After Kondratiev returns and gives his report to the Chief, he goes slightly mad as he tries to get used to his new position at the Combustibles Trust in Moscow. He is paranoid that soon he will be arrested along with many of his colleagues, but he decides he will fight. Kondratiev is the only accused man to escape arrest, partly because of his close friendship with the Chief. He tells the Chief the truth, and this miraculously saves his life. The Chief sends him to Siberia to work in the Gold Trust.
God's gift to Ivan Kondratiev, 11 Jun 2014, Book exhibitions, Other news, 12/16/2021, The Literary Star of the 1920s: A New Virtual Resource, 12/16/2021, Contemporary Russian literature for children and teenagers was "read" in the literary living room, 12/16/2021, Wow! Look what books the same Maxim Bogdanovich read - do you have them?, 12/16/2021, "Tales of the Grandfather of the Dnieper", 12/16/2021, 300 reasons to visit the exhibition "The brilliance of costumes and the secrets of flirting", 12/15/2021, Biomedicine and pharmaceuticals are in the focus of the NLB's virtual reading room, On June 10, the library hosted the opening of the exhibition "God's Gift of Ivan Kondratiev", dedicated to the 165th anniversary of the writer, historian and art critic.This exhibition is another step towards the return of the half-forgotten name of the glorious son of the Belarusian land. "It is very significant that this is where the National Library hosts an event dedicated to Ivan Kondratiev, because the opening of his work for me took place directly within these walls," said Doctor of Cultural Studies, Head of the Department of Cultural Studies at the Belarusian State University of Culture and Arts. , author of the monograph "God's gift of Ivan Kondratiev" Alexander Smolik. The professor told the guests that a few years ago he received a lifetime edition of I. Kondratiev with research on the works of A. Pushkin. "Since I have never met such a name among researchers of Pushkin's legacy, these circumstances made me learn more about our compatriot," said Alexander Smolik. Belarusian poet, writer, playwright, historian and art critic Ivan Kondratiev has left a surprisingly rich legacy. Kondratiev's poetry is both landscape sketches and lines about love. Poems are put to music on the soul, touching its most subtle strings. No wonder his poems are composed of well-known songs and romances: "Charming eyes", "These eyes - the dark night", "In the wild steppes of Transbaikalia." Some of the romances were performed by the winner of the XI All-Russian festival-competition "Romance Voice of Autumn" Natalia Klimkovich and Honored Artist of Belarus Vladimir Tkach. Residents of the Vileyka district, where the poet once lived, told the guests a lot about Kondratiev's life and work. You can get acquainted with the creative heritage of this person in more detail by viewing the exposition, which presents rare for Belarus lifelong art and local lore works of Ivan Kondratiev, their modern reprints, articles and others. The exhibition runs until June 30, 2014 in the circular corridor of the 3rd floor of the library. Phone for inquiries: (8 017) 293 27 56.
After the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917, Lenin declared that no "working class enemy" should be trusted, even if there was no evidence against him of any crime against the state, and he should be treated as a criminal prisoner. The Gulag began as a revised version of the punitive work in Siberia (called "Katorga" - deportation to the land of exile) that existed long before the Tsar, and was soon filled with "enemies of the people" - a general term in which senior Bolsheviks called corruption, sabotage or sowing despair. , Former aristocrats, businessmen and wealthy landowners - kulaks and various clerics.
penal colony, distant or overseas settlement established for punishing criminals by forced labour and isolation from society. Although a score of nations in Europe and Latin America transported their criminals to widely scattered penal colonies, such colonies were developed mostly by the English, French, and Russians. England shipped criminals to America until the American Revolution and to Australia into the middle of the 19th century. France established penal colonies in Africa, New Caledonia, and French Guiana (of which those in the latter, including Devil’s Island, were still operating during World War II). French Guiana epitomized the worst features of penal colonies: harsh punishments and the underfeeding of prisoners assigned to hard labour were routine. The Siberian colonies maintained by the Soviet Union were initially organized under the tsars but were most widely employed from the Russian Revolution through the Stalin era. Governments have since turned to alternative means of crime control, and most penal colonies have been abolished. See also exile and banishment.
The Case of Comrade Tulayev by Victor Serge, Posted by Will Kirkland in Books, Fiction, General, History, War, One winter afternoon Comrade Tulayev, an important Party official, is shot dead. By the time The Case of Comrade Tulayev comes to an end hundreds have been arrested. Five men, all high in the Party, have been imprisoned and interrogated. Three confess, not only to having plotted the death of Comrade Tulayev, but of other crimes, such as planning and carrying out the famine of hundreds of thousands of peasants. Three are executed. A fourth, accused of being a supporter of Leon Trotsky, is exterminated on a ship off the Spanish coast. A fifth resists cooperation or confession and dies of a hunger strike, hidden from his interrogators by flushing food down the toilet. Only one is allowed to live, exiled by the sometimes paternal Chief to the far east to oversee enormous gold-mining operations needed for the threatening war with Germany. The actual murderer, a Dostoyevskian impoverished student, confesses at the end of the novel in a letter to the authorities: “Alone, unknown to the world, not even knowing myself the moment before what I was going to do I fired at Comrade Tulayev whom I detested without knowing him. No one is interested. Case closed.
The song itself "Through the wild steppes of Transbaikalia", also known as "Tramp" is a real historical monument. In hard labor Siberia, it existed as early as the 1800s and became a documentary reflection of this era. Among the people there are at least 5 variants of verses for this song. It gained wide popularity at the beginning of the 20th century, after it was published in a musical collection with the authorship of the words of the poet I.K. Kondartiev. The song is also a vivid example of the embodiment of the perception of Baikal. Her words and music are notable for their special breadth and smoothness, reflecting the boundless landscapes of the Baikal nature. Modern psychologists say that every natural object has its own musical symbolism. Baikal is characterized by sad singsong sounds, in which the noise of wind and waves is encrypted. ALONG THE WILD STEPPES OF TRANSBAIKALIA Unknown author, Through the wild steppes of Transbaikalia, Where gold is dug in the mountains, A tramp, cursing his fate, Dragged with a bag on his shoulders. He escaped from prison on a dark night, For the truth he suffered for a long time -There was no more urine to run, Baikal stretched before him. A tramp approaches Baikal, Takes a fishing boat, And starts a sad song, Sings something about his homeland. Tramp Baikal has moved. Towards the birth mother. “Ah, hello, ah, hello, mother, are my father and brother healthy?” “Your father has long been buried in the grave with damp earth, And your brother is far away in Siberia, Has long been ringing with shackles. Through the wild steppes of Transbaikalia, Where gold is dug in the mountains, The tramp, cursing his fate, Dragged with a bag on his shoulders. Transcription of Andrei Makarevich's soundtrack, album "Songs that I love", Sintez Records, 1996. A similar version with minor differences is in the repertoire of Zhanna Bichevskaya (album "Old Russian folk village and city songs and ballads", Part 1, ZeKo Records, 1996 ): Art. 8. “Before him lay Baikal” Art. 12. “Sings something about the homeland” Art. 18. "Buried in damp earth" Art. 19. “And your brother is in distant Siberia.” Authorship has not been reliably established. Usually published as a song by an unknown author. In: Black Eyes: Old Russian Romance. Moscow: Eksmo Publishing House, 2004.- in the discography of the performers of the early 20th century, this song under the title "Tramp" is given with the authorship of the words of I.K. Kondratiev 113, 174, 249: Vagabond (From the songs of convicts), a disc from the Pate company, Moscow, 1908, 26721, isp. Hope Plevitskaya. Tramp (From the songs of convicts, lyrics by I. Kondratiev), a record from the Beka Record company, Moscow, 1909, 45657, Spanish. Hope Plevitskaya. Tramp (From the songs of convicts, lyrics by I. Kondratiev), a disc from the Pate company, 1912, 26721, Spanish. Nina Dulkevich. Tramp (Song of convicts on the verses of I. K. Kondratiev), a record of the company "Electrecord", Bucharest, 1944-45, WHR1303, isp. Petr Leshchenko. I. K. Kondratiev, a poet from the Surikov circle, is the author of several popular songs, including Charming Eyes. The art critic Boris Almazov names the poet with the "pseudonym P.K. (Pavel Kondratiev?)" as the likely author (Almazov B.A. Not only music for words ... M .: CJSC Tsentrpoligraf: LLC "MiM-Delta", 2003. - p. 443). There is some confusion here, since Kondratiev is not "P", but "I". There is a "cowboy" alteration by Viktor Baranov - "Across the wild steppes of Arizona..."OPTIONS(5) 1. Through the wild steppes of Transbaikalia Through the wild steppes of Transbaikalia, Where gold is dug in the mountains, A tramp, cursing his fate, Dragged with a bag on his shoulders. He walks through the dense taiga, where only birds sing, Dry cats beat their legs. He's wearing a thin shirt With many different patches, He's wearing a convict 's cap And a gray prison robe. He escaped from prison on a dark night, In prison he suffered for the truth -There is no more urine to go further, Baikal spread before him. A tramp approaches Baikal, Takes a fishing boat And starts a sad song – He sings something about his homeland: “I left my young wife, I left my small children, Now I’m going at random, God knows if I’ll see her!” The tramp Baikal has moved, Towards the dear mother. “Ah, hello, ah, hello, mother, Is father healthy, I want to know?” - “Your father has long been in the grave, Buried with damp earth, And your brother has long been in Siberia, Has long been rattling with shackles. Let's go, let's go, my son, Let's go to our native hut, The wife misses her husband there, And the kids are crying in a crowd. 1880s. Russian songs and romances / Introduction. article and comp. V. Gusev. - M.: Artist. lit., 1989. - (Classics and contemporaries. Poetic library). Koty - short warm boots made of felt or cloth. In other versions, the phrase "dry cats" was replaced with more understandable ones: "crackers with spoons" , "crackers with bowls" , etc. Similar options: Through the wild steppes of Transbaikalia. Through the wild steppes of Transbaikalia, Where gold is dug in the mountains, Tramp, cursing his fate, Dragging with a bag on his shoulders. He walks through the dense taiga, Where the birds only sing, The cauldron disturbs him from the side, Dry cats beat their legs. He's wearing a thin shirt And a lot of different patches, He's wearing a convict 's cap And a gray prison robe. A tramp approaches Baikal, He takes a fishing boat, Starts a sad song – He sings something about his homeland: “I left my young wife, And I left my children, Now I’m going at random, God knows if I’ll see her!” Tramp Baikal has moved, Towards the dear mother. "Oh, hello, oh, hello, mother, Is your father healthy, I want to know? “Your father has long been in the grave, Buried in damp earth, And your brother has long been in Siberia, Has long been rattling with shackles. Let's go, let's go, my son, Let's go to our native hut, The wife misses her husband there And the kids are crying in a crowd. The song has become widely known since the early 900s. However, in the prison environment of Siberia, it existed back in the 80s. 19th century (see I.P. Belokonsky, "On Prisons and Stages", Orel, 1887, pp. 209-210). One of the song variants (recorded by A.M. Novikova in the 1920s in the Tula region). Russian folk songs. Intro. article, comp. and note. A.M. Novikova. M., State publishing house of fiction, 1957. P. 441. Through the wild steppes of Transbaikalia Through the wild steppes of Transbaikalia, Where gold is dug in the mountains, The tramp, cursing his fate, Dragged with a bag on his shoulders. He walks through the dense taiga, Where the birds only sing, The cauldron disturbs him from the side, Dry cats beat their legs. He's wearing a thin shirt With many different patches, He's wearing a convict 's cap And a gray prison robe. He escaped from prison on a dark night, In prison he suffered for the truth, - There is no more urine to go further, Baikal lay before him. A tramp approaches Baikal, Takes a fishing boat And starts a sad song – He sings something about his homeland: “I left my young wife, And left my children, Now I'm going at random, God knows if I'll see her!" The tramp Baikal has moved, Towards the meeting - the birth mother. “Ah, hello, ah, hello, dear, Are my father and brother healthy?” “Your father has long been in the grave, Buried in damp earth, And your brother has long been in Siberia, Has long been rattling with shackles. Let's go, let's go, my son ,Let's go to our native hut, The wife misses her husband there, And your son has already become sick. Russian chanson / Auth.-comp. I. Bannikov. M.: AST-PRESS BOOK. - (1000 tips from the Komsomolskaya Pravda newspaper), p. 21. 2. Through the wild steppes beyond Baikal Through the wild steppes beyond Baikal, Where gold is dug in the mountains, Tramp, cursing fate, Carrying around with a bag on his shoulders. He walked through the dense taiga, Where the birds only sing, The purse disturbs him from the side, Rusks with spoons beat. He wears a convict's cap And an old prison robe, His shirt is torn, From a multitude of old patches. A tramp approaches Baikal, He takes a fishing boat, Starts a sad song, Sings something about his homeland. "I left my young wife, I left my little children, Now I'm going at random, God knows if I'll see her." The tramp Baikal has moved, Towards the dear mother. “Hello, hello, mother, are my father and brother alive?” “Your father has long been in the grave, For a long time he was buried by the earth, And your brother has long been in Siberia, For a long time he has been rattling with shackles. Let's go, let's go, son, And our dear hen is our own, The wife misses her husband there, The kids there cry in a crowd. From the now non-existent site of Alexander Kantemirovsky "Knot". 3. Through the wild steppes of Transbaikalia Through the wild steppes of Transbaikalia, Where gold is dug in the mountains, A tramp, cursing his fate, Dragging with a bag on his shoulders. He walks through the dense taiga, Where the birds alone do not sing, The cauldron disturbs him from the side, Rusks beat with spoons. A convict's cap on him And a gray prison robe. The tramp approaches Baikal, He takes a fishing boat, Starts a dull song, Sings something about his homeland. Now I go at random. I'll see if I'm with her." Tramp Baikal has moved. Towards the birth mother. “Oh, hello, oh, hello, mother. Are my father and brother healthy?” “Your father has long been in the grave, Buried in damp earth, And your brother has long been in Siberia, Has long been rattling with shackles. Let's go, let's go, son, Let's go to our native hut, The wife misses her husband there, And the birds all cry in a crowd. From the now non-existent website of Alexander Kantemirovskiy "Uzelochek". 4. Through the wild steppes of Transbaikalia From the songs of convicts. Through the wild steppes of Transbaikalia, Where gold is dug in the mountains, The tramp, cursing his fate, Dragged with a bag on his shoulders. He's wearing a thin shirt With many different patches, He's wearing a convict 's cap And a gray prison robe. He escaped from prison on a dark night, In prison he suffered for the truth, There is no more urine to go further, Baikal lay before him. A tramp approaches Baikal, Takes a fishing boat, And starts a sad song, Sings something about his homeland! And the wind answers him: "In vain, tramp, you run, After all, the poor heart does not feel that there are no relatives alive." Tramp Baikal has moved ,Towards the birth mother. “Ah, hello, ah, hello, dear, Are my father and brother healthy?” “Your father has long been in the grave, Buried in damp earth, And your brother has long been in Siberia. It has been rattling with shackles for a long time. From the repertoire of Nadezhda Plevitskaya (1884-1941)Black Eyes: An Old Russian Romance. - M .: Eksmo Publishing House, 2004. There is a rare couplet here - "And the wind answers him ..." . The first line of this variant is also found in ed. "In the desert steppes of Transbaikalia" (Songs of Prisoners. Compiled by Vladimir Pentyukhov. Krasnoyarsk, 1995). And the second line of the last verse - in red. "It is covered with earth, it lies." The same version with notes, with the addition of another couplet, and with the signature: "The words of I. KONDRATIEVA (?)" - in the collection: Ah, those black eyes. Comp. Yu. G. Ivanov. Muses. editor S. V. Pyankova. Smolensk: Rusich, 2004: ... Let's go, let's go, son, Let's go to our native hut, The wife misses her husband there, And the kids are crying in a crowd. The history of one song. Through the wild steppes of Transbaikalia The same version with notes (slightly different), without a verse about the wind and without the signature of the authors - in the collection: Takun F.I. Slavyansky Bazaar. M., "Contemporary Music", 2005: The history of one song. Through the wild steppes of Transbaikalia 5. A tramp approaches Baikal A tramp approaches Baikal,
Where gold is dug in the mountains, A tramp curses fate, Dragging with a bag on his shoulders. He walks through the thick taiga, Where only birds sing. Why is his soul disturbed? Crackers beat flat. A tramp approaches Baikal, Takes a fishing boat, Starts a sad song -Sings something about the Motherland: “I left my young wife, I left small children, Now I’m going at random, I don’t know if I’ll see her!” Tramp Baikal has moved, Towards my dear mother, "Ah, hello, ah, hello, dear, Is the family healthy, I want to know?" “Your father has long been in the grave, Has long been buried in the earth, And your brother has long been in Siberia, Has long been rattling with shackles. Let's go, let's go, my son, Let's go to our own house, The wife misses her husband there And your children are crying. Recorded from Butina M. Ya., Kaskelen, in 1977. Two other versions were recorded in the same year in the village. Chemolgan See: "Songs and romances of Russian poets", series "Poet's Library", M.-L., 1965, No. 655. Song by an unknown author in the middle of the 19th - early 20th centuries. Bagizbayeva M. M. Folklore of the Semirechye Cossacks. Part 2. Alma-Ata: "Mektep", 1979, No. 298. That's all I could find for this song. It remains to tell a little about the poet, prose writer, playwright Ivan Kuzmich (real middle name Kazimirovich) Kondratiev. He was born on June 9 (21), 1849 in the village. Kolovichi of the Vileika district in a peasant family. He studied in Smolensk at the school of military cantonists. In 1858 he was transferred to the medical assistant's school at the Medical and Surgical Academy in St. Petersburg, but soon left it. From the second half of the 1860s. served in the office of the trustee of the Vilna educational district, later played in the Vilna theater. Since the 1870s was the secretary of Moscow periodicals, published his poems, stories, novels in the Craft Newspaper, Russian Newspaper, News of the Day, in the magazines Moskovskoye Obozreniye, Sputnik, Rossiya and many others. Joking plays, dramas from folk life, historical novels and dramas, and poems were published in separate editions in Moscow. The song folklore included the romance "These eyes are the dark of the night" and his other songs and romances. Supposed, that he owns the original text of the Russian folk song "Across the Wild Steppes of Transbaikalia." Died in Moscow on May 19 (June 1), 1904.
Additional references update
**