Rare Protest in Vietnam over China Claims
From: Dien Nguyen
Date: 2012/7/2
To: Vietnam Studies Group <vsg@u.washington.edu>
Demonstrations against Chinese claims over the East Sea took place in SaiGon and HaNoi on Sunday 1 July.
Prof Tuong Lai and Andre' Menras (Ho Cuong Quyet) were among those who took part in SG. Nguyen Quang A was a leader of the HN demonstration.
---
Nguyen Dien
Independent Researcher
Canberra
Rare protest in Vietnam over China claims to offshore oil blocks
http://in.reuters.com/article/2012/07/01/vietnam-china-oil-idINL3E8I106L20120701
Bi?u tình ? SG& HN ngày 01/07/ 2012
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WjxPtDZDK-g&feature=player_embedded#!
TU?NG THU?T BI?U TÌNH T? SÀI GÒN SÁNG 1.7
Trong nhóm trí th?c có th? nhìn th?y các khuôn m?t: Lê Hi?u Ð?ng, Andre Menras H? Cuong Quy?t, GS Tuong Lai, Lê Công Giàu, Cao L?p, H? Ðình Nguyên, Nguy?n Phú Yên, Ð? Trung Quân, Nguy?n Th? T? Huy, Hu?nh Kim Báu, Duong H?ng Lam, Tô Lê Son, Kha Luong Ngãi, Ðoàn Phuong, Nguy?n Hòa, Tr?n Xuân Ti?n, Tr?n Qu?c Thái..
http://huynhngocchenh.blogspot.ca/2012/07/mac-du-luc-luong-ninh-het-suc-no-luc-e.html
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From: Mark Sidel
Date: Tue, Jul 3, 2012 at 10:56 AM
To: Vietnam Studies Group <vsg@u.washington.edu>
From the same site on Youtube, video of the preparations for the July 1 demonstration (I assume in Saigon).
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QlXp5votFrc&feature=channel&list=UL
My apologies for not knowing this -- I know I should -- but can someone name the song they are singing? And the lady urging the protestors on, further in the clip, is someone I'd rather have on my side than not on my side.
Mark Sidel
UW-Madison
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From: Jason Gibbs
Date: Tue, Jul 3, 2012 at 11:24 AM
To: Vietnam Studies Group <vsg@u.washington.edu>
The song in question is “D?y Mà Ði” (I think you could translate it as “Get Up and Go”) written by Nguy?n Xuân Tân. It dates from 1970 or slightly earlier and was one of the best known songs of the southern student movement opposing the war. It’s basically an incitement for people to take to the streets to protest.
Here is a rather canned version of the song:
http://www.nhaccuatui.com/nghe?L=p2NJq2gQNcOT
If you want download this music to be what people hear when they call your cell phone in Vietnam, there’s always this link:
http://tainhaccho.vn/loi-bai-hat/nguyen-xuan-tan/bmw/day-ma-di.htm
This site also helpfully gives the lyrics.
Jason Gibbs
San Francisco
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From: Ta Van Tai
Date: Tue, Jul 3, 2012 at 11:41 AM
To: Vietnam Studies Group <vsg@u.washington.edu>
Cc: Vietnam Studies Group <vsg@u.washington.edu>
Dear Mark,
That is the song "D?y Mà Ði" (Rise up and March), popular before 1975.
Tai Ta
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From: Molly O'Connell
Date: Tue, Jul 3, 2012 at 1:24 PM
To: Vietnam Studies Group <vsg@u.washington.edu>
Hi,
Just as a bit more background, the song is based on a poem by To Huu, also entitled "Day Ma Di," written in May 1941. It was placed to music as part of the "Hat Cho Dong Bao Toi Nghe" (or "Hat Cho Dan Toi Nghe") movement of the 1970s. If anyone would like to see a translation, please let me know and I can send it to you.
Regards,
Molly O'Connell
MPH Student
Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
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From: Michael Karadjis
Date: Tue, Jul 3, 2012 at 9:26 PM
To: Vietnam Studies Group <vsg@u.washington.edu>
Just out of interest, after how many hundreds or thousands of protests reported in the media do protests cease being "rare"?
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From: Benedict Kerkvliet
Date: Tue, Jul 3, 2012 at 11:16 PM
To: Vietnam Studies Group <vsg@u.washington.edu>
Michael raises a thoughtful point. Public protests in Vietnam in recent years in Vietnam are hardly "rare." I'm inclined to wager that, on a percapita basis, there are more public protests in Vietnam during the last decade than in the United States.
Ben
--
Ben Kerkvliet
Emeritus Professor
The Australian National University
Canberra, A.C.T. AUSTRALIA
and
Affiliate Graduate Faculty member
University of Hawai'i
Honolulu, Hawaii 96822
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From: Dave Paulson
Date: Wed, Jul 4, 2012 at 12:19 AM
To: Vietnam Studies Group <vsg@u.washington.edu>
Ben,
To answer your wager, I am inclined to think the US has had more.
This comes as a result of:
The Occupy Movement http://www.occupytogether.org/aboutoccupy/
The Tea Party http://www.teaparty.org/about.php
and
(sadly) The Westborough Baptist Church
All of which protest on a very regular basis. Nearly everyday.
Ideologies aside, and speaking strictly in terms of numbers, I am inclined to think these three movements alone outshadow all of the protests in Vietnam for the last decade.
Can anyone provide some actual statistics/summaries of protests in Vietnam during the 21st century?
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From: Jason Morris-Jung
Date: Wed, Jul 4, 2012 at 2:03 AM
To: Vietnam Studies Group <vsg@u.washington.edu>
I would like to know what all of you mean exactly by "public protests" and do we have any estimates or even best guesses of how often they occur and how many people are typically involved? I am guessing that you are referring to those groups of villagers that sit on the lawns across from the National Assembly office to protest land loss and local corruption (usually together), similar types of demonstrations among Catholics over church lands and practices, maybe also worker strikes--though, to be sure, the main ones are over land. These are the type of demonstrations that we hear of often and sometimes see, but I am, admittedly, very much in the dark about their actual prevalence. Does anyone have a better idea? I'd be really interested to know.
To be sure, this idea of "rare" protests reflects an overly stereotypical picture of state power in contemporary Vietnam. However, I think we might still venture that there is something in this recent kind of demonstration that distinguishes it from the above mentioned examples and, indeed, makes them somewhat rare and new for Vietnam, at least since the end of the Vietnam War. One is that they are clearly more national in character. They are national both in their geographic scope (north and south) and that the issue itself is "for the nation" rather than on a particular issue affecting a particular community (e.g., particular land claims). Two is that they are perhaps more directly critical of the state leadership. Even though they protest Chinese maritime belligerence, the butt of their criticism is a weak and perhaps compromised Vietnamese leadership, when compared to, perhaps, the Philippines--the Bauxite Vietnam website, at least, has suggested as much. Three is the role of prominent persons, like the intellectuals highlighted in Dien Nguyen's original mail, sticking their necks out to give public recognition and argument to the mass demonstrations. I would consider these protests of the same ilk as the larger ones last summer over the South China/East Sea conflict, certain elements of the ongoing Van Giang (Hung Yen Province) protests, and I cannot think of too many other ones. Compared to what I might call the more micro-protests of the first paragraph, these ones are national in scope and raising the big questions of state legitimacy and leadership. That is rare I think, though increasing recently.
I am thinking a bit out loud here, so please feel free to correct or contradict ...but gently. :)
jason morris-jun
UC Berkeley
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From: Le Thanh
Date: Wed, Jul 4, 2012 at 10:42 AM
To: Vietnam Studies Group <vsg@u.washington.edu>
I have tried some brief analysis last year, looking from the hyphen crisis in "nation-state" (Claire Sutherland). The current trend seems to be still in line.
Best
H.
Le Thanh Hai, PhD, researcher, Institute of Philosophy and Sociology, Polish Academy of Science
ul. Nowy Swiat 72, 00-330 Warszawa
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From: David Brown
Date: Wed, Jul 4, 2012 at 1:59 PM
To: Vietnam Studies Group <vsg@u.washington.edu>
Others have noted that the Cong An blocked more than a few would-be protesters from joining the anti-China demonstrations on July 1, either by taking prominent bloggers and intellectuals into temporary detention or by putting them under de facto house (or temple) arrest. The result was a substantially more 'youthful' turnout. This intervention seems to be an important change from the first weeks of demonstrations a year ago, where, I would guess, the Cong An were caught flat-footed and had to wait for policy guidance to be handed down.
A second significant difference between the first anti-China protests last summer and the one on July 1 is that a year ago there was extensive reportage in the leading 'legal' newspapers, but this year not a peep. Obviously there was a gag order. Only the blogs have reported the latest demonstration -- again evidence that the security agencies had clear instructions to allow but contain the July 1 protest.
Also as others have mentioned, protests against land expropriations have long been a feature of the Hanoi sidewalk scene, and probably also in Saigon and many provincial towns as well. Though a very substantial protest erupted in Thanh Hoa province in 1997, generally, up to the Tien Lang and Van Giang eruptions, however, these protests seem to have been small and haphazardly organized. With the incident at Tien Lang in January and Van Giang in April, we see outreach to and intervention by the media and the blog community and, importantly, broad public debate over the policy failures that prompted the protests.
From at least the mid-2008 bauxite protests, two new factors are evident in what Jason calls 'national' protests. The first is widespread employment of social media -- blogs and instant messaging, mainly -- to coordinate public demonstrations. The second is the extent to which folks who just don't like the party-state join in and pile on, using the specific policy failure at hand (an allegedly 'weak' attitude toward China -- I would call it prudent) as a club to beat up on the system.
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From: Le Thanh
Date: Thu, Jul 5, 2012 at 3:24 AM
To: Vietnam Studies Group <vsg@u.washington.edu>
http://anhbasam.wordpress.com/2012/07/05/1120-thu-keu-cuu-khan-cap-cua-bui-hang/#more-67273
One of the most active protestors Ms Bui Thi Minh Hang announces that she will commit self immolation.
Hai.
Le Thanh Hai, PhD, researcher, Institute of Philosophy and Sociology, Polish Academy of Science
ul. Nowy Swiat 72, 00-330 Warszawa
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From: Lien Hoang
Date: Thu, Jul 5, 2012 at 4:35 AM
To: Le Thanh <bantinphuongdong@yahoo.com>, Vietnam Studies Group <vsg@u.washington.edu>
anyone know more about ms hang or the blog?
Lien Hoang
Deputy News Editor
Columbia Daily Spectator
Columbia University, CC 2010
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From: Jalel Sager
Date: Thu, Jul 5, 2012 at 12:15 PM
To: Vietnam Studies Group <vsg@u.washington.edu>
I would have to agree. Due to the diversity of issues and scales, I think a US per capita protest number would be at least an order of magnitude higher than Vietnam's.
We happened to be in Hanoi on Sunday, sipping coffee near Dien Bien Phu street when the protest passed by, complete with an aging fiddler and a giant national flag waved by an enthusiastic marcher who nonetheless got it caught up several times in traffic signs and low-hanging power lines.
The march provided quite a thrill. One of the reasons lay in its uniqueness--a traffic-blocking, fist-pumping, sign-waving march in Hanoi is an extremely unusual sight. We had only one frame of reference for it: spontaneous demos after big national team soccer wins. Apparently, several of the laughing waiters and motorbike attendants who crowded beside us to watch had the same idea, as several began chanting "Viet Nam Co Len"! as a joke.
As with 2008, one wonders whether some quarters of the government and security services are supporting demonstration on this issue.
Jalel Sager
Energy and Resources Group
UC-Berkeley
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From: Tom Miller
Date: Thu, Jul 5, 2012 at 12:48 PM
To: Vietnam Studies Group <vsg@u.washington.edu>
The demonstration outside the China Embassy in Hanoi for the same
reason several years ago featured the odd spectacle of police playing
badminton while "controlling" the demonstrators - an activity the
Oakland (California) police might adopt with respect to Occupiers,
instead of head-bashing.
Tom Miller
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From: Kyle Horst
Date: Thu, Jul 5, 2012 at 12:48 PM
To: Vietnam Studies Group <vsg@u.washington.edu>
RFA’s Vietnamese-language service posted an extended interview with Ms. Minh Hang earlier today:
http://www.rfa.org/vietnamese/in_depth/bui-m-hang-wil-sel-im-07052012060429.html
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From: David Brown
Date: Thu, Jul 5, 2012 at 12:55 PM
To: Vietnam Studies Group <vsg@u.washington.edu>
re: Bui Thi Minh Hang. This is the lady who was committed to a re-education (labor) camp for two years about six months ago after participating in several protests against Chinese actions last summer. HRW, RSF, the US Embassy etc. condemned the VNG action at the time.
Also, Carl Thayer posted a note on the case, saying inter alia that Ms "Minh Hang has an already established record as a political activist. Human Rights Watch reports that she was detained on at least four occasions in the past six months. Photographs and video clips of Minh Hang at anti-China protests show she was not shrinking violet. If Vietnamese public security authorities followed their standard operating procedures, Minh Hang would have been warned on each and every occasion to desist from public protests. Pressure would have been brought to bear on her family and friends to pressure Minh Hang to stop protesting. Yet Minh Hang continued, most recently in late November last year, by participating in a silent protest in Ho Chi Minh City. Vietnamese security authorities are not tolerant at the best of times and Minh Hang repeated recalcitrance would have been viewed as a direct challenge to their authority. Indeed, officials higher up would have been galled by the inability of security officials to silence Minh Hang.
Minh Hang’s case is sensitive because she could not be slapped with the standard charge of conducting propaganda against the state. Minh Hang’s protests about China’s actions in the East Sea have widespread and influential public support in Vietnam. So she was bundled off under a detention order issued by the Hanoi municipal authorities and sent to a drug rehabilitation camp to undergo two years of hard labor and re-education.
The Cong An sponsored newspaper An Ninh Thu Do reported on April 28 that Minh Hang had been released from the reeducation camp had been released to return to her family in Vung Tau and would be under the supervision of local authorities.
In her open letter, Ms. Minh Hang relates that she was taken into custody by police in Saigon early on July 1 (i.e., before the beginning of the demonstration on that morning), and then recounts at length how she was detained without cause, her possessions ransacked and, at length, returned to her home in Vung Tau late that day. At the end of the letter, she appeals to the nation's highest authorities and declares that "if the brutish activities of those who hold power continue to oppress our everyday life by terror, repression, threats and slander, I respectfully announce to all progressive people that I will burn myself to death . . . ."
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From: Bill Hayton
Date: Thu, Jul 5, 2012 at 2:57 PM
To: Vietnam Studies Group <vsg@u.washington.edu>
As for the blog. This is from a friend...
The owner is Nguyen Huu Vinh, former security agent (sy quan an ninh).
It's seen as a reliable guide to lots of other critical sites, kind of like Vietnam's Drudge Report perhaps. Some suspect that it's a Cong An plot of course...
BillHayton
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From: Melanie Beresford
Date: Fri, Jul 6, 2012 at 1:51 AM
To: Vietnam Studies Group <vsg@u.washington.edu>
Here's another type. Roughly a decade ago I was driving along Ly
Thuong Kiet in Hanoi when my path was blocked by a demonstration
outside the Supreme Court. The riot police were there in full battle
gear, but the crowd of a few hundred, though shouting a lot, was just
standing around - at least while I was there. Nobody asked me to move
on, but I wasn't particularly keen to stay around. Later I found out
there was a case on involving a cop who had killed a teenager he was
chasing (over the theft of some petty amount of money). The
demonstrators were demanding the death penalty for the cop - which was
indeed awarded.
cheers,
Melanie
Melanie Beresford
Associate Professor in Economics
Faculty of Business & Economics
Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
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From: Benedict Kerkvliet
Date: Fri, Jul 6, 2012 at 12:30 PM
To: Vietnam Studies Group <vsg@u.washington.edu>
The case Melanie refers to is likely that which Mark Sidel has written about. The cop on trial circa 1993-94 was Nguyen Tung Duong. For details and analysis, see the following: Mark Sidel, "Law, the Press and Police Murder in Vietnam: The Vietnamese Press and the Trial of Nguyen Tung Duong," in THE MASS MEDIA IN VIETNAM, edited by David Marr (Canberra: Department of Political and Social Change, Australian National University, 1998), 97-119. The piece, in somewhat revised form, is also in Mark Sidel's book, LAW AND SOCIETY IN VIETNAM (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008), 119-40.
Ben Kerkvliet
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From: Tai, Hue-Tam
Date: Fri, Jul 6, 2012 at 12:43 PM
To: Vietnam Studies Group <vsg@u.washington.edu>
Thanks, Ben and Melanie.
In the mid-1990's, I was having breakfast by myself in a fairly crowded restaurant on Phan Chau Trinh Street when came the sound of someone running, followed by several other pairs of running feet. Everybody stood up to watch. Within minutes, the first man, who looked to be in his mid twenties, had been caught by his followers who turned out to be local militia. As they walked him to the police station, they rained blows all over his body and aimed kicks straight at his kidneys. The restaurant customers suddenly broke their silence to comment:"I'll bet he won't make it to the station alive." Another said the man had stolen a bicycle. No one expressed sympathy for him or commented on police brutality. It seems things have changed since then.
Hue Tam Ho Tai
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From: Mark Sidel
Date: Fri, Jul 6, 2012 at 3:01 PM
To: Vietnam Studies Group <vsg@u.washington.edu>
Indeed this is the same case, it appears, one of the earliest of the police accountability cases, and my thanks to Ben for the reference. I was in the courtroom for one of these days and that may have been while Melanie was watching the demo outside....
Best wishes.... MS
Mark Sidel
Doyle-Bascom Professor of Law and Public Affairs
University of Wisconsin-Madison
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From: Dien Nguyen
Date: Fri, Jul 6, 2012 at 6:31 PM
To: Vietnam Studies Group <vsg@u.washington.edu>
This is reminiscent of the police brutality in the Rodney King case in LA.
Dien
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From: Tai, Hue-Tam
Date: Fri, Jul 6, 2012 at 6:42 PM
To: Vietnam Studies Group <vsg@u.washington.edu>
Indeed, there's plenty of police brutality in the US, too.
I was struck by the different reaction of the silent protesters Melanie saw and that of my fellow customers. The latter seemed to imply the bicycle thief had brought his likely death on himself. I wonder whether this difference has to do with personal connection or lack thereof with the thief, his age, or some other factor.
Hue Tam Ho Tai
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From: Melanie Beresford
Date: Sat, Jul 7, 2012 at 4:10 AM
To: Vietnam Studies Group <vsg@u.washington.edu>
I was thinking it was later, because I bought my motorbike in 1998,
but I did also have one while I was there in 1992-3, so yes it could
have been that case. How time accelerates! And thanks for the ref.
cheers
Melanie
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From: Melanie Beresford
Date: Sat, Jul 7, 2012 at 4:19 AM
To: Vietnam Studies Group <vsg@u.washington.edu>
Mark or Ben can answer this better, but my recollection is that the
thief was a teenager and the demonstrators probably mainly came from
his village. So yes, that may answer your comparison question. My
impression is that if people get into violence the tendency for
strangers is to stand around and spectate. I think it applies outside
VN as well.
cheers,
Melanie
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From: Mark Sidel
Date: Sat, Jul 7, 2012 at 4:56 AM
To: Vietnam Studies Group <vsg@u.washington.edu>
The Hanoi case involved a young bike messenger carrying cash who, if memory serves, was stopped, robbed (or attempted), then killed by the police officer....
The broader question, one that is now a real issue in China as well, is to what degree media and public anger should influence judicial sentencing, particularly in cases where the death penalty may be imposed - as it was, in significant part because of the media-expressed public anger, in this case....
MS
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From: Tai, Hue-Tam
Date: Sat, Jul 7, 2012 at 5:11 AM
To: Vietnam Studies Group <vsg@u.washington.edu>
Ah, so the two cases are quite dissimilar. In the case Mark reported, the youth was not a thief but the innocent victim of police criminality.
I had not expected my fellow customers to intervene but was somewhat surprised by their unsympatheic comments. Did they think stealing a bicycle such a huge crime? what did it mean in the ontext of the mid 1990s when bicycles in Hanoi had not yet become symbols of poverty, as they do today? Or was their prediction that he would surely die during the short walk to the police station an indirect condemnation of police brutality? Obviously, these are unanswerable questions--I had not dared posed them aloud.
Regarding community impact on sentencing, we have this to a certain extent in this country as well. This is evident in the requests that certain cases be moved to adifferent jurisdiction because of community feelings, or claims that an impartial verdict will be impossible because of media saturation, or the different sentences for similar crimes that reflect different community norms and biases.
Hue Tam
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From: Melanie Beresford
Date: Sat, Jul 7, 2012 at 6:37 AM
To: Vietnam Studies Group <vsg@u.washington.edu>
Mark, I am remembering the case more clearly now. The kid was not a
thief - though even if he had been, police murder is still
unjustified. I am absolutely against death penalties, and a crowd
baying for blood is an ugly sight, but the VN courts hand them out
quite regularly (not sure how many actually get implemented). In this
case, public pressure might have worked to the good? To ensure the
police are also subject to the law and get the same treatment as
others?
cheers,
Melanie
From: Benedict Kerkvliet
Date: Thu, Jul 5, 2012 at 11:58 AM
To: Vietnam Studies Group <vsg@u.washington.edu>
This discussion about protests has been informative and illuminating. Jason asks what counts as a protest, and he and Ben Bland offer some criteria and indicate ways to distinguish types of protests. David Brown has added to that, and Le Thanh Hai's has shared her analysis of some protests regarding China and directed our attention to the plight of Ms Bui Thi Minh Hang.
I'm inclined to count as protests any public gathering of people who are voicing complaints and demands about public policies, authorities, and/or institutions. They differ in composition, scope, scale, extent of coordination and organization, and longevity.
In any event, so far as I can tell, there are no public statistics for numbers and locations of protests, be they small, medium, or large, be they in the cities or also in towns and villages. Which brings me to wonder, might there be a way for us to create a method for start such a data base to which folks can contribute information for all to peruse, share, and use?
Best wishes,
Ben
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From: Tai, Hue-Tam
Date: Thu, Jul 5, 2012 at 12:23 PM
To: Vietnam Studies Group <vsg@u.washington.edu>
Dear Ben
how does one define and measure protest in the internet age? People getting together in the strret carrying banners, chanting slogans? How many? (in colonial Vietnam no more than four people could be in a pagoda at the same time). Should blogs be included in the definition of protest? In China, the Falungong has expanded largely through the internet. In the Middle Esst, Twitter has had a huge role in protest movements.
I remember that during the Buddhist crisis of 1963 it took something like 8 days for jews of the massacre in Hue to reach Saigon, as both radio and print media were under government control. In other words, it took people to actually travel from Hue to Saigon to spread the news. The VOA and the BBC became our reliable sources of information, much as offshore blogs do nowadays.
Hue Tam Ho Tai
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From: Mark Sidel
Date: Thu, Jul 5, 2012 at 2:53 PM
To: Vietnam Studies Group <vsg@u.washington.edu>
Re Ben's comment on statistics, as many VSGers (and of course Ben) know, in China such data on protests of various kinds is assiduously collected and has been available in various forms for a number of years. There are many issues with numbers, definitions and reporting disincentives, of course, I assume in both countries, but is it possible that the Bao CAND, yearbooks, newspaper reports and other sources are actually providing numbers in the way their counterparts in China are doing? Has anyone looked at that?
Mark Sidel
UW-Madison
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From: Jason Morris-Jung
Date: Sun, Jul 8, 2012 at 8:32 AM
To: Vietnam Studies Group <vsg@u.washington.edu>
I think Ben Kervliet's suggestion is an excellent one. Would there be people on this list interested in trying to get something like that (or like what Mark Sidel has also suggested) going? Perhaps a more concrete discussion on- or off-list on the possibilities would be useful?
jason morris-jung
UC Berkeley
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From: Daniel C. Tsang
Date: Mon, Jul 9, 2012 at 12:22 PM
To: vsg@u.washington.edu
The current Economist has an article on the South China Seas conflict:
http://www.economist.com/node/2155826
The South China Sea
Roiling the waters
Tensions rise between China and Vietnam in the South China Sea
Jul 7th 2012 | BEIJING | from the print edition
Carl Thayer is quoted.
dan
--
Daniel C. Tsang, Distinguished Librarian
Data Librarian and Bibliographer for Asian American Studies,
Economics, Political Science, Business (interim)& Film Studies (interim)
468 Langson Library, University of California, Irvine
PO Box 19557, Irvine CA 92623-9557, USA
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From: Hunter Marston
Date: Tue, Jul 10, 2012 at 4:07 AM
To: Vietnam Studies Group <vsg@u.washington.edu>
I believe the correct link is http://www.economist.com/node/21558262.
Thank you for sharing.
--
Hunter S. Marston
MA Southeast Asian Studies
Jackson School of International Studies
MPA Candidate, Evans School of Public Affairs
University of Washington-Seattle