Angelica archangelica / Aartsengelwortel

Etymologie Angelica

Angelica sylvestris, L. (uit het bos) de engelwortel (wordt ook wel verward met de berenklauw) is een water minnende tweejarige. Dat betekent dus dat het kruid het eerste jaar stengelloos is en een bladrozet met meterslange bladeren vormt die drievoudig geveerd zijn. Het tweede jaar ontstaat er een dikke, gegroefde en holle stengel met aan de top kogelronde schermen die eerst roze zijn en later wit verkleuren in juli, bloeit vrijwel de hele zomer tot in de herfst.

Kan een meter hoog worden of meer. De stengel is roodachtig en bedekt met een wit dons wat er met de vinger gemakkelijk afgewreven kan worden.

De plant wordt 3‑4 jaren oud. Een geurende plant, maar minder dan de archangelica.

Groeit op vochtige plaatsen, weiden, beken en oevers.

Naam.

(Dodonaeus) (a) ‘De kleine of tweede soort heet in het Latijn Angelica minor of Angelica silvestris, dat is kleine Angelica of wilde Angelica, hoewel ze niet wilder is dan de grote. Dan of deze soort van Angelica hetzelfde gewas is dat van Theophrastus Magudaris in het Grieks genoemd wordt en in het Latijn ook met dezelfde naam bekend is, te weten de tweede soort van Laserpitium, dat laten we iedereen noch wat overwegen en naarstig onderzoeken. Deze wilde Anglica wordt van Camerarius Angelica silvestris montana of berg Angelica genoemd tot onderscheidt van de andere wilde Angelica die in de hoven al te veel groeit en de andere kruiden aldaar verdrukt en van die Strentzel of Giersick in het Hoogduits genoemd wordt’.

(b) In de middeleeuwen heette het ook Fistula pastoris. Van de holle stengels werden wel fluiten gemaakt door de herders, Duitse Hirtenpfiff, Engels ait-skeiter: haverschieter, kinderen schoten haver door de holle stengels, Bachrorhr, Bangele, Buchel, Moosror, Pfissenroghr, Spickror, Sprussenrohr, Streurohr, Wasser-Pfiffen, Ziegarohrl  en Ziger-Chrut.

(c) Engelse ground ash, de esachtige bladeren en wild angelica. Duits Krodeln, Wielehuolern, Lauskraut, Anejelken; uit Angelica,  Erdholla; aardvlier, Hanala (huhnlein) Gugali. Wald-Engelwurz.

Cracht ende werckinghe vlgs Dodonaeus 1544

A   Tsaet van Angelica gedroncken iaecht af duer den Camerganck die coude taye fluymen ende es mits dyen seer goet den ghenen die cort van adem ende van borsten sijn/ ende die eenighe vallende sieckte hebben/ ende dijsghelijck den vrouwen die van dopclimmen van der moeder sieck sijn.

B   Tselve saet es oock goet tseghen die weeckicheyt ende alle vercoutheyt ende verstoptheyt van der lever ende tseghen die verouderde geelsucht. Tot den selven ghebreken dienen oock die wortelen seer wel.

C   Tsaet gheroken maeckt die slaperachtighe menschen wacker/ ende met olie vermengt eest seer goet tseghen die pijne ende groote rasernie in thooft/ daer op ghestreken.

D   Tselve saet van Angelica met Ruyte ghewreven beneempt dat voortsgaen van den quaden voorts etende sweeringhen.

E   Die wortel van Angelica schoon ghescrabt ende in die fistulen ghesteken verteert ende neempt af die herde canten van der selver.

F   Tsap dat uut den groenen bloemen gheperst es/ es seer goet in die draghende oft sweerende ooren ghedaen.

G   Van den Angelica scrijftmen oock nu ter tijt/ dat die wortelen seer goet sijn tseghen alle vergiftheyt pestilentien ende quade fenijnnighe oft stinckende lochten/ in der naer volghende maniere ghebruyckt.

H   Als yemant teghenwoordich die haestighe sieckte heeft oft vergheven es/ zoo salmen terstont van dese wortel ghepoedert een vierendeel loots tswinters met wijn ende tzoomers met water van Roosen drincken ende daer mede wel ghedeckt ligghen tot datmen wel ghesweet heeft.

I   Dese selve wortel nuchter inghenomen oft alleen in den mont ghehouwen bewaert oock ende bescermt den mensche van der haestighe sieckte/ van alle quade lochten ende fenijn.

K   Oock scrijft men den Angelica toe dat die bladeren daer af met Ruyte ende huenich vermenght seer goet gheleyt sijn op die beten van verwoede honden/ ende van slanghen ende nateren/ alsmen terstont daer datmen ghebeten es wijn drinckt daer die wortelen oft bladeren van Angelica in ghesoden sijn.

Angelica monograph

Scientific Name(s): Angelica archangelica L., synonymous with Archangelica officinalisHoffm. Family: Apiaceae (carrots)

Common Name(s): European angelica , Echt engelwurz (German)

Often used as a flavoring or scent, angelica has been used medicinally to stimulate gastric secretion, treat flatulence, and topically treat rheumatic and skin disorders; however, there is little documentation to support these uses.

Botany

Angelica is a widely cultivated, aromatic biennial, northern European herb with fleshy, spindle-shaped roots, an erect stalk, and many greenish-yellow flowers arranged in an umbel. The seeds are oblong and off-white. It is similar to and sometimes confused with the extremely toxic water hemlock, Cicuta maculata .

There are several recognized varieties of A. archangelica , wild and cultivated. In the US, A. atropurpurea L. often is cultivated in place of the European species.

History

Angelica has been cultivated as a medicinal and flavoring plant in Scandinavian countries since the 12th century and in England since the 16th century. The roots and seeds are used to distill about 1% of a volatile oil used in perfumery and as a flavoring for gin and other alcoholic beverages. The candied leaves and stems are used to decorate cakes. The oil has been used medicinally to stimulate gastric secretion, treat flatulence, and topically treat rheumatic and skin disorders.

Chemistry

The volatile oil contains many monoterpenes; β-phellandrene is the principal component of var. angelica , while sabinene is the most abundant monoterpene of var. sativa . 1 Sesquiterpenes also are numerous in the oil; α-copaene and other tricyclic sesquiterpenes are characteristic constituents. 2 Supercritical fluid extraction has been studied as an alternative method of extracting angelica volatiles. 3 The shelf life of the root is limited because of the loss of the volatile oil while in storage.

The small organic acid, angelic acid, was the first compound purified from the root in 1842. 4 15-pentadecanolide ( Exaltolide ) is a fatty acid lactone constituent of the root with a musk-like odor, used as a fixative in perfumes. 5

As with most of the many species of angelica, A. archangelica contains a wide variety of coumarins and their glycosides. The angular furanocoumarins, archangelicin 6 and angelicin, 7and congeners 8 are present in the roots, and many glycosides and esters of linear furanocoumarins also have been reported.

A trisaccharide, umbelliferose, originally was isolated from angelica roots. 9

Uses and Pharmacology

Angelica has been used medicinally to stimulate gastric secretion, treat flatulence, and topically treat rheumatic and skin disorders.Sedation

Angelic acid was formerly used as a sedative. The angular furanocoumarin angelicin also has been reported to have sedative properties, although recent experimental evidence of this is limited. The carminative action of the volatile oil is because of an unremarkable monoterpene content.

Animal data

Research reveals no animal data regarding the use of angelica for sedation.Clinical data

Research reveals no clinical data regarding the use of angelica for sedation.Other uses

Angelica root oil was preferentially relaxant on tracheal smooth muscle preparations compared with ileal muscle. 10 The oil had no effect on skeletal muscle in a second study. 11 The calcium-blocking activity of angelica root has been examined relative to solvent used in extraction, and furanocoumarins were identified as the likely active species. 12 The root oil has been found to have antifungal and antibacterial activity. 13

Dosage

Angelica root typically is given at doses of 3 to 6 g/day of the crude root. 14

Pregnancy/Lactation

Documented adverse effects. Emmenagogue effects. Avoid use. 15

Interactions

Theoretically, there is a possible increased risk of bleeding when using angelica root concurrently with warfarin. The additive or synergistic effects of coumarin or coumarin derivatives possibly may be present in angelica root. 16 , 17 Because warfarin has a narrow therapeutic index, it would be prudent to avoid concurrent use.

Adverse Reactions

The linear furanocoumarins are well-known dermal photosensitizers, while the angular furanocoumarins are less toxic. 18 The presence of linear furanocoumarins in the root indicates that the plant parts should be used with caution if exposure to sunlight is expected. The coumarins are not important constituents of the oil, which, therefore, gives the oil a greater margin of safety in that respect.

Toxicology

Poisoning has been recorded with high doses of angelica oils.

Bibliography

1. Kerrola K, et al. Characterization of volatile composition and odor of Angelica ( Angelica archangelica subsp. archangelica L.) root extracts. J Agric Food Chem . 1994;42:1979-1985.

2. Jacobson M, et al. Optical isomers of α-copaene derived from several plant sources. J Agric Food Chem . 1987;35:798-800.

3. Kerrola K, et al. Extraction of volatile compounds of Angelica ( Angelica archangelica L.) root by liquid carbon dioxide. J Agric Food Chem . 1994;42:2235-2245.

4. Buchner L. Justus Liebigs Ann Chem . 1842;42:226.

5. Stanchev S, et al. A short synthesis of 15-pentadecanolide. Tetrahedron Lett . 1993;34:6107-6108.

6. Nielsen B, et al. The structure of archangelicin, a coumarin from Angelica archangelica L. subsp. litoralis Thell. Acta Chem Scand . 1964;18:932-936.

7. Corcilius F. Isolation of a new coumarin. Arch Pharm 1956;289:81-86.

8. Härmälä P, et al. A furanocoumarin from Angelica archangelica . Planta Med . 1992;58:287-289.

9. Wikström A, et al. La structure d'un isomère du raffinose isolé des racines de l' Angélica archangélica L. subsp. norvégica (Rupr.) Nordh. Acta Chem Scand . 1956;10:1199-1207.

10. Reiter M, et al. Relaxant effects on tracheal and ileal smooth muscles of the guinea pig. Arzneimittelforschung . 1985;35:408-414.

11. Lis-Balchin M, et al. A preliminary study of the effect of essential oils on skeletal and smooth muscle in vitro. J Ethnopharmacol . 1997;58:183-187.

12. Härmälä P, et al. Choice of solvent in the extraction of Angelica archangelica roots with reference to calcium blocking activity. Planta Med . 1992;58:176-182.

13. Opdyke D. Angelica root oil. Food Cosmet Toxicol . 1975;13:713.

14. Blumenthal M, Brinckmann J, Goldberg A, eds. Herbal Medicine: Expanded Commission E Monographs . Newton, MA: Integrative Medicine Communications; 2000.

15. Ernst E. Herbal medicinal products during pregnancy: are they safe? BJOG . 2002;109:227-235.

16. Miller L. Herbal medicinals: selected clinical considerations focusing on known or potential drug-herb interactions. Arch Intern Med . 1998;158:2200-2211.

17. Heck A. Potential interactions between alternative therapies and warfarin. Am J Health Syst Pharm . 2000;57:1221-1227.

18. Ceska O, et al. Naturally occurring crystals of photocarcinogenic furocoumarins on the surface of parsnip roots sold as food. Experientia . 1986;42:1302-1304.

Link references

• Anti-anxiety Activity of Methanolic Extracts of Different Parts of Angelica archangelica Linn.

• PubMed : Evaluation of Antiseizure Activity of Essential Oil from Roots of Angelica archangelica Linn. in Mice.

• PubMed : Bioactivity-guided fractionation and GC/MS fingerprinting of Angelica sinensis and Angelica archangelica root components for antifungal and mosquito deterrent activity.

• PubMed : Comparison of a novel distillation method versus a traditional distillation method in a model gin system using liquid/liquid extraction.

• PubMed : 14-Methylpentadecano-15-lactone (muscolide): a new macrocyclic lactone from the oil of Angelica archangelica L.

• PubMed : Accumulation of essential oils in relation to root differentiation in Angelica archangelica L.

• PubMed : [Paper chromatography as a qualitative method in the phytochemical analysis of organic acids; comparative study on the identification of organic acids in the root of Angelica archangelica L. with paper chromatography and the ester-hydrazide method].