Wilde cichorei, vergeten wegenwachter
Wilde cichorei! Deze stijve groene plant is weinig opvallend, om niet te zeggen slordig maar als de stengel doorschiet en dan uiteindelijk zijn hemelsblauwe bloemen vertoond, ontdekken we heel even de verborgen schoonheid van onze wegenwachter.
Cichorei is zo wie zo een plant die vele gedaanteveranderingen kan ondergaan. Is het niet de verborgen moederplant van groenten zoals Andijvie, Groenlof en de succesvolle Witloof. Alleen als geneeskrachtige plant is hij uit de actualiteit verdwenen.
Cichorium intybus
Zijn wetenschappelijke naam Cichorium intybus verwijst mogelijk naar zijn klassieke groeiplaats langs de wegen. Daar is uiteraard de Nederlandse naam cichorei van afgeleid en omdat die nogal moeilijk uit te spreken was, werd hij gemakkelijk vervormd tot Suikerij, hoewel de plant niets met suiker te maken heeft. De wortel smaakt zelfs bitter. Het is dus zuiver een klankverbastering. Deze naam is op vele plaatsen in ons land in gebruik geweest, met de nodige dialectische en gewestelijke vormen zoals Soekerij, Sokerij, Sokkerei, Succoreye, Suikerijlof, Sükerei, Sukereiwoartel, Tsukerei. Deze verbasterde namen zijn van ten andere van alle tijden, we komen ze al tegen in 1514 als Succoreie en als Zukorey.
Bittere, zwijnensla
De naam Molsla, die ook aan paardenbloem gegeven werd, slaat op het verbleekte blad dat eveneens wordt gegeten. De namen Bitter pee, Bitterpeen, Bitterij en Bittere, zoals wij hem als kind kenden, verwijzen weer naar de bitter smakende wortel, het deel van de plant dat ook medicinaal, voor de lever en als spijsverteringbevorderend middel gebruikt wordt. Dezelfde wortel werd ook als voer voor varkens beschouwd. Hierop wijzen de volksnamen Zwijnensalade en Zwijnensla. De naam Korenbloem, duidt alleen op de overeenkomst met de echte korenbloem, beiden bezitten hemelsblauwe bloemen.
De naam Duitse koffie heeft de volgende geschiedenis: Vanwege de hoge prijs van koffie zocht men naar een vervangingsmiddel. Zo vonden in 1775 twee Franse artsen, Harpong en Brunon, de geroosterde en gemalen wortel goed om als surrogaat voor koffie te dienen. Vanwege het continentale stelsel, in het Napoleontische tijdperk, kreeg deze pee-koffie grote bekendheid, want import van echte koffie was niet mogelijk. Dr. Uittien (1946) sprak over het gebruik van cichorei ter vervanging van koffie over 'het verdriet voor de menschen'. Ze spraken zelfs over Chagrin in plaats van cichorei. Het ging soms zover dat er gesproken werd van een pakje Sacherijn of een pakje Verdriet.
Hemelsleutel, Hupaardje
Op Walcheren maakten ze het zich ook gemakkelijk, daar noemen ze de plant Hupaardje, Heukels zegt dat men van het Paardje sprak, omdat de grootste cichoreifabriek.een paardje als merk had. De naam hemelsleutel, reeds in 1514 als Hemelslotel, Hemelslotele in de Ortis Sanitatis opgenomen, is te verklaren omdat men geloofde dat een plant met zulke prachtige hemelsblauwe bloemen, uit de hemel gevallen moest zijn. Ook vertelde men elkaar dat Petrus eens zijn sleutels op de aarde had laten vallen. Toen de engelen de sleutels terughaalden, groeide op die plaats waar de sleutels de grond geraakt hadden, de Cichorei.
Dat het een hemelsbloem is vind je ook terug in volgende legende: Een kindje loopt langs de akker op een stralende zomermorgen. Diep blauw welft zich de hernelkoepel over het gelende korenveld. En hier en daar tussen de wuivende aren ziet het bloemhoofdjes verscholen, oh kijk! Ook langs de kant! Even blauw als de hemel daarboven. Pakken wil het kind al die kopjes van stralend diep blauw en het rukt aan de taaie stengels, oh het trekt de hele planten uit de grond! Moeder! Korenbloemen! Kijk eens hoe blauw! En de moeder neemt het veldboeket en vertelt hoe die blauwe bloemen; korenbloemen, cichorei, vergeet-mij-nietjes, druppels van het hemelblauw, op de aarde gevallen zijn. En hoe zij altijd weer naar de hemel terug verlangen, en daarom zich rekken op hoge stelen en maar heel losjes wortelen in de aarde. Hemelbloemen zijn het, de cichorei een druppel zacht lenteblauw.
Wegenwachter
De naam Wegewachter heeft zeer oude papieren. Vroeger was het kruid dan ook symbool van trouw. De namen Wegenwachter, Wegwarte, Wegenwaarte en Verwenste Juffer zijn vele sagen in omloop, ook in andere landen. Een legende van een middeleeuwse ziel klinkt zo: 'Een jonkvrouw was verloofd met een dappere ridder, die met een kruistocht mede ging, en niets meer van zich liet horen. Haar vader wilde haar dwingen met een andere man te trouwen of in een klooster te gaan. Maar zij wilde op haar bruidegom wachten. Haar vader vervloekte haar; 'Blijf dan in alle eeuwigheid aan de weg staan om hem op te wachten!' daarop veranderde de trouwe jonkvrouw in de hemelsblauwe wegenwachter.
En daar, langs de weg, wachten zij nog altijd, al beginnen die blauwe bloemen wel hun geduld te verliezen. We vinden ze in elk geval steeds minder langs onze wegen. Wegewachter! Wegenwachter! Op wie moet jij nog wachten? Wie heeft jou nog nodig?
The genus Cichorium (Asteraceae) consists of six species with major distribution areas in Europe and Asia [1]. In several Asteraceae, inulin, a β-2,1 linked fructose polymer with a terminal glucose residue, functions as a reserve carbohydrate in stems, tubers, and taproots [2]. Cichorium intybus L., commonly known as chicory, is an erect fairly woody perennial herb, around 1 m in height with a fleshy taproot of up to 75 cm in length and large basal leaves [1, 3]. Historically, chicory was grown by the ancient Egyptians as a medicinal plant, coffee substitute, and vegetable crop and was occasionally used for animal forage. In the 1970s, it was discovered that the root of C. intybus contained up to 40% inulin, which has a negligible impact on blood sugar and thus is suitable for diabetics [4]. To date, C. intybus is grown for the production of inulin on an industrial scale [2]. The name of the plant is derived from Greek and Latin. Cichorium means field and intybus is partly derived from the Greek “to cut”, because of the leaves, and partly from the Latin tubus to indicate the hollow stem [5].
Chicory is a hardy plant and can endure extreme temperatures during both vegetative and reproductive growth stages [1]. When broken, all plant parts exudate a milky latex [3]. Cichorium intybus is cultivated for numerous applications and can be divided into four main varieties or cultigroups according to their use [6]: (1) “industrial” or “root” chicory, predominantly cultivated in northwestern Europe, India, South Africa, and Chile, produces the taproot as a coffee substitute or for inulin extraction; (2) “Brussels” or “witloof” chicory is commonly cultivated around Europe as industrial chicory for etiolated buds (chicons) by forcing; (3) “leaf” chicory is used as fresh or cooked vegetables; and (4) “forage” chicory, initially derived from wild chicory commonly found along roadsides and waste areas, has been used since the mid-1970s to intensify herbage obtainability in perennial pastures for livestock.
Cichorium intybus is a medicinally important plant in Eurasia and in parts of Africa. Despite its long tradition of use, the plant is not described in the European Pharmacopoeia or in any official Pharmacopoeia of a European Union member state [5]. However, due to its prevalent distribution, different parts of the plant have been used in traditional medicines globally [7]. Important phytochemicals are distributed throughout the plant, but the main contents are present in the root [1].
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Wetenschappelijk onderzoek Cichorium
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