Javan Rhinoceros

The species was first named Rhinoceros bicornis by Carl Linnaeus in the 10th edition of his Systema naturae in 1837. The name means "double-horned rhinoceros". There is some confusion about what exactly Linnaeus conceived under this name as this species was probably based upon the skull of a single-horned Indian rhinoceros, with a second horn artificially added by the collector. Such a skull is known to have existed and Linnaeus even mentioned India as origin of this species.

• Singular: Rhinoceros, Rhino

• Plural: Rhinoceroses, Rhinos

Javan rhinos are smaller than the Indian rhinoceros, and are close in size to the black rhinoceros. They are the largest animal in Java and the second-largest animal in Indonesia after the Asian elephant. The length of Javan rhinos including their head is 2 to 4 m (6.6 to 13.1 ft), and they can reach a height of 1.4–1.7 m (4.6–5.6 ft). Adults are variously reported to weigh between 900 and 2,300 kg (2,000 and 5,100 lb), although a study to collect accurate measurements of the animals has never been conducted and is not a priority because of their extreme conservation status. No substantial size difference is seen between genders, but cows may be slightly bigger. The rhinos in Vietnam appeared to be significantly smaller than those in Java, based on studies of photographic evidence and measurements of their footprints.

Like the Indian rhino, the Javan rhinos have a single horn (the other extant species have two horns). Its horn is the smallest of all extant rhinos, usually less than 20 cm (7.9 in) with the longest recorded only 27 cm (11 in). Only bulls have horns. Cows are the only extant rhinos that remain hornless into adulthood, though they may develop a tiny bump of an inch or two in height. Javan rhinos do not appear to often use their horn for fighting but instead uses it to scrape mud away in wallows, to pull down plants for eating, and to open paths through thick vegetation. Similar to the other browsing species of rhino (black and Sumatran), Javan rhinos have a long, pointed, upper lip which helps in grabbing food. Their lower incisors are long and sharp; when Javan rhinos fight, they use these teeth. Behind the incisors, two rows of six low-crowned molars are used for chewing coarse plants. Like all rhinos, Javan rhinos smell and hear well, but have very poor vision. They are estimated to live for 30 to 45 years.

The Javan rhinoceros is a skilled swimmer, able to traverse through marshes and cross rivers with ease. In short spurts, they may reach a maximum speed of 40–45 km/h. They have good hearing and smell but weak vision. This rhino possessed a prehensile lip, which allowed it to grab leaves and shoots.

Rhino horns grow as much as three inches a year and have been known to grow up to five feet long. Females and males use their horns to protect their young, while males use them to battle attackers.

The Javan rhinoceros is a solitary animal with the exception of breeding pairs and mothers with calves. They sometimes congregate in small groups at salt licks and mud wallows. Wallowing in mud is a common behavior for all rhinos; the activity allows them to maintain cool body temperatures and helps prevent disease and parasite infestation. The Javan rhinoceros does not generally dig its own mud wallows, preferring to use other animals' wallows or naturally occurring pits, which it will use its horn to enlarge. Salt licks are also very important because of the essential nutrients the rhino receives from the salt. Bull home ranges are larger at 12–20 km2 (4.6–7.7 sq mi) compared to the cow, which are around 3–14 km2 (1.2–5.4 sq mi). Bull territories overlap each other less than those of the cow. It is not known if there are territorial fights.

Reproduction

• Breeding interval: Every 3–5 years.

• Gestation: ~16 months.

• Offspring: Single calf weighing ~40–60 kg.

• Weaning: At 1–2 years, remains with mother until ~3 years.

Sensitivity to human activity is one of the biophysical site parameters that influence Javan rhino habitat selection. Although elevation and vegetation are undoubtedly significant factors in determining rhino habitat, their effects are significantly influenced by the presence of water, mineral salt, and, most importantly, site characteristics that support the upkeep of long-term wallows. As demonstrated by the history of Ujung Kulon National Park, water scarcity during droughts can become problematic and significantly limit rhino mobility.

Javan rhinos can be aggressive, especially when they are agitated or injured. They may charge a threat and use their long, sharp lower teeth to attack. However, rhinos are generally not aggressive unless provoked. They prefer to roam undisturbed and unhindered.

Threats

• Poaching for horns

• Small population size, causing low genetic diversity

• Disease outbreaks

• Natural disasters (tsunamis, volcanoes—Ujung Kulon is in a highly active region)

• Habitat limitation (only a single location remains)

Conservation Status

• IUCN Red List: Critically Endangered (CR)

Conservation Efforts

• Strict protection within Ujung Kulon National Park

• Anti-poaching patrols

• Habitat restoration

• Exploration of possible second population site to reduce single-site extinction risk

• Genetic monitoring

• Awareness campaigns against illegal pet trade.

The Javan rhino formerly occurred from Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Lao PDR, Cambodia, Viet Nam, and probably southern China through peninsular Malaya to Sumatra and Java. The species' precise historical range is indeterminate, as early accounts failed to distinguish rhinos to specific level, due to partial sympatry with the other two Asian rhino species (Rhinoceros sunicornis and Dicerorhinus sumatrensis). Beginning in the middle of the nineteenth century, the species was extirpated from most of its historical range, and currently occurs only in one, small, isolated area. The last records of Javan Rhino vary, from 1920 in Myanmar, to 1932 in Malaysia, and 1959 on Sumatra (Indonesia).

The subspecies Rhinoceros sondaicus inermis formerly occurred in northeastern India, Bangladesh, and Myanmar, but is now extinct.

The subspecies Rhinoceros sondaicus annamiticus formerly occurred in Viet Nam, Lao PDR, Cambodia, and eastern Thailand. The last individual of this subspecies was poached in May 2010 in the Cat Loc part (Dong Nai province) of the Cat Tien National Park in Viet Nam.

The subspecies Rhinoceros sondaicus sondaicus formerly occurred from Thailand through Malaysia, to the islands of Java and Sumatra (Indonesia). The only remaining population occurs on the Ujung Kulon Peninsula, which forms the westernmost extremity of the island of Java. The Javan population of this subspecies has been restricted to this area since around the 1930s.

This is a lowland species that typically occurs up to 600 m, but has been recorded above 1,000 m. The Javan Rhinoceros currently occurs in lowland tropical rainforest areas, especially in the vicinity of water. The species formerly occurred in more open mixed forest and grassland and on high mountains. Because of its rarity, little is known about its preferred habitat, but it is not naturally restricted to dense tropical forest; the habitat in which it currently exists may not be optimal.

• Movement Pattern: Nomadic

• Individual Type: Solo

• Population Trend: Increasing

• Population: 18-30

• Medicine - human & veterinary

Local: ✘ National: ✔ International: ✔

• Sport hunting/specimen collecting

Local: ✘ National: ✔ International: ✔

• Food - human

Local: ✔ National: ✔ International: ✘

• Handicrafts, jewellery, etc.

Local: ✘ National: ✔ International: ✔

• Establishing ex-situ production 

Local: ✘ National: ✘ International: ✔

• Action Recovery Plan: Yes

• Systematic Monitoring Scheme: Yes

• Subject to Recent Education and Awareness Programs: Yes

• Included in International Legislation: Yes

• Subject to Any International Management or Trade Controls: Yes

• Locomotion: Terrestrial

• Habitat: Montane Grasslands and Shrublands; Temperate Broadleaf and Mixed Forests; Temperate Deciduous Forests; Temperate Grasslands, Savannas, and Shrublands; Subtropical Coniferous Forests; Subtropical Moist Broadleaf Forests; Subtropical Dry Broadleaf Forests; Subtropical Grasslands, Savannas, and Shrublands; Tropical Coniferous Forests; Tropical Moist Broadleaf Forests; Tropical Dry Broadleaf Forests; Tropical Grasslands; Tropical Savannas and Shrublands; Mediterranean Forests, Woodlands, and Scrub; Flooded Grasslands and Savannas; Swamp; Bayous/Billabongs; Riparian; Wetland; Mangrove Forest; Cold Bamboo Forests; Tropical Bamboo Forests; Air-breathing Coral Reefs; Graveyard Vale; Mountain.

• Earth:

  • Extant (Resident): Indonesia (Jawa)

  • Extinct: Bangladesh; Cambodia; China (Yunnan); India; Laos; Malaysia; Myanmar; Thailand; Vietnam

The way to tame rhinoceros is, while not holding an item, you mount the rhinoceros like you would to use an item. This rhinoceros will most likely buck you off. You need to repeat this until it trusts you. This is only works in Rapunzel's universe.

The Javan rhinoceros is unthinkable and unethical in our universe because of its massive size; it needs a lot of land, is rare and critically endangered, is dangerous because of its might, and is protected by international law (CITES Appendix I). It is both illegal and impractical to keep Javan rhinos as pets.

Historya Davvun - 1990–1999 AD

Afonso Rustica Gunung ibn Sulaiman from Sumatra, who already had a stray dog named Lamao from Malaysia, adopted a rhino despite it being a wild animal and completely domesticated, something his friends were unaware of. The male calf was roaming the entire Java Island in Indonesia because this species is lonely. Prior to the worst events in Indonesia, which included the mass murders of Christians, Muslims, Buddhists, Hindus, and others under Suharto, Afonso and his friends were detained because they did not believe in Islam.

His pet rhino grew stronger as a result of Afonso's extraordinary influence, and he wanted to release him into the wild in West Java. However, his pet never found out where he was and abandoned him because he would never forget his owner. Afonso, or now Ginhawa Punzalan, had a rhino from Ujung Kulon named Pablo ibn Sulaiman.

• Arabic: وحيد القرن الجاوي

• Assamese: জাভা গণ্ডার

• Deutsch: Java-Nashorn

• English: Javan rhinoceros

• Español: Rinoceronte de Java

• suomi: Jaavan Sarvikuono

• Français: Rhinocéros de Java

• Hebrew: קרנף ג'אווה

• Magyar: Jávai orrszarvú

• Bahasa Indonesia: Badak jawa

• Italiano: Rinoceronte di Giava

• Navajo: Kéyah Dah Ndaaʼeełí Łánídę́ę́ʼ déélgééd

• Nihongo: ジャワサイ

• Bahasa Melayu: Badak Raya

• Polski: Nosorożec jawajski

• Português: Rinoceronte-de-java

• Russian: Яванский носорог

• Tagalog: Rinosero ng Jawa

• Ukrainian: Яванський носоріг

• Coming soon

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros

• https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170311

• https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Rhinoceros_sondaicus

• https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Rhinoceros_sondaicus_sondaicus

• https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Rhinoceros_sondaicus/

• https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=197767

• https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/19495/18493900

• https://www.deviantart.com/ognimdo2002/art/Javan-Rhinoceros-1141017577