Tarpan

The name "tarpan" or "tarpani" derives from a Turkic language (Kazakh or Kyrgyz) name meaning "wild horse".

Herodotus mentioned white wild horses, although Herodotus considers some Heck's horses or Koniks to be proof. Horses were usually mouse-colored, with a pale belly and legs that turned black; however, gray and white horses were occasionally recorded. It had a long, thick coat. It is no longer possible to determine whether the tarpan horses had a standing mane like wild horses or a falling mane like domestic horses because historical accounts have been equivocal on the matter. They also had small, pinned ears and short, frizzy manes. Though gray and white horses were also mentioned, they were usually mouse-colored, with a pale belly and legs turning black. It had a thick, lengthy coat.

The grullo coat is produced by black and dun, whereas Przewalski's horses have the "bay dun" hue produced by bay and dun. In more forested western European environments, the loss of the dun dilution would have been beneficial because dark hues were better at hiding in woodlands. At least some European wild horses may have had pangaré, or "mealy" coloring, a characteristic of other wild horses, as historical accounts indicate a light belly. Belsazar Hacquet, who lived from approximately 1739 to January 10, 1815, described the wild horses as being small and blackish brown, with enormous, thick heads, short, dark manes and tail hair, and a "beard."

The tarpan had great endurance for long-distance migration, a thick coat that allowed it to withstand extreme cold, a strong capacity for foraging, the ability to survive on subpar flora, and the ability to swim naturally. Tarpans were hardly aquatic experts, yet they could navigate rivers.

Each kick, groom, tilt of the ear, or other contact with another horse is a means of communicating. All breeds of horses are one of the few mammals immune to venom in snakes, along with the honey badger, pig, mongoose, and hedgehog, because immunity is only for adults. But, aside from young foals, adult horses do not typically die from the toxic venom from a snake bite.

Tarpans ardently safeguarded themselves against threats and exhibited an inherent resistance to domestication. It was said that those horses were shy, little, and quick and would run away from any sound. At its most basic, the horse kick is a defensive tactic. Horses can and often do use their hooves to strike out against predators in the wild. Because it is instinctive, depending on the situation, even the most placid and obedient horses may display it. A fully matured horse can typically exceed 200 miles per hour. As a result, it can strike people and objects with an amazing 1,200 psi of power.

• Regrowth: When you dispose of horse manure, it's waste unless all of the following apply: it is used as soil fertiliser. it is used lawfully for spreading on clearly identified pieces of agricultural land and in grassland.

It is debated if the small, free-roaming horses seen in the Russian steppes during 18th and 19th centuries and called "tarpan" were indeed wild, never-domesticated horses, hybrids of the Przewalski's horse and local domestic animals, or simply feral horses. Through their role as natural fertilizers and through the movement of plant species, horses contribute significantly to the increase in plant diversity. Therefore, horses have a positive impact on both plant and animal biodiversity. Steppes and wide grasslands are home to wild horses. Due to its widespread distribution, the domesticated horse no longer has a specific habitat.

They played a similar role to contemporary wild horses in that they promoted biodiversity by limiting overgrowth and preserved open spaces by grazing. Big cats, wolves, dholes, crocodiles, pythons, greater eagles, and prehistoric humans are the main predators of this horse.

Reproduction

1. Breeding season: Spring–early summer

2. Gestation: ~11 months (similar to modern horses)

3. Offspring: Single foal

4. Foal characteristics: Precocial, standing and walking shortly after birth

5. Lived in small herds usually led by a dominant mare; stallions defended the group.

The Tarpan is very composed by nature. They are affable, inquisitive, and loving. The Tarpan has a high intelligence. They are self-sufficient and fairly obstinate. The Tarpan tends to rely more on its own judgment of a situation than to let its owner make decisions for it because, unlike the domesticated modern horse, it has not given up its freedom to man in exchange for food and care. Horses are frequently quite sociable and inquisitive creatures. However, because of their size and propensity for fear, it is crucial to be able to read their fundamental body language clues before approaching. Horses send off more nuanced indications than dogs do, which include wagging tails to indicate happiness and friendliness.

The tarpan went extinct in the late 19th century, largely due to:

• Habitat loss as agriculture expanded

• Hunting for meat and conflict with farmers

• Hybridization with domestic horses, which diluted pure populations

• Competition with livestock

The last confirmed wild tarpan died in 1879; the last captive one died in 1909.

Wild horses have been present in Europe since the Pleistocene and ranged from southern France and Spain east to central Russia. There are cave drawings of primitive pre-domestication horses at Lascaux, France and in Cave of Altamira, Spain, as well as artifacts believed to show the species in southern Russia, where a horse of this type was domesticated around 3000 BC. Tarpans had a continuous range from western Europe to Alaska; historic material suggests wild horses lived in most parts of Holocene continental Europe and the Eurasian steppe, except for parts of Scandinavia, Iceland and Ireland.

However, during the 19th century, descriptions of a stocky breed of horse that lived in forests and highlands were made in Spain, the Pyrenees, the Camargue, the Ardennes, Great Britain, and the southern Swedish upland. They had a strong body, a big head, and a long, frizzy mane. The color was described as a light brown or yellowish brown with black legs and an eel stripe. There were spots on the shoulders and flanks, some of which had an ashy hue. They lived in rocky habitats and exhibited cunning and aggressive behavior. However, the term "tarpans" was never used to refer to those horses. The Munich Zoo produced a tarpan-like horse by selective breeding of domestic horses known to have tarpan ancestry.

• Movement Pattern: Not a Migrant

• Individual Type: Solo/Herd

• Population Trend: 

  • Earth: Stable

  • Berbania: Unspecifc

  • Reinachos: Stable

  • Sawintir: Decreasing

• Population: 

  • Earth (Holocene): 0

  • Berbania: 50,000

  • Reinachos: 200,000

  • Delphia: 500,000

  • Sawintir: 450,000

• Locomotion: Terrestrial

• Habitat: Tundra; Taiga; Montane Grasslands and Shrublands; Temperate Broadleaf and Mixed Forests; Temperate Deciduous Forests; Temperate Grasslands, Savannas, and Shrublands; Subtropical Coniferous Forests; Subtropical Moist Broadleaf Forests; Subtropical Dry Broadleaf Forests; Subtropical Grasslands, Savannas, and Shrublands; Tropical Coniferous Forests; Tropical Moist Broadleaf Forests; Tropical Dry Broadleaf Forests; Tropical Grasslands; Tropical Savannas and Shrublands; Mediterranean Forests, Woodlands, and Scrub; Flooded Grasslands and Savannas; Swamp; Bayous/Billabongs; Riparian; Wetland; Mountain.

• Earth: 

  • Extinct: Andorra; Albania; Armenia; Austria; Azerbaijan; Belarus; Belgium; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Bulgaria; China; Croatia; Czechia; Denmark; Estonia; France; Georgia; Germany; Greece; Hungary; Iran; Ireland; Italy; Latvia; Lithuania; Luxembourg; Moldova; Mongolia; Montenegro; Netherlands; North Macedonia; Norway; Poland; Romania; Russia; Serbia; Slovakia; Slovenia; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; Tunisia; Turkey; United Kingdom; Ukraine

Equids, unlike other animals and beings, do not require feeding. It's easy to tame because all you have to do is hop on its back. While it may buck you off a couple of times at first, if you stay persistent, you'll have the equid under control in no time. If you're lucky, you'll be able to tame it all at once.

The horse has evolved over the past 45 to 55 million years from a small multi-toed creature, Eohippus, into the large, single-toed animal of today. Humans began domesticating horses around 4000 BC, and their domestication is believed to have been widespread by 3000 BC known as domesticated horse. Although some sources claim that it was not a genuine wild horse due to its resemblance to domesticated horses.

In Southern Europe, perhaps as early as antiquity, the human-caused extinction of wild horses in Europe began. Although the hunt for wild horses dates back to the Paleolithic, many cultures throughout history relied heavily on horse meat as a source of protein. The expanding human population on the Eurasian landmass continuously reduced the tarpan's range because they are large herbivores. Because wild horses frequently stole domestic mares from pastures and damaged hay stores, they were also targeted. Farmers also suffered financial losses as a result of interbreeding with wild horses because the resulting foals were difficult to raise. The tarpan became extinct in the wild in 1879, due to hunting, and in 1909 the last captive horse died in Russia.

Beginning in the 1930s, several attempts were made to develop horses that looked like tarpans through selective breeding, called "breeding back" by advocates. The breeds that resulted included the Heck horse, the Hegardt or Stroebel's horse, and a derivation of the Konik breed, all of which have a primitive appearance, particularly in having the grullo coat colour. Some of these horses are now commercially promoted as "tarpans". However, those who study the history of the ancient wild horse consider the word "tarpan" to describe only the true wild horse.

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• Navajo: Taʼłbánʼ, Ałchiní łį́į́ʼ

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• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarpan

• https://www.britannica.com/animal/tarpan

• https://breeds.okstate.edu/horses/tarpan-horses.html?Forwarded=afs.okstate.edu/breeds/horses/tarpan

• https://cowboymagic.com/20-horse-quotes-cowboy-magic/

• https://www.ign.com/wikis/minecraft/How_to_Tame_a_Horse

• https://www.deviantart.com/ognimdo2002/art/Tarpan-875897319