Asian Elephant

Asian Elephant (Elephas maximus) also known as the Asiatic Elephant, is the only living species of the genus Elephas and is distributed throughout the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia, from India in the west, Nepal in the north, Sumatra in the south, and Borneo in the east.

Etymology

The word elephant is based on the Latin elephas (genitive elephantis) 'elephant', which is the Latinised form of the ancient Greek ἐλέφας (elephas) (genitive ἐλέφαντος (elephantos)), probably from a non-Indo-European language, likely Phoenician or Hittite 𒆷𒄴𒉺𒀸 (laḫpaš, “ivory”). It is attested in Mycenaean Greek as e-re-pa (genitive e-re-pa-to) in Linear B syllabic script.

Physical Appearance

In general, the Asian elephant is smaller than the African bush elephant and has the highest body point on the head. The back is convex or level. The ears are small with dorsal borders folded laterally. It has up to 20 pairs of ribs and 34 caudal vertebrae. The feet have more nail-like structures than those of African elephants—five on each forefoot, and four on each hind foot. The forehead has two hemispherical bulges, unlike the flat front of the African elephants. Skin color is usually grey, and may be masked by soil because of dusting and wallowing. Their wrinkled skin is movable and contains many nerve centers. It is smoother than that of African elephants and may be depigmented on the trunk, ears, or neck.

Tusks serve to dig for water, salt, and rocks, to debark and uproot trees, as levers for maneuvering fallen trees and branches, for work, for display, for marking trees, as a weapon for offense and defense, as trunk-rests, and as protection for the trunk. Elephants are known to be right or left tusked. Cows usually lack tusks; if tusks—in that case, called "tushes"—are present, they are barely visible and only seen when the mouth is open. The distinctive trunk is an elongation of the nose and upper lip combined; the nostrils are at its tip, which has one finger-like process.

Abilities

Elephants use their trunks for breathing, watering, feeding, touching, dusting, sound production and communication, washing, pinching, grasping, defense, and offense.

Ecology

Elephants are crepuscular, they are classified as megaherbivores. They are generalist feeders, and are both grazers and browsers. Cows and calves move about together as groups, while bulls disperse from their mothers upon reaching adolescence. Bulls are solitary or form temporary "bachelor groups". Rarely, tigers have been recorded attacking and killing calves, especially if the calves become separated from their mothers, stranded from their herd, or orphaned. Adults are largely invulnerable to natural predation. There is a singular anecdotal case of a mother Asian elephant allegedly being killed alongside her calf; however, this account is contestable.

Bulls will fight one another to get access to oestrous cows. Strong fights over access to females are extremely rare. Bulls reach sexual maturity around the age of 12–15. Between the age of 10 and 20 years, bulls undergo an annual phenomenon known as "musth". This is a period where the testosterone level is up to 100 times greater than non-musth periods, and they become aggressive. Secretions containing pheromones occur during this period, from the paired temporal glands located on the head between the lateral edge of the eye and the base of the ear.

Behavior

Elephants are neutral creatures, and will attack creatures and survivors when hit. Elephant or mammoth calves will also fight back if provoked, though they do not attack as directly as adults due to their "parent-following" rule.

Distribution and Habitat

Asian elephants inhabit grasslands, tropical evergreen forests, semi-evergreen forests, moist deciduous forests, dry deciduous forests and dry thorn forests, in addition to cultivated and secondary forests and scrublands. Asian Elephants formerly ranged from West Asia along the Iranian coast into the Indian subcontinent, eastwards into South-east Asia including Sumatra, Java, and Borneo, and into China at least as far as the Yangtze-Kiang.

Movement Pattern: Random
Individual Type: Solo/Herd
Population Trend: Decreasing
Population: ???
Locomotion: Amphibious
Habitat: All
Earth:
- Extant (resident): Bangladesh; Bhutan; Cambodia; China; India; Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatera); Lao People's Democratic Republic; Malaysia (Sabah, Peninsular Malaysia); Myanmar; Nepal; Sri Lanka; Thailand; Viet Nam
- Extinct (resident): Japan, Pakistan, Philippines (Sulu; Zamboanga de Sur)
Berbania/Hirawhassa: Chiosathra; Hirohito Islands

Tamed

Elephants and mammoths are tamed by feeding them ten sugar lumps or five cakes, or twelve kibbles. This only works on calves; if the calf is an adolescent or has grown into an adult, it will not accept the food. When the calf has accepted the food items, the naming screen will appear and it will become tamed to the player.