Languages

Borean (also Boreal or Boralean) is a hypothetical linguistic macrofamily that encompasses almost all language families worldwide except those native to sub-Saharan Africa, New Guinea, Australia, and the Andaman Islands. Its supporters propose that the various languages spoken in Eurasia and adjacent regions have a genealogical relationship, and ultimately descend from languages spoken during the Upper Paleolithic in the millennia following the Last Glacial Maximum. These are most common language families found in Eurasia, Oceania, Africa, to North America.

It was considered by the Isu or "deities," as one language and served as the lingua franca in the world prior to being passed down to us, humans, and other sapient races. The Borean language is written in its own cuneiform-like script, a system of writing employed by the "deities" before us.

At least one document written in the Borean script, the Voynich manuscript, survived up to at least the 19th century. To this end, the script could be found written into the walls and floors of various locations across the world and all realms and was often interspersed with other symbols. The first race to establish the Borean language and script were the Fomorians, who lived in Siberia during the Late Permian, when the walls were inscribed. The Saurfolks, also known as Reptilians, lived in Azerbaijan during the Late Jurassic, when the walls were written. Finally, the "gods" in front of us were written all over the world, or on alien worlds such as New Agartha, Sawintir, Thatrollwa, Hirawhassa, and Ityosel.

The language known by Abstergo Industries as Permian language, Precursor language, Primordial language, Isu language, Old Fomorian language, Old Saurfolk language, Cretaceous language, Jurassic language, Deity language, or Paleogene language, which is more ancient than our tongue, dates back to prehistoric times.

Example

• Borean: Huih nmum fyrru.

• English: We need water.

• Tagalog: Kailangan natin ng tubig.

Language Isolate

• Elamite (EX)

• Etruscan (EX)

• Raetic (EX)

• Lemnian (EX)

• Lunarian (EX)

  • Old Lunarian (EX)

  • Middle Lunarian (EX)

  • Galanian Lunarian (EX)

Chukotko-Kamchatkan

• Kamchatkan

• Chukchi

• Koryak

• Alyutor

• Kerek

Eskimo–Aleut

• Aleut

• Alutiiq

• Central Alaskan Yupʼik

• Naukan

• Central Siberian Yupik

• Alutiiq

• Yuit

• Sirenik

• Inupiaq

• Iñupiaq

• Inuvialuktun

• Inuktitut

• Greenlandic (VU)

  • Old Greenlandic (EX)

  • Early Modern Greenlandic (EX)

  • Modern Greenlandic (VU)

Dene-Caucasian

Dené–Caucasian is a "discredited" language family proposal that includes widely-separated language groups spoken in the Northern Hemisphere: Sino-Tibetan languages, Yeniseian languages and Burushaski in Asia; Na-Dené languages in North America; as well as Vasconic languages (including Basque) and North Caucasian languages from Europe.

• Sumerian (EX)

• Basque

  • Aquitanian (EX)

  • Old Basque (EX)

  • Standard / Modern Basque

    • Biscayan

    • Gipuzkoan

    • Upper Navarrese

    • Navarro-Lapurdian

    • Eastern Navarrese

    • Souletin (Zuberoan)

• Burushaski

  • Old Burushaski (EX)

  • Modern Burushaki

• Andic

  • Akhvakh

  • Bagvalal–Tindi

  • Botlix–Godoberi

  • Chamalal

  • Karata

  • Literary Andi

• Avar

• Chirag

• Dargwa

• Itsari

• Kaitag

• Kubachi

• Bezhta–Hunzib–Khwarshi

• Hinukh–Tsez

• Archi

• Aghul

• Lezgian

• Tabasaran

• Udi

  • Caucasian Albanian (EX)

  • Modern Udi

• Budukh

• Kryts

• Nakh Bats

• Vainakh

• Khinalug

• Lak

• Abaza

• Abkhaz

• Adyghe

• Kabardian

• Ubykh (EX)

• Ket (CR)

  • Ancient Ket (EX)

  • Early Modern Ket (EX)

  • Modern Ket (CR)

• Yugh (EX)

• Kott (EX)

• Assan (EX)

• Pumpokol (EX)

• Arin (EX)

• Jie (EX)

• Xiongnu (EX)

• Hunnic (EX)

• Tlingit

• Eyak

• Ahtna

• Denaʼina

• Deg Hitʼan

• Gwichʼin

• Hän

• Holikachuk (EX)

• Koyukon

• Lower Tanana

• Northern Tutchone

• Southern Tutchone

• Tanacross

• Upper Kuskokwim

• Upper Tanana

• Dene Suline

• Dogrib

• Dunneza

• Kaska

• Sekani

• Slavey

• Tagish

• Tahltan

• Babine–Witsuwitʼen

• Chilcotin

• Dakelh

• Kwalhioqua–Clatskanie (EX)

• Nicola (EX)

• Tsetsaut (EX)

• Tsuutʼina

• Kato (EX)

• Hupa

• Mattole (EX)

• Wailaki (EX)

• Tolowa

• Lower Rogue River (EX)

• Upper Rogue River (EX)

• Upper Umpqua (EX)

• Chiricahua

• Mescalero

• Navajo (VU)/(NE)

  • Old Navajo (EX)

  • Early Modern Navajo (EX)

  • Modern Navajo (VU)

    • Reinachan Navajo (NE)

    • Delphian Navajo (VU)

    • Sawintiran Navajo (VU)

• Western Apache

• Jicarilla

• Lipan (EX)

• Plains Apache (EX)

Afro-Asiatic

• Awjila

• Fezzan

  • Foqaha

  • Sokna

  • Tmessa

• Ghadamès

• Jaghbub (EX)

• Kufra

• Nafusi

  • Jadu

  • Nalut

  • Wazzin

  • Yefren

• Siwa

• Eastern Middle Atlas (transitional to Atlas)

  • Seghrouchen

  • Warayn

• Northern Saharan 

  • Gurara

  • Mozabite

  • South Oranie and Figuig

  • Tidikelt

  • Tuwat

  • Wad Righ

  • Wargla

• Riffian 

  • Central Riffian

  • Eastern Moroccan

  • Iznasen

  • Snouss

  • Western Riffian

• Shawiya

• Tunisian-Zuwara (transitional to Eastern) 

  • Jerba

  • Matmata

  • Sened

  • Tataouine

  • Zuwara

• Western Algerian

  • Gouraya

  • Shelif

  • Shenwa

• Central Atlas

• Gharb (EX)

• Ghomara

• Judeo-Berber

• Sanhaja de Srayr

• Shilha

• Kabyle

• Moroccan Amazigh

  • Felyne Amazigh

• Algerian Berber

• Tamahaq

• Tamashek

• Tawellemmet

• Tayart

• Tetserret

• Zenaga

• Guanche

• Numidian

• Boga

• Hwana

• Ga'anda

• Gabin

• Ngwaba

• Jara

• Pidlimdi

• Tera

• Bura-Pabir

• Cibak

• Huba

• Marghi Central

• Marghi South

• Nggwahyi

• Putai

• Bana

• Hya

• Kamwə

• Kirya-Konzəl

• Kofa

• Glavda

• Wandala

• Dghweɗe

• Guduf-Gava

  • Cineni

• Gəvoko

• Hdi

• Lamang

• Mabas

• Vemgo

• Woga

• Parəkwa

• Sukur

• Gaduwa

• Mbuko

• Vame

• Maɗa

• Məlokwo

• Muyang

• Wuzlam

• Ɗugwor

• Gemzek

• Merey

• Mikere

• Zəlgwa-Minew

• Baldemu

• Mofu-Gudur

• North Giziga

• North Mofu

• South Giziga

• Cuvok

• Mafa

• Mefele

• Shügule

• Matal

• Buwal

• Gavar

• Daba

  • Mazagway

• Mbədam

• Mina

• Bacama

• Bata

• Fali of Mubi

• Gude

• Gudu

• Holma (EX)

• Jimi

• Nzanyi

• Sharwa

• Tsuvan

• Zizilivakan

• Lagwan

• Msər

• Afaɗə

• Malgbe

• Maslam

• Mpadə

• Jilbe

• Beege

• Mbara

• Mpus

• Musgu

• Muskum (EX)

• Vulum

• Jina

• Majəra

• Gidar

• Buduma

• Beja

• Awngi

• Bilen

• Qimant

  • Kayla Qimant (EX)

  • Qwara Qimant

• Xamtanga

• Alaba

• Burji

• Gedeo

• Hadiyya

• Kambaata

• Libido

• Sidamo

• Afar

• Saho

• Borana

• Eastern Oromo

• Orma

• Oromo

• Waata

• Bussa

• Dirasha

• Gato

• Konso

• Mashile

• Turo/Konso

• Arbore

• Daasanach

• El Molo (EX)

• Baiso

• Boni

• Rendille

• Somali

  • Mai-Mai

• Boon

• Dahalo

• Girirra

• Yaaku

• Ale

• Dihina

• Dobase

• Gaba

• Gergere

• Gollango

• Gorrose

• Harso

• Tsamai

• Aasáx (EX)

• Alagwa

• Burunge

• Gorowa

• Iraqw

• Kwʼadza (EX)

• Mawer

• Mire

• Motun

• Ndam

• Somrai

• Tumak

• Boor

• Gadang

• Miltu

• Sarua

• Kimré

• Lele

• Nancere

• Gabri

• Kabalai

• Tobanga

• Kera

• Kwang

• Buso

• Bidiyo

• Birgit

• Dangaléat

• Jonkor Bourmataguil

• Mabire

• Migaama

• Mogum

• Toram

• Kajakse

• Masmaje

• Mubi

• Zirenkel

• Mawa

• Saba

• Sokoro

• Tamki

• Ubi

• Barein

• Jelkung

• Mokilko

• Kujargé (?)

• Azumeina

• Massa

• Musey

• Zumaya (EX)

• Mesmé

• Ngeté-Herdé

• Pévé

• Aari

• Dime

• Gayil

• Hamer-Banna

• Karo

• Bambassi

• Ganza

• Hozo

• Seze

• Dizi

• Nayi

• Sheko

• Anfillo

• Boro

• Kafa

• Shekkacho

• Dorze

• Gamo-Gofa-Dawro

• Melo

• Oyda

• Wolaytta

• Kachama-Ganjule

• Koorete

• Zayse-Zergulla

• Basketo

• Maale

• Bench

• Chara

• Yemsa

• Akkadian (EX)

• Eblaite (EX)

• Hebrew (NE)

  • Biblical Hebrew (EX)

  • Medieval Hebrew (EX)

  • Mishnaic Hebrew (EX)

  • Samaritan Hebrew (EX)

  • Palestinian Hebrew (EX)

  • Italian Hebrew (EX)

  • Babylonian Hebrew (EX)

  • Ashkenazi Hebrew (EX)

  • Mizrahi (Syrian) (EX)

  • Modern Hebrew (NE)

• Ammonite (EX)

• Edomite (EX)

• Moabite (EX)

• Phoenician (EX)

  • Punic (EX)

• Samalian

• Aramaic (DE)

  • Old Aramaic (EX)

  • Imperial Aramaic (EX)

  • Biblical Aramaic (EX)

  • Middle Aramaic (EX)

  • Nabataean (EX)

  • Palestinian (DE)

    • Christian Palestinian (EX)

    • Jewish Palestinian (EX)

    • Samaritan (EX)

    • Palmyrene (EX)

    • Western Neo-Aramaic (DE)

  • Mlaḥsô (EX)

  • Turoyo

• Amorite (EX)

  • Ugaritic (EX)

• Ancient North Arabian (EX)

  • Dadanitic (EX)

  • Dumaitic (EX)

  • Hasaitic (EX)

  • Hismaic (EX)

  • Safaitic (EX)

  • Taymanitic (EX)

  • Thamudic (EX)

• Himyaritic (EX)

• Sutean (EX)

• Arabic (NE)

  • Proto-Arabic (EX)

  • Nabataean Arabic (EX)

  • Old Arabic (EX)

  • Pre-classical Arabic (EX)

  • Classical Arabic (EX)

    • Standard Arabic (NE)

      • Egyptian Arabic (NE)

      • Levantine Arabic (NE)

      • Maghrebi Arabic (NE)

        • Siculo-Arabic (EX)

        • Maltese Arabic (NE)

          • Cottonera (NE)

          • Gozitan (NE)

          • Qormi (NE)

          • Żejtuni (NE)

          • Australian Arabic (NE)

          • Central (NE)

          • Western (NE)

          • Eastern (NE)

          • Zurrieq (NE)

          • Port Maltese (NE)

          • Corfiot † (EX)

          • Xlukkajr (NE)

          • Qawsra † (EX)

      • Mesopotamian Arabic (NE)

      • Peninsular Arabic (NE)

• Geʽez (EX)

  • Dahalik (EX)

  • Tigre (EX)

• Tigrinya (NE)

• Amharic (NE)

• Argobba (NE)

• Harari

• East Gurage

• Gafat (EX)

• Soddo

• Mesmes

• Muher

• West Gurage

• Baṭḥari

• Ḥarsusi

• Hobyot

• Mehri

• Shehri

• Soqotri

• Faifi

• Hadramautic (EX)

• Minaean (EX)

• Qatabanian (EX)

  • Awsanian (EX)

• Razihi 

• Sabaean (EX)

• Gwandara

• Hausa

• Ɓeele

• Bole

• Bure

• Daza

• Deno

• Galambu

• Gera

• Geruma

• Giiwo

• Karekare

• Chadic Kubi (EX)

• Ngamo

• Maaka

• Chadic Pali

• Dera

• Kholok

• Kushi

• Kutto

• Kwaami

• Nyam

• Chadic Pero

• Piya-Kwonci

• Kulung

• Tangale

• Cakfem-Mushere

• Goemai

• Chakato (Jorto)

• Koenoem

• Kofyar

• Jibyal

• Miship

• Nteng

• Montol

• Mwaghavul

• Ngas

• Belneng

• Pyapun

• Tal

• Yiwom

• Miler

• Bokkos

• Daffo-Butura

• Duhwa

• Fyer

• Kulere

• Mundat

• Chadic Sha

• Shagawu

• Tambas

• Auyokawa (EX)

• Bade

• Duwai

• Ngizim

• Shirawa (EX)

• Teshenawa (EX)

• Ajawa (EX)

• Ciwogai

• Diri

• Kariya

• Mburku

• Chadic Miya

• Pa'a

• Chadic Siri

• Warji

• Zumbun

• Dass

• Geji

• Polci

• Saya

• Zari

• Zeem

• Guruntum-Mbaaru

• Chadic Ju

• Chadic Tala

• Zangwal

• Boghom

• Jimi

• Jum

• Kir-Balar

• Mangas

• Chadic Tikoloshe

• Chadic Poki

Uralic

The Uralic languages, sometimes called the Uralian languages, are spoken predominantly in Europe and North Asia. The Uralic languages with the most native speakers are Hungarian, Finnish, and Estonian. Other languages with over 100,000 speakers are Erzya, Moksha, Mari, Udmurt and Komi spoken in European Russia. Still smaller minority languages are Sámi languages of the northern Fennoscandia; other members of the Finnic languages, ranging from Livonian in northern Latvia to Karelian in northwesternmost Russia; the Samoyedic languages and the other members of the Ugric languages, Mansi and Khanty spoken in Western Siberia.

• Finnic

  • Estonian

    • Northeastern coastal

    • Laiuse Romani (EX)

  • South Estonian

    • Seto

    • Võro

    • Mulgi

    • Tartu

    • Ludza (EX)

    • Kraasna (EX)

    • Leivu (EX)

  • Finnish

    • Fingelska

    • Kven

    • Meänkieli

    • Torne Valley

    • Siberian Finnish

  • Karelian

    • Karelian Proper

    • Livvi

    • Ludic

  • Bjarmian Finnic

  • Ingrian

    • Siberian Ingrian

    • Finnish

  • Livonian (CR)

    • Salaca (EX)

  • Veps (SE)

  • Votic (CR)

    • Krevinian (EX)

    • Kukkuzi (CR)

• Sámi

  • Akkala Sámi (EX)

  • Inari Sámi (SE)

  • Kainuu Sámi (EX)

  • Kemi Sámi (EX)

  • Kildin Sámi (SE)

  • Skolt Sámi (SE)

  • Ter Sámi (CR)

  • Lule Sámi (SE)

  • Northern Sámi (DE)

    • Northuldran (DE)

    • Berbanian Sámi

    • Reinachan Sámi

    • Thatrollwan Sámi

  • Pite Sámi (CR)

  • Southern Sámi (SE)

  • Ume Sámi (CR)

  • Bjarmian Sámi (EX)

Altaic

The Altaic languages or Altaic sprachbund are a sprachbund comprising the Turkic, Mongolic and Tungusic language families. The grouping was previously proposed as a language family, a theory which found support in the 20th century but is now "rejected" by many linguists, who have concluded the similarities among Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic languages are better explained by areal convergence rather than a shared genetic lineage. There is still, however, a significant faction of academics advocating for the language label, as the debate is still running.

Turkic languages

1. Khalaj

2. Ili Turki

3. Tor Tajik

4. Uyghur (NE)

   1. Old Uyghur (EX)

5. Uzbek (NE)

   1. Southern Uzbek (NE)

6. Karakhanid (EX)

7. Khorezmian (EX)

8. Chagatai (EX)

9. Crimean Tatar (NE)

10. Karachay-Balkar

11. Karaim

12. Krymchak

13. Kumyk

14. Urum

15. Armeno-Kipchak (EX)

16. Mamluk-Kipchak (EX)

17. Cuman (EX)

18. Karakalpak

19. Kazakh (NE)

20. Kyrgyz (NE)

21. Nogai

22. Southern Altai

23. Fergana Kipchak (EX)

24. Bashkir (NE)

25. True Tatar

    1. Old Tatar (EX)

26. Siberian Tatar

27. Afshar

28. Azerbaijani (NE)

    1. Ajem-Turkic (EX)

    2. North Azerbaijani (NE)

    3. South Azerbaijani (NE)

29. Chaharmahali Turkic

30. Gagauz

31. Khorasani Turkic

32. Qashqai

33. Rumelian Turkish

34. Salar

35. Turkish (NE)

    1. Old Anatolian Turkish (EX)

    2. Ottoman Turkish (EX)

    3. Modern Turkish (NE)

36. Turkmen

37. Pecheneg (EX)

38. Chuvash

39. Khazar (EX)

40. Bulgar (EX)

Tungusic languages

1. 1. Even

   2. Evenki

   3. Kili

   4. Negidal

   5. Oroqen

   6. Oroch

   7. Udege

   8. Manchu (CR)

      1. Jurchen (EX)

Mongolic languages

1. Xibe

2. Buryat

3. Khamnigan

4. Mongolian (NE)

   1. Proto-Mongolic (EX)

   2. Old Mongol (EX)

   3. Middle Mongol (EX)

   4. Classical Mongolian (EX)

   5. Modern Mongolian (NE)

   6. Baarin

   7. Chakhar

   8. Khalkha

   9. Khorchin

5. Oirat (DE)

6. Ordos (SE)

7. Eastern Yugur (SE)

8. Bonan (DE)

9. Kangjia (SE)

10. Monguor (VU)

11. Santa / Dongxiang (VU)

12. Tangwang (DE)

13. Wutun (SE)

14. Khitan (EX)

15. Tuyuhun (EX)

16. Tuoba (EX)

17. Bala (EX)

Koreanic languages

1. 1. Buyeo (EX)

   2. Goguryeo (EX)

   3. Baekje (EX)

   4. Gaya (EX)

   5. Silla (EX)

   6. Ye-Maek (EX)

   7. Korean (NE)

      1. Proto-Koreanic (EX)

      2. Old Korean (EX)

      3. Middle Korean (EX)

      4. Modern Korean (NE)

         1. North Korean (NE)

            1. Hamgyŏng Korean (NE)

            2. Pyŏngan Korean (NE)

            3. Yukjin (SE)

         2. South Korean (NE)

            1. Central Korean (NE)

            2. Gyeongsang Korean (NE)

            3. Jeolla Korean (NE)

   8. Jeju (CR)

Japonic languages

1. 1. Japanese (NE)

      1. Proto-Japonic (EX)

      2. Peninsular Japonic (EX)

      3. Old Japanese (EX)

      4. Early Middle Japanese (EX)

      5. Classical Japanese (EX)

      6. Late Middle Japanese (EX)

      7. Early Modern Japanese (EX)

      8. Modern Japanese (NE)

         1. Tōhoku

         2. Kanto

         3. Tōkai–Tōsan (SE)

         4. Hawaiian Japanese (VU)

         5. Palauan Japanese (VU)

         6. Aotearoa Japanese (NE)

         7. Kyushu Japanese

         8. Hokkaido Japanese

         9. Creoles

            1. Yilan Creole Japanese

            2. Yokohama Pidgin Japanese

            3. Maui Pidgin

            4. Pseudo-Chinese

            5. Kyowa-go

            6. Kyowa-go no Aotearoa

   2. Hachijō

   3. Amami

   4. Southern Amami

   5. Kikai

   6. Tokunoshima

   7. Okinoerabu

   8. Yoron

   9. Kunigami

   10. Okinawan

   11. Miyakoan

   12. Tarama

   13. Yaeyama

   14. Yonaguni

Indo-European Languages

The Indo-European languages are a language family native to the northern Indian subcontinent, most of Europe, and the Iranian plateau, with additional native branches found in regions such as parts of Central Asia (e.g., Tajikistan and Afghanistan), southern Indian subcontinent (Sri Lanka and the Maldives) and Armenia. Historically, Indo-European languages were also spoken in Anatolia and Northwestern China. The Indo-European family is divided into several branches or sub-families, including Albanian, Armenian, Balto-Slavic, Celtic, Germanic, Hellenic, Indo-Iranian, and Italic, all of which contain present-day living languages, as well as two major extinct branches, Anatolian and Tocharian.

Kavasobic

Kavasobyan is a fictional language and is the exclusive language of the Kavasobya race. In the fictional linguistic classification of Historya Davvun Extended Stories, it is an Indo-European language whose deepest surviving relationships are with the Indo-Iranian, Balto-Slavic, and Germanic branches.

• Kavasobyan (NE)

Orkish

Orcish is the primary language of the orcs and are a branch of Indo-European languages that were spoken in Eurasia. It is used as the main language of the orcs and ogres.

1. 1. Orkish (NE)

   2. Ogrenese (NE)

Anatolian

The Anatolian languages are an extinct branch of Indo-European languages that were spoken in Anatolia, a region in Turkiye. The best known Anatolian language is Hittite, which is considered the earliest-attested Indo-European language.

1. 1. Hittite (EX)

   2. Luwian (EX)

   3. Carian (EX)

   4. Lelegian (EX)

   5. Lycian (EX)

   6. Milyan (EX)

   7. Pisidian (EX)

   8. Sidetic (EX)

   9. Lydian / Maeonian (EX)

   10. Palaic (EX)

Tocharian

The Tocharian (sometimes Tokharian) languages, also known as the Agni-Kuči, Agnean-Kuchean or Kuchean-Agnean languages, are an extinct branch of the Indo-European language family spoken by inhabitants of the Tarim Basin, the Tocharians. The languages are known from manuscripts dating from the 5th to the 8th century AD, which were found in oasis cities on the northern edge of the Tarim Basin (now part of Xinjiang in Northwest China) and the Lop Desert. 

1. 1. Agnean (EX)

   2. Kuchean (EX)

   3. Kroränian (EX)

Greco-Armenian languages

Graeco-Phrygian is a proposed subgroup of the Indo-European language family which comprises the Hellenic, Phrygian, and possibly Elvish languages.

1. 1. Albanian (NE)

      1. Proto-Albanian (EX)

      2. Old Albanian (EX)

      3. Middle Albanian (EX)

      4. Early Modern Albanian (EX)

      5. Modern Albanian (NE)

         • Gheg (NE)

         • Tosk (NE)

         • Arbëresh (NE)

         • Arvanitika

         • Upper Reka

         • Arbanasi

         • Istrian (EX)

   2. Old Elvish (EX)

      1. Middle Elvish (EX)

         • Church Elvish (EX)

      2. Western Elvish (NE)

         • Light Elvish (NE)

         • Zowhrinese Elvish (NE)

         • Hybornian Elvish

         • Hordanian Elvish

         • Horatian Elvish

         • Gray Elvish

      3. Eastern Elvish (NE)

         • Moon Elvish

         • Christmas Elvish

   3. Ancient Macedonian (EX)

   4. Phrygian (EX)

   5. Romano-Greek 

   6. Arcadocypriot Greek (EX)

   7. Pamphylian Greek (EX)

   8. Mycenaean Greek (EX)

   9. True Greek (NE)

      1. Ancient Greek (EX)

         • Homeric Greek (EX)

         • Lesbian Dialect (EX)

         • Tsakonian (CR)

      2. Crimean Greek (NE)

      3. Yevanic (DE)

      4. Modern Greek (NE)

         • Cypriot Greek (DE)

      5. Pontic Greek (DE)

      6. Ailyr (VU)

   10. Armenian (NE)

       1. Classical Armenian (EX)

       2. Middle Armenian (EX)

       3. Modern Armenian (NE)

          • Western Armenian (NE)

          • Eastern Armenian (NE)

Italo-Celtic languages

In historical linguistics, Italo-Celtic or Celto-Italic is a hypothetical grouping of the Italic and Celtic branches of the Indo-European language family on the basis of features shared by these two branches and no others. There is controversy about the causes of these similarities. They are usually considered to be innovations, likely to have developed after the breakup of the Proto-Indo-European language.

Italic

The Italic languages form a branch of the Indo-European language family, whose earliest known members were spoken on the Italian Peninsula in the first millennium BC. The most important of the ancient Italic languages was Latin, the official language of ancient Rome, which conquered the other Italic peoples before the common era. The other Italic languages became extinct in the first centuries AD as their speakers were assimilated into the Roman Empire and shifted to some form of Latin. Between the third and eighth centuries AD, Vulgar Latin (perhaps influenced by substrata from the other Italic languages) diversified into the Romance languages, which are the only Italic languages natively spoken today, while Literary Latin also survived. 

1. Umbrian (EX)

2. Sabine (EX)

3. Hernican (EX)

4. Marsian (EX)

5. South Picene (EX)

6. Volscian (EX)

7. Oscan (EX)

8. Marrucinian (EX)

9. Paelignian (EX)

10. Sidicinian (EX)

11. Pre-Samnite (EX)

12. Aequian (EX)

13. Vestinian (EX)

14. Faliscan (EX)

15. Latin (EX)

    • Old Latin (EX)

    • Classical Latin (EX)

    • Late Latin (EX)

    • Medieval Latin (EX)

    • Renaissance Latin (EX)

    • New Latin (EX)

Contemporary Latin / Ecclesiastical Latin (EX)

1. Mediterranean Lingua Franca (EX)

2. Friulian (NE)

3. Ladin

4. Romansh

5. Romanian (NE)

   1. Proto-Romanian (EX)

   2. Old Romanian (EX)

   3. Middle Romanian (EX)

   4. Modern Romanian (NE)

      1. Banat (NE)

      2. Bukovinian (NE)

      3. Crișana (NE)

      4. Maramureș (NE)

      5. Moldavian (SE)

      6. Transylvanian (NE)

      7. Wallachian (NE) 

6. Aromanian

7. Megleno-Romanian

8. Istro-Romanian

9. Sardinian (NE)

10. Italian (NE)

    1. Old Italian (EX)

    2. Middle Italian (EX)

    3. Early Modern Italian (EX)

    4. Modern Italian (NE)

11. Venetian (NE)

    1. Tuscan

    2. Florentine

12. Corsican (NE)

13. Gallurese

14. Sassarese

15. Calabrese

16. Salentino

17. Ligurian (NE)

    1. Brigasc

    2. Genoese

    3. Intemelio

    4. Monégasque (SE)

       1. Berbanian Monégasque (SE)

       2. Reinachan Monégasque (NE)

       3. Delphian Monégasque (NE)

18. Lombard

19. Emilian-Romagnol

20. Romagnol

21. Piedmontese

    1. Judaeo-Piedmontese

22. Gallo-Italic of Sicily

23. Gallo-Italic of Basilicata

24. Sicilian (NE)

25. Neapolitan (NE)

26. Vastese

27. Dalmatian (EX)

    1. Old Dalmatian (EX)

    2. Early Modern Dalmatian (EX)

    3. Revived Dalmatian (EX)

28. Istriot

29. Judaeo-Italian

30. Ascunsian

    1. Old Ascunsian (EX)

    2. Middle Ascunsian (EX)

    3. Modern Ascunsian (NE)

31. Angevin

32. Berrichon

33. Bourbonnais

34. Burgundian

35. Champenois

36. Frainc-Comtou

37. Gallo

38. French (NE)

    1. Old French (EX)

    2. Middle French (EX)

    3. Early Modern French (EX)

    4. Modern French (NE)

       1. Berbanian French (NE)

       2. Reinachan French (NE)

       3. Delphian French (NE)

       4. Jersey

       5. Francitan

       6. Pennsylvania

       7. Louisianien Houma

       8. Canadian

       9. Acadian French

          1. Chiac

       10. St. Marys Bay French

       11. Creoles

           1. Haitian Creole (NE)

           2. Antillean Creole

           3. French Guianese Creole

           4. Karipúna French Creole

           5. Mauritian Creole

           6. Agalega Creole

           7. Chagossian Creole

           8. Réunion Creole

           9. Rodriguan Creole

           10. Seychellois Creole

           11. Tayo

           12. Michif (CR)

           13. Camfranglais

39. Lorrain

    1. Welche

40. Norman

    1. Anglo-Norman (EX)

    2. Berbanian Norman

    3. Reinachan Norman

    4. Delphian Norman

    5. Augeron

    6. Auregnais

    7. Cauchois

    8. Cotentinais

    9. Guernésiais

    10. Jèrriais

    11. Sercquiais

41. Orléanais

42. Picard (SE)

43. Poitevin-Saintongeais

44. Walloon

    1. Wisconsin Walloon

45. Franco-Provençal/Arpitan

    1. Savoyard

    2. Valdôtain dialect

46. Faetar

47. Occitan (NE)

48. Languedocien

49. Limousin

50. Provençal

51. Vivaro-Alpine Mentonasc

52. Catalan (NE)

    1. Old Catalan (EX)

    2. Early Modern Catalan (EX)

    3. Modern Catalan (NE)

       1. Berbanian Catalan (NE)

       2. Buenocoralese (NE)

       3. Reinachan Catalan (NE)

53. Spanish (NE)

    1. Old Spanish (EX)

    2. Mozarabic (EX)

    3. Middle Spanish (EX)

    4. Early Modern Spanish (EX)

    5. Modern Spanish (NE)

       1. Andalusian Spanish (NE)

       2. Canarian Spanish (NE)

       3. Castilian Spanish/Standard Spanish (NE)

       4. Castrapo Spanish (NE)

       5. Castúo Spanish (NE)

       6. Murcian Spanish (NE)

       7. Llanito Spanish (NE)

       8. Equatoguinean Spanish (NE)

       9. Philippine Spanish (DE)

       10. Saharan Spanish (NE)

       11. Cuban Spanish (NE)

       12. Dominican Spanish (NE)

       13. Panamanian Spanish (NE)

       14. Puerto Rican Spanish (NE)

       15. Trinidadian Spanish (NE)

       16. Belizean Spanish (NE)

       17. Costa Rican Spanish (NE)

       18. Guatemalan Spanish (NE)

       19. Honduran Spanish (NE)

       20. Nicaraguan Spanish (NE)

       21. Pachuco Spanish (NE) 

       22. Salvadoran Spanish (NE)

       23. American Spanish (NE)

           1. Caló (Chicano) (NE)

           2. Isleño (NE)

           3. Sabine River (NE)

           4. New Mexican Spanish (NE)

       24. Mexican Spanish (NE)

       25. Amazonic Spanish (NE)

       26. Andean Spanish (NE)

       27. Bolivian Spanish (NE)

       28. Chilean Spanish (NE)

           1. Chilote Chiloé Archipelago (NE)

       29. Colombian Spanish (NE)

       30. Cordobés Spanish (NE)

       31. Cuyano (NE)

       32. Ecuadorian Spanish (NE)

       33. Equatorial Spanish (NE)

       34. Llanero (NE)

       35. Maracucho (NE)

       36. Paisa (NE)

       37. Paraguayan Spanish (NE)

       38. Pastuso Spanish (NE)

       39. Peruvian Spanish (NE)

       40. Ribereño Spanish (NE)

       41. Rioplatense Spanish (NE)

       42. Uruguayan Spanish (NE)

       43. Venezuelan Spanish (NE)

       44. Creoles

           1. Chavacano (DE)

           2. Palenquero (NE)

           3. Bozal Spanish (NE)

           4. Annobonese Creole (NE)

           5. Papiamento (NE)

           6. Pichinglis (NE)

           7. Frespañol/Fragnol (NE)

           8. Spanglish (DE)

           9. Habla Congo (NE)

           10. Roquetas Pidgin Spanish (NE)

54. Judaeo-Spanish (DE)

55. Asturian

56. Cantabrian

57. Extremaduran

58. Mirandese

59. Leonese

60. Fala

61. Galician

62. Portuguese

63. Eonavian

64. Judaeo-Portuguese

65. Minderico

66. Portugis

Celtic

The Celtic languages are a branch of the Indo-European language family, descended from the hypothetical Italo-Celtic languages. 

1. Noric

2. Galatian

3. Lepontic

4. Gaulish

5. Celtiberian

6. Gallaecian

7. Brittonic

   1. Cornish (CR)

   2. Breton (DE)

   3. Welsh (VU)

      1. Old Welsh (EX)

      2. Middle Welsh (EX)

      3. Modern Welsh (VU)

         1. Gwent and Morgannwg (VU)

         2. Dyfed (VU)

         3. Gwynedd (VU)

         4. Powys (VU)

         5. Patagonian Welsh (DE)

         6. Berbanian Welsh (NE)

         7. Reinachan Welsh (NE)

         8. Delphian Welsh (DE)

         9. Sawintiran Welsh (NE)

   4. Cumbric (EX)

   5. Ivernic (EX)

   6. Pictish (EX)

8. Insular

   1. Irish (DE)

      1. Old Irish (EX)

      2. Middle Irish (EX)

      3. Berbanian Irish (NE)

      4. Sawintiran Irish (DE)

      5. Modern Irish (DE)

      6. Standard Irish (DE)

   2. Urban Irish (DE)

   3. Reinachan Irish

   4. Delphian Irish (DE)

   5. Newfoundland Irish (EX)

      2. 1. Ulster Irish (DE)

   6. Scottish Gaelic (DE)

   7. Old Gaelic (EX)

      1. Canadian Gaelic (CR)

      2. Berbanian Gaelic (VU)

      3. Reinachan Gaelic (NE)

      4. Tiqojarhan Gaelic (DE)

      5. Dinojerullese Gaelic (CR)

      6. Delphian Gaelic (DE)

   8. Manx (CR)

      1. Northern Manx (CR)

      2. Douglas Manx (CR)

      3. Southern Manx (CR)

Indo-Iranian languages

The Indo-Iranian languages, also known as Indo-Iranic languages, or Aryan languages, constitute the largest branch of the Indo-European language family. They include over 300 languages, spoken by around 1.7 billion speakers worldwide, predominantly in South Asia, West Asia and parts of Central Asia. Indo-Iranian languages are divided into three major branches: Indo-Aryan, Iranian (or Iranic), and Nuristani languages. The Badeshi language remains unclassified within the Indo-Iranian branch. The largest Indo-Iranian language is the Hindustani language (which later on split into Hindi and Urdu).

Unclassified

1. Badeshi

Iranian

• Proto-Iranian

  • Eastern Iranian languages

    • Northeastern Iranian languages

    • Old Northeast Iranian

    • Scytho-Sarmatian

    • Cimmerian (extinct)

    • Pontic Scythian (extinct)

    • Sarmatian (extinct)

    • Alanic (extinct)

      • Ossetian

        • Iron Ossetian

        • Digor Ossetian

      • Jassic (extinct)

    • Scytho-Khotanese (extinct)

      • Tumshuqese (extinct)

      • Kanchaki (extinct)

      • Khotanese (extinct)

    • Khwarazmian / Chorasmian (extinct)

    • Sogdian (extinct)

      • Yaghnobi

  • Southeastern Iranian languages

    • Old Southeast Iranian

      • Avestan (extinct)

      • Old Avestan / "Gathic Avestan" (extinct)

      • Young Avestan / Younger Avestan (extinct)

    • Old Pakhto

      • Pakhto / Pashto / Pathan

        • Northern Pashto

          • Northern dialect

          • Yusufzai dialect

        • Central Pashto

        • Southern Pashto

          • Durrani dialect

          • Bannuchi dialect Tsalga

          • Wazirwola dialect

          • Masidwola dialect

    • Wanetsi

    • Ormuri-Parachi

      • Ormuri

      • Parachi

    • Bactrian (extinct)

    • Pamir languages

      • Munji

        • Northern Munji

        • Southern Munji

      • Yidgha

      • Sarghulami (extinct)

      • Vanji / Old Wanji (extinct)

      • Yazgulyam

      • Darwozi

      • Rushani

      • Bartangi

      • Shughni / Khughni

      • Khufi

      • Oroshori

      • Sarikoli / Tashkorghani

      • Sanglechi / Zebaki

      • Ishkashimi

      • Wakhi

  • Western Iranian languages

    • Median / Medic (extinct)

    • Razi (extinct)

    • Kurdish

      • Southern Kurdish

    • Kalhor

    • Kordali

    • Korouni

    • Laki

    • Sorani

    • Hewlêrî Kurdish

    • Kurmanji

    • Zaza

    • Northern Zaza

    • Southern Zaza

    • Gorani

    • Hawrami

    • Bajelani

    • Sarli

    • Shabaki

    • Old Azeri (extinct)

    • Tati

    • Alviri-Vidari

    • Eshtehardi

    • Harzandi

    • Kilit (extinct)

    • Khalkhal

    • Kho'ini

    • Maraghei

    • Takestani

    • Tatoid

    • Upper Taromi

    • Vafsi

    • Karingani

    • Kabatei

    • Rudbari

    • Taromi

    • Talysh

    • Gozarkhani

    • Kajali

    • Koresh-e Rostam

    • Razajerdi

    • Shahrudi

    • Ashtiani

    • Judeo-Borujerdi

    • Judeo-Hamedani

    • Khunsari

    • Northwestern Fars

    • Judeo-Golpaygani (extinct)

    • Gazi

    • Jarquya'i

    • Judeo-Esfahani

    • Soi / Sohi

    • Abuzaydabadi

    • Judeo-Kashani

    • Sivandi

    • Natanzi

    • Natanzi Proper

    • Zoroastrian Dari

    • Yazdi

    • Nayini / Na'ini / Biyabanak

    • Khuri

    • Balochi

    • Northern Baloch

    • Western Baloch

    • Rakhshani

    • Sarhadi / Sarhaddi

    • Eastern Baloch

    • Southern Baloch

    • Lashari

    • Makrani

    • Koroshi / Koroshi Balochi

    • Parthian (extinct)

    • Caspian

    • Semnani

    • Semnani proper

    • Biyabunaki

    • Sangsari / Sangisari

    • Lasgerdi-Sorkhei

    • Lasgerdi

    • Sorkhei

    • Aftari

    • Mazanderani / Tabari

    • Gorgani (extinct)

    • Daylami / Daylami (extinct)

    • Gilaki

    • Western Gilaki

    • Eastern Gilaki

    • Old Persian (extinct)

      • Middle Persian (extinct)

      • Persian

      • Indo-Persian (extinct)

      • Iranian Persian

    • Abadani

    • Basseri

    • Esfahani

    • Kermanshahi

    • Khorasani

    • Kuwaiti

    • Tehrani

    • Dari / Afghanistan Persian

    • Sistani

    • Hazaragi / Hazaragi Persian

    • Pahlavni / Pahlavani (extinct)

    • Judeo-Persian

    • Aimaq / Aimaqi / Aimaq Persian

    • Tajik / Tajiki Persian

    • Bukharian

    • Tat / Caucasus Tat / Persian Tat

    • Muslim/Christian Tat

    • Armeno-Tat

    • Judeo-Tat / Judeo-Persian Tat

    • Kuhmareyi

    • Davani dialect

    • Luri

    • Southern Luri

    • Mamasani

    • Northern Luri / Central Luri

    • Bakhtiari

    • Khuzestani Persian

    • Dezfuli–Shushtari

    • Dezfuli

    • Shushtari

    • Achomi

    • Judeo-Shirazi

    • Garmsiri

    • Bashkardi / Bashagerdi / Bashaka

    • Kumzari

    • Khargi

    • Old Kazeruni (extinct)

  • Unclassified Indo-Iranian

    • Kambojan (extinct)

Indo-Aryan

1. Proto-Indo-Aryan (extinct)

   1. Old Indo-Aryan (extinct)

   2. Mitanni-Aryan (extinct)

   3. Early Old Indo-Aryan – Vedic Sanskrit / Rigvedic Sanskrit

   4. Ashokan Prakrit (extinct)

   5. Late Old Indo-Aryan – Sanskrit

   6. Middle Indo-Aryan (extinct)

   7. Dardic

   8. Gandhari Prakrit (extinct)

   9. Niya Prakrit[15][59] / Kroraina Prakrit / Niya Gāndhārī (extinct)

   10. Chitral languages

   11. Kalasha-mun

   12. Khowar

   13. Kashmiri / Koshur

   14. Kashtawari / Kishtwari

   15. Poguli

   16. Rambani

   17. Kohistani languages

   18. Bateri

   19. Chilisso

   20. Gowro / Gabaro

   21. Indus Kohistani

   22. Kalami / Gawri

   23. Tirahi / Dardù

   24. Torwali

   25. Wotapuri-Katargalai (extinct)

   26. Wotapuri

   27. Pashayi / Pashai

   28. Southwest Pashayi

   29. Southeast Pashayi

   30. Laghmani

   31. Northwest Pashayi

   32. Gulbahar

   33. Northeast Pashayi

   34. Korangal

   35. Kunar languages

   36. Dameli

   37. Gawar-Bati / Narsati / Aranduyiwar

   38. Nangalami / Grangali

   39. Shumashti

   40. Shina languages

   41. Palula / Phalura / Ashreti

   42. Sawi / Savi / Sauji]

   43. Kalkoti / Goedijaa

   44. Ushoji / Ushojo

   45. Kundal Shahi

   46. Shina

   47. Gilgiti

   48. Astori

   49. Drasi

   50. Kohistani Shina

   51. Palasi

   52. Kolai

   53. Brokskat / Dah-Hanu

   54. Domaaki / Dumaki / Dawoodi

   55. North-Western Indo-Aryan

   56. Punjabi languages

   57. Lahnda / Western Punjabi

   58. Pahari-Pothwari / Pothohari

   59. Pothwari / Pothohari

   60. Mirpuri

   61. Pahari / Dhundi-Kairali

   62. Poonchi / Punchhi

   63. Hindko

   64. Northern Hindko

   65. Hazara Hindko / Kaghani

   66. Southern Hindko

   67. Peshawari

   68. Chhachi / Chacchi / Chachi

   69. Kohati

   70. Awankari

   71. Ghebi

   72. Saraiki

   73. Derawali

   74. Thali

   75. Multani

   76. Riasti/Bhawalpuri/Choolistani

   77. Punjabi

   78. Standard Punjabi

   79. Western Punjabi/Eastern Saraiki

   80. Dhani

   81. Shahpuri

   82. Jhangochi / Changvi / Jhangvi / Rachnavi

   83. Jangli

   84. Chenavari

   85. Majhi

   86. Eastern Punjabi

   87. Doabi

   88. Puadhi / Pawadhi / Poadhi

   89. Malwai / Malwi

   90. Lubanki / Labanki (extinct) (it was spoken by the Labana tribe

   91. Jakati / Jataki (extinct)

   92. Khetrani / Jafri (earlier suggestion that Khetrani might be a remnant of a Dardic language)

   93. Sindhi languages

   94. Jadgali–Lasi

   95. Jadgali

   96. Lasi

   97. Kholosi

   98. Kutchi / Kachchi

   99. Luwati / Lawati /

   100. Memoni / Kathiawadi

   101. Sindhi Bhili

   102. Sindhi

   103. Lari

   104. Siraiki / Northern Sindhi / "Siroli"

   105. Thareli

   106. Northern Indo-Aryan

   107. Western Pahari

   108. Dogri

   109. Kangri

   110. Mandeali / Chambeali

   111. Kullu / Kulvi

   112. Jaunsari

   113. Pahari Kinnauri

   114. Sirmauri

   115. Hinduri / Handuri

   116. Mahasu Pahari

   117. Baghati

   118. Rampuri/Kochi

   119. Central Pahari

   120. Garhwali

   121. Badhani

   122. Nagpuriya

   123. Salani

   124. Bangani

   125. Jaunpuri

   126. Gangadi

   127. Kumaoni

   128. Doteli / Dotyali

   129. Bajhangi / Bajhangi Nepali

   130. Eastern Pahari

   131. Jumli

   132. Sinja

   133. Palpa (extinct)

   134. Nepali / Khas Kura / Parbatiya / Gorkhali

   135. Bajhangi

   136. Western Indo-Aryan

   137. Gurjar apabhraṃśa

   138. Rajasthani

   139. Marwari / Marwari Proper

   140. Dhatki / Thari

   141. Mewati

   142. Godwari language

   143. Dhundari / Jaipuri

   144. Mewari

   145. Shekhawati

   146. Goaria

   147. Godwari

   148. Balvi

   149. Khuni

   150. Sirohi

   151. Jogi

   152. Loarki/Gade Lohar

   153. Bagri / Bagari

   154. Gujari / Gurjari / Gojri

   155. Gurgula

   156. Harauti

   157. Lambadi / Lamani / Gor-Bol / Banjari

   158. Malvi / Malwi / Malavi

   159. Ujjaini

   160. Rajawadi

   161. Rangri

   162. Nimadi / Nimari

   163. Gujarati

   164. Old Gujarati (extinct)

   165. Middle Gujarati (extinct)

   166. Gujarati

   167. Kathiawari

   168. Parsi Gujarati

   169. Lisan ud-Dawat

   170. Jandavra / Jhandoria

   171. Vaghri / Waghri / Baghri

   172. Aer

   173. Parkari Koli

   174. Kachi Koli

   175. Wardiyara Koli / Tharadari

   176. Sauraseni Prakrit (extinct)

   177. Saurashtra

   178. Vasavi / Vasavi Bhil

   179. Bhil

   180. Gamit

   181. Bauria

   182. Vaghri / Bavri

   183. Wagdi

   184. Bhilori

   185. Dungra

   186. Magari

   187. Central Bhil

   188. Bhili proper

   189. Rajput Garasia

   190. Bhilali

   191. Bhilali proper

   192. Rathawi

   193. Parya Bhilali

   194. Chodri / Chowdhary

   195. Dhodia-Kukna

   196. Dubli

   197. Bareli

   198. Palya Bareli

   199. Pauri Bareli

   200. Rathwi Bareli

   201. Pardhi / Bahelia

   202. Kalto

   203. Khandeshi

   204. Khandeshi

   205. Ahirani

   206. Dhanki / Dangri

   207. Domari-Romani

   208. Domari

   209. Karachi / Garachi (extinct)

   210. Seb Seliyer

   211. Romani

   212. Balkan Romani

   213. Rumelian

   214. Sevlengere

   215. Zargari

   216. Vlax Romani

   217. Kalderash Romani

   218. Lovari

   219. Machvano

   220. Northern Romani

   221. Carpathian Romani

   222. Romungro / Romungro Romani

   223. Roman / Roman Romani

   224. Vend / Vend Romani

   225. East Slovak Romani

   226. West Slovak Romani

   227. South Polish Romani

   228. Sinte Romani (Sintenghero / Tschib(en) / Sintitikes / Manuš / Romanes)

   229. Welsh-Romani

   230. Finnish Kalo

   231. Baltic Romani

   232. Central Indo-Aryan

   233. Sauraseni Prakrit (extinct)

   234. Western Hindi

   235. Hindustani

   236. Hindi / Manak or Shuddh Hindi

   237. Modern Standard Hindi

   238. Mumbai Hindi

   239. Urdu / Lashkari

   240. Modern Standard Urdu

   241. Dakhini / Dakkhani / Deccani

   242. Hyderabadi Urdu / Northern Dakhni

   243. Southern Dakhni

   244. Dhakaiya Urdu

   245. Rekhta

   246. Sansi / Sansiboli / Bhilki

   247. Kabutra

   248. Braj

   249. Kannauji

   250. Kauravi

   251. Bundeli / Bundelkhandi

   252. Bhaya

   253. Ghera / Bara

   254. Gowli

   255. Haryanvi

   256. Parya

   257. Ardhamagadhi Prakrit (extinct)

   258. Awadhi

   259. Fiji Hindi

   260. Bagheli

   261. Surgujia / Sargujia / Surgujia Chhattisgarhi / Bhandar

   262. Chhattisgarhi

   263. Eastern Indo-Aryan

   264. Magadhi Prakrit (extinct)

   265. Pali (extinct)

   266. Apabhramsa Avahatta / Abahattha (extinct)

   267. Bihari languages

   268. Bhojpuri

   269. Mauritian Bhojpuri

   270. Caribbean Hindustani

   271. Guyanese Hindustani

   272. Sarnami Hindustani / Sarnami Hindoestani

   273. Magahi / Magadhi

   274. Khortha

   275. Maithili

   276. Angika

   277. Thēthi

   278. Bajjika

   279. Kudmali / Kurmali / Panchpargania / Tamaria (কুর্মালী]] – কুড়মালি]] – Kur(a)mālī)

   280. Musasa

   281. Sadri / Sadani / Nagpuri

   282. Oraon Sadri

   283. Bengali-Assamese languages

   284. Bengali

   285. Bangali / Vangi

   286. Dobhashi

   287. Christian Bengali

   288. Dhakaiya Kutti or Puran Dhakaiya

   289. Mymensinghi

   290. Manbhumi

   291. Rarhi

   292. Shadhubasha

   293. Chôlitôbhasha

   294. Sundarbani

   295. Varendri

   296. Sylheti

   297. Chittagonian / Chattal

   298. Rohingya

   299. Kurmukar

   300. Bishnupriya Manipuri

   301. Chakma

   302. Tangchangya

   303. Hajong

   304. Noakhali

   305. Kayort

   306. Kharia Thar

   307. Lodhi (?)

   308. Kamarupi Prakrit / Kamrupi Apabhramsa (extinct)

   309. Surjapuri / Surajpuri

   310. Rangpuriya / Rangpuri / Rajbanshi / Rajbangsi / Kamtapuri / Deshi Bhasha / Uzani

   311. Kamtapuri

   312. Rajbanshi

   313. Rangpuri

   314. Old Assamese

   315. Assamese

   316. Standard Assamese

   317. Goalpariya

   318. Kamrupi/Kamarupi

   319. Odia languages

   320. Old Odia

   321. Odia proper

   322. Singhbhumi Odia

   323. Baleswari Odia

   324. Ganjami Odia

   325. Phulbani Odia

   326. Sundargadi Odia

   327. Kalahandia Odia

   328. Adivasi Oriya / Adivasi Odia

   329. Bodo Parja / Jharia

   330. Sambalpuri / Western Odia

   331. Reli / Relli

   332. Kupia

   333. Halbic

   334. Halbi

   335. Bhunjia

   336. Bhatri

   337. Kamar

   338. Mirgan/Panika

   339. Nahari

   340. Southern Indo-Aryan

   341. Maharashtri Prakrit (extinct)

   342. Marathi-Konkani

   343. Marathic

   344. Andh

   345. Berar-Deccan

   346. Kadodi

   347. Katkari

   348. Marathi

   349. Berar-Deccan?

   350. Judeo-Marathi

   351. Mumbai

   352. Thakri

   353. Thanjavur Marathi

   354. Varhadi

   355. Phudagi

   356. Varli

   357. Konkanic

   358. Canarese Konkani

   359. Konkani

   360. Maharashtri Konkani

   361. Agri

   362. Malvani

   363. Nawayathi

   364. Insular Indo-Aryan

   365. Sinhala-Maldivian

   366. Elu (extinct)

   367. Sinhala

   368. Rodiya

   369. Old Dhivehi

   370. Maldivian

2. Huvadhu

Balto-Slavic languages

The Balto-Slavic languages form a branch of the Indo-European language family, traditionally comprising the Baltic and Slavic languages. These languages share several linguistic traits not found in any other Indo-European branch,[3] which points to a period of common development and origin.

Baltic

1. Proto-Baltic (extinct)

   1. Dnieper-Oka (extinct)

      1. Golyad / East Galindian (extinct)

2. Eastern Baltic

   1. Latvian

      1. Old Latvian (Old Latgalian) (extinct)

      2. Latvian / Broad Latvian

         1. Standard Latgalian

      3. Latgalian / High Latgalian / High Latvian (Highland Latvian)

      4. Latgalian dialects

      5. Latgalian Proper / Non-Selonic

      6. Selonic

      7. Latvian (Lowland Latvian)

      8. Middle / Central

      9. Standard Latvian

      10. Middle / Central Proper / Vidzeme / Low Latgalian

      11. Semigallic

      12. Curonic / Latvian Curonian

      13. Kursenieki / Curonian Isthmus Latvian / New Curonian

      14. Livonic Latvian / Tamian

      15. Vidzeme Livonic / Central Region Livonic

      16. Courland / North Courland Livonic / Tāmnieku

   2. Selonian (extinct)

   3. Semigallian (extinct)

   4. Lithuanian

      1. Old Lithuanian (extinct)

      2. Lithuanian / Broad Lithuanian

      3. Lithuanian dialects

      4. Aukštaitian (Highland Lithuanian)

         1. Standard Lithuanian

         2. Eastern Lithuanian

         3. Western Lithuanian

         4. Suvalkian / Sudovic Aukštaitian

         5. Southern Lithuanian / Dzūkian

      5. Samogitian (Lowland Lithuanian)

         1. Southern Samogitian

         2. Northern / Curonic Samogitian

         3. Western Samogitian

3. Western Baltic

   1. Old Prussian / Baltic Prussian (extinct)

      1. New Prussian (Revived Prussian, (extinct))

   2. Skalvian (extinct)

   3. West Galindian / West Galindian (extinct)

   4. Sudovian / Yatvingian (extinct)

   5. Curonian / Old Curonian? (extinct)

   6. Pomeranian Baltic (extinct)

Slavic

• Proto-Slavic (extinct)

• East Slavic languages

  • Old East Slavic / Common East Slavic / Old Russian (broad sense of East Slavic) (extinct)

  • Southern Old East Slavic (all East Slavic except Old Novgorodian)

  • Ruthenian / Southwestern-Southern-Central Old East Slavic (extinct)

  • Southwestern Old East Slavic

  • Rusyn

  • Carpathian Rusyn

  • Hutsul / Eastern Carpathian

  • Boyko / North Carpathian

  • Transcarpathian

  • Lemko / West Carpathian

  • Pannonian Rusyn / Bačka Rusyn (East Slavic influenced by Slovak or a West Slavic language closer to Slovak)

  • Southern Old East Slavic

  • Ukrainian

  • Ukrainian dialects

  • Southwestern Ukrainian (Western Southern Ukrainian)

  • Volhynian-Podilian

  • Volhynian

  • Podolian

  • Galician–Bukovinian

  • Dniestrian / Upper Dniestrian / Opilia

  • Upper Sannian

  • Pokuttia–Bukovina

  • Diaspora dialect

  • Canadian Ukrainian

  • Southeastern Ukrainian (Eastern Southern Ukrainian)

  • Middle Dnieprian

  • Standard Ukrainian

  • Balachka / Kuban

  • Slobozhan

  • Steppe

  • Northern Ukrainian / Polesian / Polisian

  • East Polesian

  • Central Polesian

  • West Polesian

  • Motolian

  • Central Old East Slavic

  • Belarusian

  • Belarusian dialects

  • Southwestern Belarusian

  • Middle Belarusian

  • Northeastern Belarusian

  • Northeastern Old East Slavic

  • Russian

  • Russian dialects

  • Spoken mainly by Ethnic Russians

  • Southern Russian

  • Western / Russian-Belarusian

  • Upper Dnieperian

  • Upper Desnian

  • Kursk-Orel / Orlovsky

  • Tulian

  • Yeletsian

  • Oskolian

  • Ryazanian

  • Southern Russian Diaspora

  • Doukhobor

  • Central-Northern

  • Central Russian / Middle Russian

  • West Central

  • Pskovian

  • Lake Peipus

  • Gdovian

  • Novgorodian

  • Torzhokian

  • Saint-Petersburgish

  • Standard Russian (Saint-Petersburg Norm)

  • East Central

  • Moscow

  • Standard Russian (Moscow Norm)

  • Vladimirian-Volgan / Tverian-Vladimirian-Volgan

  • Chukhlomian (dialect island/enclave)

  • Astrakhan

  • Northern Russian

  • Ladogan-Tikhvinian

  • Belozeran-Bezhetsian

  • Onegan

  • Lachian

  • Kostromian

  • Vologdan

  • Pomor

  • Siberian

  • Alaskan

  • Russian Diaspora dialects (see Geographical distribution of Russian speakers)

  • Neighbouring countries of Russia (spoken by ethnic Russians)

  • Ukrainian

  • Belarusian

  • Latvian Russian

  • Lithuanian Russian

  • Estonian Russian

  • Kazakh Russian

  • Eastern Europe

  • Transnistrian Russian

  • North America

  • American Russian

  • Spoken by Non-Ethnic Russians (overlapping with native languages)

  • In Eastern Europe

  • Ukrainian (spoken by Ukrainians, not ethnic Russians)

  • Belarusian (spoken by Belarusians, not ethnic Russians)

  • Moldovan Russian (spoken by Moldovans, not ethnic Russians)

  • In Russia

  • European Russia

  • Mordvin Russian

  • Mari Russian

  • Udmurt Russian

  • Komi Russian

  • Karelian Russian

  • Chuvash Russian

  • Tatar Russian

  • Bashkir Russian

  • Siberia / Asian Russia

  • Buryat Russian

  • Chukchi Russian

  • Tuvan Russian

  • Russian Caucasus

  • Ossetian Russian

  • Circassian Russian

  • Abkhaz Russian

  • Chechen Russian

  • Dagestani Russian

  • In Southwest Asia / Middle East

  • Georgian Russian

  • Armenian Russian

  • Azerbaijani Russian

  • Israeli Russian (spoken by ethnic Jews)

  • In Central Asia

  • Kazakh Russian

  • Kyrgyz Russian

  • Uzbek Russian

  • Turkmen Russian

  • Tajik Russian

  • Northern / Northwestern Old East Slavic (extinct)

  • Proto-Novgorodian-Pskovian (extinct)

  • Old Novgorodian (extinct)

  • Mixed East Slavic languages

  • Mixed Russian-Belarusian-Ukrainian

  • Goryun / Horyun

  • Mixed Russian-Ukrainian

  • Surzhyk

  • Odesan

• West Slavic languages

  • Lechitic

  • East Lechitic

  • Old Polish (extinct)

  • Middle Polish (extinct)

  • Polish

  • Greater Polish

  • Bory Tucholskie

  • Chełmno-Dobrzyń

  • Central Greater Poland

  • Eastern Greater Poland

  • Kociewie

  • Krajna

  • Kujawy

  • Northern Greater Poland

  • Southern Greater Poland

  • Western Greater Poland

  • Lesser Polish

  • Biecz

  • Kielce

  • Eastern Kraków

  • Eastern Lublin

  • Lasovia

  • Limanowa

  • Łęczyca

  • Masovian Borderland

  • Podegrodzie

  • Przemyśl

  • Sieradz

  • Western Kraków

  • Western Lublin

  • Goral

  • Babia Góra

  • Bukovinian

  • Kliszczak

  • Kysuce

  • Liptov

  • Łącko

  • Ochotnica

  • Orawa

  • Pieniny

  • Piwniczna

  • Podhale

  • Spisz

  • Zagórze

  • Żywiec

  • Southern Borderlands dialect

  • Masovian / Mazovian

  • Białystok

  • Far Masovian

  • Kurpie

  • Łowicz

  • Lubawa

  • Masurian

  • Near Masovian

  • Ostróda

  • Podlachian

  • Suwałki

  • Warmian

  • Warsaw

  • Northern Borderlands dialect

  • New Mixed Dialects

  • Silesian / Upper Silesian / Slavic Silesian

  • Cieszyn

  • Lower Silesian

  • Chwalin (extinct)

  • Sulkovian

  • Prudnik

  • Niemodlin

  • Lachian

  • Texan

  • Middle Lechitic

  • Pomeranian

  • Kashubian

  • Slovincian (extinct)

  • Western Pomeranian (extinct)

  • West Lechitic (extinct)

  • Old Polabian

  • Rani

  • Marcho-Magdeburgian

  • Polabian / Drevanian / Lüneburg Wendish (extinct)

  • Czech-Slovak

  • Czech

  • Bohemian (Czech proper)

  • Biblical Czech

  • Standard Czech

  • Common Czech

  • Czechoslovak

  • Central Bohemian

  • Northeastern Bohemian

  • Southwestern Bohemian

  • Moravian

  • Bohemian–Moravian

  • Central Moravian

  • Eastern Moravian

  • Moravian Wallachian

  • Slovak / Slovakian

  • Western Slovak

  • Camaldolese Slovak

  • Central Slovak

  • Eastern Slovak

  • Pannonian Rusyn

  • Knaanic (extinct)

  • Sorbian

  • Lower Sorbian

  • Schleifer

  • Upper Sorbian

• South Slavic languages

  • Western South Slavic

  • Old Slovene / Alpine Slovene (=Slavic) / Carantanian

  • Slovene

  • Slovene dialects (dialect groups)

  • Southeastern

  • Eastern

  • Pannonian

  • Prekmurje Slovene

  • Northern Styrian

  • Southern

  • Southern Styrian

  • Upper Carniolan

  • Eastern Rovte

  • Lower Carniolan

  • Southeastern Littoral

  • Northwestern

  • Northern

  • Carinthian

  • Resian

  • Western

  • Soča-Idrija

  • Western Rovte

  • Venetian-Karst

  • Northwestern Littoral

  • Kajkavian-Chakavian-Shtokavian / Central South Slavic

  • Kajkavian

  • Gora

  • Križevci–Podravina

  • Lower Sutla

  • Prigorje

  • Turopolje–Posavina

  • Zagor–Međimurje

  • Chakavian

  • Central Chakavian / Middle Chakavian

  • Burgenland Croatian

  • Southern Chakavian

  • Southeastern Chakavian

  • Southwestern Istrian

  • Northern Chakavian

  • Buzet

  • Shtokavian

  • Western Shtokavian

  • Old Western Shtokavian

  • Slavonian (Archaic Šćakavian)

  • Šokac

  • Eastern Bosnian (Jekavian-Šćakavian)

  • New Western Shtokavian

  • Bosnian–Dalmatian (Western Ikavian / Younger Ikavian)

  • Bosnian-West Herzegovinian

  • Dalmatian

  • Slavomolisano

  • Bunjevac

  • New Southern Shtokavian

  • Southeastern

  • Užican / Užice / Zlatibor

  • Eastern Herzegovinian (Neo-Ijekavian)

  • Serbo-Croatian standards / Bosnian-Croatian-Montenegrin-Serbian

  • Serbian

  • Croatian

  • Bosnian

  • Montenegrin

  • Northwestern

  • Krajina

  • Southwestern

  • Dubrovnik subdialect (Western Ijekavian)

  • Eastern Shtokavian

  • Old Eastern Shtokavian

  • Smederevo–Vršac

  • Kosovo–Resava / Resava-North Kosovo (Older Ekavian)

  • Zeta–Raška / Zeta-South Sandžak (Đekavian-Ijekavian)

  • New Eastern Shtokavian

  • Šumadija–Vojvodina (Younger Ekavian)

  • Torlakian

  • Serbian Torlakian

  • Timok-Prizren / South Morava - South Kosovo

  • Timok-Lužnica

  • Svrljig-Zaplanje

  • South Morava-Prizren

  • Transitional Bulgarian dialects (closer to Torlakian)

  • Belogradchik dialect

  • Breznik dialect

  • Tran dialect

  • Northern Macedonian (closer to Torlakian)

  • Kriva Palanka dialect

  • Kumanovo dialect

  • Skopska Crna Gora dialect

  • Tetovo dialect

  • Gora dialect (Torlakian ou Slavic Macedonian)

  • Romanian Torlakian

  • Krashovani (ethnically Croatian but closer to Torlakian in dialect)

• Eastern South Slavic

  • Old Slavonic / Old Church Slavonic (not exclusively ecclesiastical) / Old East South Slavic (extinct)

  • Church Slavonic Proper

  • Old Church Slavonic

  • Church Slavonic

  • Modern East South Slavic (Slavic Bulgarian-Slavic Macedonian)

  • Bulgarian (Slavic Bulgarian)

  • Western Bulgarian

  • Northwestern

  • Vidin-Lom dialect

  • Byala Slatina-Pleven dialect

  • Southwestern

  • Vratsa dialect

  • Botevgrad dialect

  • Ihtiman dialect

  • Samokov dialect

  • Elin Pelin dialect

  • Sofia dialect

  • Dupnitsa dialect

  • Kyustendil dialect

  • Eastern Bulgarian

  • Moesian

  • Shumen dialect

  • Balkan

  • Central Balkan dialect

  • Kotel-Elena-Dryanovo dialect

  • Panagyurishte dialect

  • Pirdop dialect

  • Teteven dialect

  • Erkech dialect

  • Subbalkan dialect

  • Rup / Southeastern Bulgarian

  • "True" Rup

  • Strandzha dialect

  • Thracian dialect

  • Ser-Drama-Lagadin-Nevrokop dialect

  • Babyak dialect

  • Razlog dialect

  • Zlatograd dialect

  • Rhodopean

  • Hvoyna dialect

  • Chepino dialect

  • Smolyan dialect / Central Rhodope

  • Pomak dialect

  • Paulician dialect

  • Banat Bulgarian

  • Macedonian (Slavic Macedonian)

  • Standard Macedonian

  • Spoken Macedonian

  • Eastern-Southern

  • Eastern

  • Maleševo-Pirin dialect

  • Štip-Kočani dialect

  • Strumica dialect

  • Southern

  • Southeastern

  • Ser-Drama-Lagadin-Nevrokop dialect

  • Solun-Voden dialect

  • Southwestern

  • Kostur dialect

  • Nestram-Kostenar dialect

  • Western

  • Central

  • Skopje-Veles dialect

  • Kičevo-Poreče dialect

  • Prilep-Bitola dialect

  • Peripheral dialects

  • Gostivar dialect

  • Galičnik dialect

  • Reka dialect

  • Debar dialect

  • Ohrid dialect

  • Struga dialect

  • Upper Prespa dialect

  • Lower Prespa dialect

  • Vevčani-Radožda dialect