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Uncontacted peoples are groups of Indigenous peoples living without sustained contact with neighboring communities and the world community. Indigenous peoples in voluntary isolation are groups who decide to remain uncontacted.
Legal protections make estimating the total number of uncontacted peoples challenging, but estimates from the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights in the UN and the nonprofit group Survival International point to between 100 and 200 uncontacted tribes numbering up to 10,000 individuals total. In 2025, Survival International published the first comprehensive report on uncontacted peoples worldwide. It found robust evidence of 196 uncontacted peoples living in ten countries across South America, Asia and the Pacific. A majority of uncontacted peoples live in South America, particularly Brazil, where Survival International has found evidence of 124 groups.
The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights refers to uncontacted peoples as "indigenous peoples in voluntary isolation". The Commission defines these groups by their general rejection of contact with anyone outside of their own people. This definition also includes groups who have previously had sustained contact with the majority non-Indigenous society but have chosen to return to isolation and no longer maintain contact. As such, uncontacted peoples are contemporaries of modernity, not living in an anachronistic state of nature.
A 2009 United Nations report also classified "peoples in initial contact" as sharing the same characteristics who transition to regularly communicating with and integrating into mainstream society. To highlight their agency in staying uncontacted or isolated, international organizations emphasize calling them "Indigenous peoples in isolation" or "in voluntary isolation". Otherwise, they have also been called "hidden peoples" or "uncontacted tribes".
Historically, European colonial ideas of uncontacted peoples, and their colonial claims over them, were informed by the imagination of and search for Prester John, king of a wealthy Christian realm in isolation, as well as the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel, identifying uncontacted peoples as "lost tribes".
India
Sentinelese/North Sentinel Islanders
Shompen people (partially)
Indonesia
Baduy (partially)
Tobelo/Togutil (partially)
Polahi
Yaifo
Korowai
Inner Tobelo/O'Hongana Manyawa
Unidentified Highland Groups
Philippines
Tadasay (formerly)
Australia
Pintupi (formerly)
Papua New Guinea
Yaifo
Korowai
Unidentified Highland Groups
Bolivia
Toromona
Ayoreo people
Pacahuara
Brazil
Awá
Kawahiva
Korubu
Flecheiros (the "arrow people")
Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau
Himarimã
Unknown uncontacted peoples in Uru-Eu-Uaw-Uaw Indigenous Territory and Kampa Indigenous Territory and Envira River Isolated Peoples.
Piripkura
Tribe of "Man of the Hole"
124 groups of isolated peoples
Colombia
Nukak
Yuri/Carabayo
Passé
Ecuador
Tagaeri
Taromenane
Waorani (partially)
Paraguay
Ayoreo
Peru
Nomole
Machiguenga
Nanti
Asháninka
Mayoruna
Isconahua
Kapanawa
Yora
Murunahua
Chitonahua
Mastanahua
Kakataibo
Pananujuri
Matsés (formerly)
Venezuela
Hoti
Yanomami (partially)
Piaroa
Isu
Arawn's race
Humans
New Arendelle unknown tribe
Seattlean unknown tribe
Elves
Enchancian unknown tribe
Angels
New Maldonian unknown tribe
Orcs
New Maldonian unknown tribe
Ogre
Underland unknown tribe
Common Saurfolk
New Maldonian unknown tribe
Isu
unknown tribe
Humans
Maruvian
Elves
Maruvian unknown tribe
Dwarves
unknown tribe
Fairies
unknown tribe
Angels
unknown tribe
Orcs
unknown tribe
Ogres
unknown tribe
Giants
unknown tribe
TBA
TBA
TBA
TBA
TBA
TBA
TBA
TBA
TBA
TBA
TBA
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TBA
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