Synapsids
Sinapsido
Contents
Synapsids are a group of animals that includes mammals and every animal more closely related to mammals. The synapsids diversified again to become the largest land and marine animals on Earth like mammals. The non-mammalian synapsids were described as mammal-like reptiles in classical systematics are now more correctly referred to as stem mammals or proto-mammals.
Although Synapsida includes modern mammals, the term is most often used when referring to non-mammalian, non-therapsid synapsids.
List of Synapsids
Unclassified
Protoclepsydrops haplous
Driveria ponderosa
Gorgodon minutus
Knoxosaurus niteckii
Mastersonia driverensis
Dimacrodontidae
Dimacrodon hottoni
Diadectomorpha
Diadectes sideropelicus
Diadectes lentus
Diadectes tenuitectus
Diadectes carinatus
Diadectes absitus
Limnoscelis paludis
Limnoscelis dynatis
Limnostygis relictus
Tseajaia campi
Caseasaurs
The Caseasauria is one of the two major early synapsid clades, the other being Eupelycosauria. Caseasaurs are only known from the Late Carboniferous and Permian periods, and they are divided into two families: the small insectivorous or carnivorous Eothyrididae and the giant herbivorous Caseidae. These two groups share a variety of specialized traits related to snout and external naris morphology.
Eocasea martini
Asaphestera platyris
Eothyris parkeyi
Oedaleops campi
Vaughnictis smithae
Callibrachion gaudryi
Datheosaurus macrourus
Oromycter dolesorum
Phreatophasma aenigmatum
Martensius bromackerensis
Ruthenosaurus russellorum
Casea broilii
Casea halselli
Casea nicholsi
Ennatosaurus tecton
Euromycter rutenus
Caseopsis agilis
Caseoides sanangelensis
Arisierpeton simplex
Cotylorhynchus romeri
Cotylorhynchus bransoni
Cotylorhynchus hancocki
Angelosaurus greeni
Angelosaurus romeri
Angelosaurus dolani
Trichasaurus texensis
Varanopidae
The Varanopidae is an extinct family of amniotes that resembled monitor lizards and may have filled a similar niche, hence the name. Typically, they are considered synapsids that evolved from an Archaeothyris-like synapsid in the Late Carboniferous. However, some recent studies have recovered them being taxonomically closer to diapsid reptiles.
Apsisaurus witteri
Archaeovenator hamiltonensis
Ascendonanus nestleri
Eoscansor cobrensis
Dendromaia unamakiensis
Nitosaurus jacksonorumâ€
Pyozia mesenensis
Thrausmosaurus serratidens
Anningia megalops
Cabarzia trostheidei
Elliotsmithia longiceps
Heleosaurus scholtzi
Mesenosaurus romeri
Mesenosaurus efremovi
Microvaranops parentis
Mycterosaurus longiceps
Mycterosaurus smithae
Aerosaurus wellesi
Aerosaurus greenleeorum
Ruthiromia elcobriensis
Tambacarnifex unguifalcatus
Varanops brevirostris
Varanodon agilis
Watongia meieri
Archaeothyris florensis
Baldwinonus trux
Baldwinonus dunkardensis
Clepsydrops collettii
Clepsydrops natalis
Clepsydrops vinslovii
Echinerpeton intermedium
Ophiacodon mirus
Ophiacodon retroversus
Ophiacodon major
Ophiacodon navajovicus
Ophiacodon uniformis
Ophiacodon hilli
Stereophallodon ciscoensis
Stereorhachis dominans
Varanosaurus acutirostris
Varanosaurus wichitaensis
Haptodontiformes
Ianthodon schultzei
Milosaurus mccordi
Bohemuclavulus mirabilis
Common Thornfin (Edaphosaurus pogonias)
Great Thornfin (Edaphosaurus cruciger)
Small Thornfin (Edaphosaurus boanerges)
Central Thornfin (Edaphosaurus colohistion)
Glaucosaurus megalops
Gordodon kraineri
Ianthasaurus hardestii
Lupeosaurus kayi
Ramodendron obvispinosum
Remigiomontanus robustus
Xyrospondylus ecordi
Haptodus baylei
Haptodus garnettensis
Kenomagnathus scottae
Sphenacodontidae
The Sphenacodontia is a stem-based clade of derived synapsids. It was defined by Amson and Laurin (2011) as "the largest clade that includes Haptodus baylei, Haptodus garnettensis, and Sphenacodon ferox, but not Edaphosaurus pogonias". Basal Sphenacodontia are a transitional evolutionary lineage from early pelycosaurs to ancestral therapsids (which were the ancestors of more evolved forms and, eventually, mammals). Sphenacodontians could be considered proto-therapsids (despite the fact that therapsid progenitors diverged from other sphenacodontians around 30 million years ago and therapsids first appeared in the fossil record).
Cutleria wilmarthi
Tetraceratops insignis
Shashajaia bermani
Ctenorhachis jacksoni
Macromerion schwartzenbergii
Eosyodon hudsoni
Secodontosaurus obtusidens
Secodontosaurus willistoni
Steppesaurus gurleyi
Tappenosaurus magnus
Cryptovenator hirschbergeri
Ctenospondylus casei
Sailbusta (Dimetrodon limbatus)
Equiteskam (Dimetrodon angelensis)
Common Iletivotte (Dimetrodon borealis)
Giant Iletivotte (Dimetrodon grandis)
Texan Iletivotte (Dimetrodon loomisi)
Miller's Iletivotte (Dimetrodon milleri)
Broadwave (Dimetrodon natalis)
Arizonan Iletivotte (Dimetrodon occidentalis)
Dimetrodon teutonis
Dimetrodon booneorum
Dimetrodon dollovianus
Dimetrodon gigahomogenes
Dimetrodon macrospondylus
Neosaurus cynodus
Sphenacodon ferox
Sphenacodon ferocior
Bunyip (Flumenelar australis)
Palaeohatteriidae
Palaeohatteria longicaudata
Pantelosaurus saxonicus
Therapsida Unclassifed
Raranimus dashankouensis
Dinosaurus murchisonii
Biarmosuchia
Alrausuchus tagax
Herpetoskylax hopsoni
Ictidorhinus martinsi
Lycaenodon longiceps
Microurania minima
Niaftasuchus zekkeli
Rubidgina angusticeps
Ustia atra
Wantulignathus gwembensis
Eotitanosuchus olsoni
Kamagorgon ulanovi
Ivantosaurus ensifer
Biarmosuchus tener
Biarmosuchus tchudinovii
Biarmosuchoides romanovi
Lemurosaurus pricei
Lende chiweta
Lobalopex mordax
Lophorhinus willodenensis
Bullacephalus jacksoni
Burnetia mirabilis
Borwhologina (Leucocephalus wewersi)
Mobaceras zambeziense
Niuksenitia sukhonensis
Pachydectes elsi
Nikkasaurus tatarinovi
Reiszia gubini
Reiszia tippula
Paraburnetia sneeubergensis
Proburnetia viatkensis
Hipposauroides rubidgei
Hipposaurus boonstrai
Hipposaurus brinki
Pseudhipposaurus kitchingi
Bullacephalus
Burnetia
Leucocephalus
Mobaceras
Niuksenitia
Pachydectes
Paraburnetia
Proburnetia
Isengops
Lemurosaurus
Lende chiweta
Lobalopex
Lophorhinus
Dinocephalia
Driveria ponderosa
Anteosaurus magnificus
Sinophoneus yumenensis
Titanophoneus potens
Titanophoneus adamanteus
Keratocephalus moloch
Estemmenosuchus mirabilis
Estemmenosuchus uralensis
Mormosaurus seeleyi
Tapinocaninus pamelae
Molybdopygus arcanus
Parabradysaurus udmurticus
Phreatosaurus bazhovi
Phreatosaurus menneri
Phreatosuchus qualeni
Phthinosuchus discors
Phthinosaurus borrisiaki
Rhopalodon wangenheimi
Archaeosyodon praeventor
Microsyodon orlovi
Australosyodon nyaphuli
Notosyodon gusevi
Pampaphoneus biccai
Syodon biarmicum
Criocephalus vanderbyli
Criocephalus gunyankaensis
Keratocephalus moloch
Moschops capensis
Moschops koupensis
Riebeeckosaurus longirostris
Struthiocephalus whaitsi
Tapinocephalus atherstonei
Ulemosaurus svijagensis
Ulemosaurus gigas
Brithopus priscus
Deuterosaurus biarmicus
Deuterosaurus gigas
Deuterosaurus jubilaei
Deuterosaurus mnemonialis
Deuterosaurus seeleyi
Orthopus primaevus
Jonkeria truculenta
Jonkeria boonstrai
Jonkeria haughtoni
Jonkeria ingens
Jonkeria koupensis
Jonkeria parva
Jonkeria rossouwi
Jonkeria vanderbyli
Lamiasaurus newtoni
Styracocephalus platyrhynchus
Enobius strubeni
Scullya gigas
Titanosuchus ferox
Gray Diplodoterro (Pseudosauropodus rex)
Tropical Diplodoterro (Pseudosauropodus tropicalis)
Taiga Diplodoterro (Pseudosauropodus huberti)
Tundra Diplodoterro (Pseudosauropodus andersoni)
Polar Diplodoterro (Pseudosauropodus borealis)
Caledonian Diplodoterro (Pseudosauropodus calendonicus)
Desert Diplodoterro (Pseudosauropodus saharicus)
Waterfall Diplodoterro (Pseudosauropodus cataracta)
Volcano Diplodoterro (Pseudosauropodus volcanus)
Salted Diplodoterro (Pseudosauropodus salsus)
Lunar Diplodoterro (Pseudosauropodus luna)
Anomodonts
Biseridens qilianicus
Patranomodon nyaphulii
Anomocephalus africanus
Tiarajuaga (Tiarajudens eccentricus)
Otsheria netzvetajevi
Parasuminia ivakhnenkoi
Ulemica invisa
Ulemica efremovi
Venyukov's Pigsaur (Venyukovia prima)
Galechirus scholtzi
Galeops whaitsi
Galepus jouberti
Colobodectes cluveri
Eodicynodon oosthuizeni
Abajudon kaayaiâ€
Endothiodon bathystoma
Lanthanostegus mohoii
Niassodon mfumukasi
Eurychororhinus boonstrai
Pristerodon mackayi
Synostocephalus vanhoepeni
Pylaecephalidae
Ratpig (Diictodon feliceps)
Dawn Ratpig (Eosimops newtoni)
Prosictodon dubei
Robertia broomiana
Emydopoidea
Compsodon
Digalodon
Emydorhinus
Emydops
Myosaurus
Palemydops
Dicynodontoides
Kombuisia
Thliptosaurus
Cistecephaloides
Cistecephalus
Kawingasaurus
Kembawacela
Sauroscaptor
Bidentalia Unclassifies
Rastodon
Syops
Cryptodontia
Daqingshanodon
Idelesaurus
Keyseria
Odontocyclops
Kitchinganomodon
Rhachiocephalus
Australobarbarus
Oudenodon
Tropidostoma dunnii
Aulacephalodon bainii
Bulbasaurus phylloxyron
Geikia elginensis
Geikia locusticeps
Pelanomodon moschops
Counillonia
Daptocephalus
Delectosaurus
Dicynodon
Dinanomodon
Elph borealis
Gordonia
Interpresosaurus
Katumbia
Kunpania
Peramodon
Repelinosaurus
Taoheodon
Turfanodon
Vivaxosaurus
Basilodon woodwardi
Euptychognathus bathyrhynchus
Jimusaria sinkianensis
Kwazulusaurus shakai
Lystrosaurus murrayi
Lystrosaurus georgi
Lystrosaurus hedini
Lystrosaurus declivis
Lystrosaurus maccaigi
Lystrosaurus curvatus
Sintocephalus alticeps
Kannemeyeriiformes
Angonisaurus
Dinodontosaurus
Elephantosaurus
Acratophorus
Dolichuranus
Kannemeyeria
Parakannemeyeria
Rabidosaurus
Rechnisaurus
Rhadiodromus
Shaanbeikannemeyeria
Sinokannemeyeria
Uralokannemeyeria
Wadiasaurus
Xiyukannemeyeria
Shansiodon
Tetragonias
Vinceria
Rhinodicynodon
Sungeodon
Lisowicia
Moghreberia
Pentasaurus
Placerias
Zambiasaurus
Eubrachiosaurus
Ischigualastia
Jachaleria
Sangusaurus
Stahleckeria
Ufudocyclops
Gorgonopsians
Ural Vulchae (Inostrancevia uralensis)
Common Vulchae (Inostrancevia latifrons)
South African Vulchae (Inostrancevia africana)
Nochnitsa geminidens
Viatkogorgon ivachnenkoi
Suchogorgon golubevi
Sauroctonus progressus
Pravoslavlevia parva
Phorcys dubei
Eriphostoma microdon
Gorgonops torvus
Cynariops robustus
Lycaenops ornatus
Lycaenops angusticeps
Lycaenops microdon
Lycaenops sollasi
Smilesaurus ferox
Arctops willistoni
Arctognathus curvimola
Aelurognathus tigriceps
Ruhuhucerberus haughtoni
Sycosaurus laticeps
Leontosaurus vanderhorsti
Dinogorgon rubidgei
Rubidgea atrox
Rubidgea platyrhina
Rubidgea majora
Cynodonts (Cynodontia)
African Behemoth (Gigantodemonus aegyptica)
Senegal Behemoth (Gigantodemonus senegalensis)
Madagascan Behemoth (Gigantodemonus madagascarensis)
Brown Murio (Murimilis fuscus)
Black Murio (Murimilis nigerus)
Rice Murio (Murimilis orysus)
Ship Murio (Murimilis exalus)
Giant Murio (Murimilis gigantus)
Grotto Murio (Murimilis pierrei)
Reinachan Murio (Murimilis taego)
Dinojerullese Murio (Murimilis berbanica)
Riverside Murio (Murimilis flumenatator)
Northern Flying Murio (Aeromurimilis navignei)
Southern Flying Murio (Aeromurimilis australis)
Cliffside Scaled Murio (Squamacaudamus praedicus)
Black Taopa-murio (Talpamurimilis nigerus)
White Taopa-murio (Talpamurimilis borealis)
Blue Taopa-murio (Talpamurimilis laurenti)
Forest Moseraiga (Pseudotupaia hannah)
Old Baltimore Moseraiga (Pseudotupaia zenaidai)
Temple Moseraiga (Pseudotupaia urbabitus)
Snowy Moseraiga (Pseudotupaia nixabitus)
Desert Moseraiga (Pseudotupaia arenabitus)
Pine Moseraiga (Pseudotupaia audellai)
Common Titeapitcha (Pseudopithecus pan)
Horatian Titeapitcha (Pseudopithecus ascunsianensis)
Audella Porecheta Titeapitcha (Pseudopithecus poreshetica)
Polar Titeapitcha (Pseudopithecus borealis)
Desert Titeapitcha (Pseudopithecus saharicus)
Eastern Titeapitcha (Pseudopithecus curiosita)
Swamp Titeapitcha (Pseudopithecus flumenlucus)
Waterfall Titeapitcha (Pseudopithecus cataractus)
Ashen Sawhead (Xipharhinopteryx pyrophilos)
Therocephalians (Therocephalia)
Nanictidops kitchingi
Purlovia maxima