DERR 22 JNIUX
SEWKUNWHAK, BENXIK, IAMRJINGR
Ihak naxx jinwvo, vni ee guaninx naxx qangxqiur, lanw jaix vni ee enqor kacc je si dui’ bisingbut kiw. Qinrlaii isingx kacc benw qongw qangxqiur jiaxee bisingbut ee su. Kacc jaw ee sijun, lanw ee jow m jaix u bisingbut acc si byy. Qaur qinrlaii isingx dniardnia decc cue simxmic sinx ee bisingbut. U snax xee huatdo, I sisiongx decc ing laii vangjan ix ee qangxqiur: Derr id, henxbiqnia; jitt xee kiwqu, e jiong’ derr id ser, bagjiux soxx knuar be qnir ee mic kokdua, hro inx knuar e bingg. Derr zi, si vuengiuxhuad (培養法, culture method; derr 186, 187, 188 doo). Jitt hy vuengiuxhuad si ing qxax, gubacjiab, huiccingx, gulingx, hanjuu, haixcair (agar-agar), jiaxee mic laii cri sewkunw hro ix huatsnix; jiacc qycjaiww jiong’ sinx ee sewkunw laii qiamxgiam. Derr snax, si ing nixsig kacc hyw :ee, tagx kacc kuaix knuar diyc hitt xee bisingbut.
Bisingbut (微生物, micro-organism) si simxmic qexsueh? “Bii” .zri si ser ser, iur iur, “singx” .zri si uac, “but” .zri si huanrr soxu :ee, zinbut, mic, jiurr si ser ser uac ee mic. Bisingbut jiurr si uahmic ee diongqanx derr id ser mic, tangx hunx juer nng jxingw;
1. Sidbudsingr (植物性微生物, Vegetable organisim).
2. Dongrbudsingr bisingbut (動物性微生物, Animal organism).
Muidok, malaria zet, ciacli ee jit hxang ee guaninx, si dongrbudsingr bisingbut, jongw .si dirr jiax soxx beh qongw kiw :ee, kacc je si sidbudsingr :ee. Jiaxx sidbudsingr ee bisingbut, u hunx quixnarr jxingw, dirr jiaxee diongqanx, sewkunw si derr id iauwqinw :ee. Qanxsingw laii qir bisingbut ee viyw jiauww erdew:
Sewkunw ee tew u nng hxang laii jniaa ix, lairbin :ee jiurr si cringx cringx byy sig qui’ liap ee kuanxsid, qiyr juer guanhingjid (元形質, protoplasm). Guarbin vingg u tauwqngx ee vaumoc, byy cincniu vingsiongg ee jojid sewvaux, jiaxee jongxmiaa qiyr juer sewkunw (細菌, bacteria; derr 185 a, 185 b, 185 d, 189 doo).
Hingjong: Vingsiongg :ee hunx juer snax kuanw:
1. Qiukunw (球菌, Cocci): Jiauww ix ee miaa soxx qongw ngiqiujong, acc si vnixqiujong. Jitt xee qiukunw, uree qanda’ jit liap, uree quixnarr liap dirr siang soxjai; hitt xee miaa byy siysiang. Nng liap sna’ uaw, qiyr juer siangqiukunw (diplococci). Narr snaqab juer jit din, cincniu pudyy ee kuanw, qiyr juer pudyy jongrqiukunw (葡萄狀球菌, staphylococci). Lensuar dngg dngg cincniu len-aw ee kuanw, qiyr juer lensyw jongrqiukunw (連鎖狀球菌, streptococci).
2. Qanxjongrkunw (桿狀菌, bacilli), jiurr si ser qix, dit dit ee kuanxsid.
3. Lesuankunw (螺旋菌, spirilla), cincniu lorsix ee kuanw, u uankiog.
Sewkunw beh uac, ix ee qingxgu diyhh jiauww qir dirr erdew ee mic:
1. Juixhun.
2. Sidbut, cincniu nngrvehjid, acc si bacjiab, siw ee bh hitt hy.
3. Duxhyw ee undo. Jiacc e huat’iok.
Anxjnaixngiu e hro sewkunw qaqi siw? Byy sidbut, dax .kir, zit ee qngx acc si lingxkir jiurr si byy hac ix soxx uaxkyr ee undo, siaudog’iyc.
Dirr kacc dua qingx ee i’ngi, u kacc je isingx tangx draur kaciuw, jiurr kyxiw mrbenw hro kanwho bongx diyc hiaxee beh qin siongcuir soxx ing ee mic, jongw .si kanwho diyhh jamxzenn jaix bet bisingbut ee huatdo.
Soxx ing ee siaudok hxuad: Siyx dax zet acc si damm zet. Diyhh qunw 15 hunx quw.
Iyc, derr id siongrr ing :ee jiurr si acidum carbolicum, hydrargyri perchloridum, qapp lotio iodi.
Sewkunw dirr dyc’ui? Dirr kongkir nirr, dirr juiw nirr iarr u. Kongkir ee diongqanx din’aix kacc je ee sii, jiurr camx kacc je, kongkir narr diam diam, iarr kacc byy din’aix jiurr sewkunw kacc jiyw. Dirr too nirr u sewkunw, dongrbudtew, puehux, mnglongg, hanrjnuaa, cuir, cuiwkixzinn, siauhuawkir, dagg xui ee soxjai longxx u sewkunw. Vingsiongg cingkir, iauxx bue siaudok ee ciuw nirr u cavutdyx jit-vah jxingw ee bisingbut, jongw .si jiaxee m si longxjongw e hro langg huatvni, uree e huatvnirsingr, uree be.
Sewkunw jnaixngiu e hro langg puawvni? Jiaxee sewkunw narr qaur langg ee sintew, byy itding e tuanziamw, si in’ui langg u dixkongr sewkunw ee lat. Langg narr kacc iongw, jitt xee lat jiurr kacc je, langg narr sueziok jitt xee langg kacc jiyw, kacc kuair ziamw .diyc. Puehux ixqip liammoc, narr u siongx, acc si quanjad narr siursiongx, jiurr hro sewkunw kacc kuair zip. Jitt hy dixkongwlat narr kacc qiongg, langg jiurr kacc be puawvni. Langg narr hyw qingxgu (境遇, environment), ix ee dixkongwlat e kacc qiongg; narr pnaiw qingxgu, jitt hyw lat jiurr kacc ziok. Cincniu langg druar dirr akjag ee soxjai, kacc byy sinx ee kongkir, sidbut byy qauwgiac, juer qangx acc si tak ceh quewtauu, u banrsingwvni, jiaxee e hro dixkongwlat qiamxjiyw, drir qaur kacc e duw diyc puawvni.
Benxik
Langg acc si hardingw ee dongrbut, duw diyc tuanziamxvni ee guaninx, e qapp ix duiwkongr, laii benw did hro ix huatvni, jitt xee qiyr juer benxik (免疫, immunity). Be qamxsiu tuanziamw vni dok ee singr, jitt xee qiyr juer benxigsingr. Benxik ee jingxlui hunx juer sentenx benxik (先天免疫, natural immunity), hortenx benxik (後天免疫, acquired immunity).
Sentenx benxik, si dui’ cutsir jurzenn u benxigsingr. Cincniu qxauw be ziamw diyc siyxdngzet, acc si langg vingsiongg soxx e ziamw .diyc ee tuanziamxvni. Lun jiaxee vni si in’ui qxauw u sentensingr benxik ee dixkongwlat. Uree langg narr jingr jxux, be cud jxux, si in’ui ix u tenzenjux (small-pox) sentenx benxik.
Hortenx benxik, si langg cutsir liauxau, soxx sriu .diyc ee benxik. Jitt hy hortenx benxik u hunx juer nng kuanw.:
1. Jurdong benxik (自動免疫, Active immunity).
2. Tnadong benxik (他動免疫, Passive immunity).
Jurdong benxik jiurr si dui’ vnirlangg vunxsinx singkux soxx huathen ee benxik, jiauww hitt xee e qongw jurdong, qaqi dinxdng. Jitt hy jurdong benxik u nng diauu lo tangx hro langg did .diyc: (1) qingquer puawvni liauw, (2) dui’ jingr jxux, jiurr si langg ee qngx juer :ee.
Langg narr qingquer tuanzimxvni, jitt xee vni ee guanin (sewkunw) e ciwqig ix ee huih, hro huih huathen jitt hy benxigjid (immune body), drir qaur hitt xee langg mrbenw qycc ziamw diyc jitt xee vni; cincniu langg duw diyc tenzenjux, hyw liauxau, narr qapp u jitt hy vni ee vnirlangg qauvuee, iuguann be ziamw .diyc; in’ui ix singkux-lai u snix benxigjid; jitt xee dui’ qingquer vni did diyc ee benxik, ursii jit siwlangg be qycc ziamw .diyc, cincniu jiaxee vni:
Singhongzet (猩紅熱, Scarlet fever).
Juixjux (水痘, Varicella).
Hnirerjnua’iam (耳下腺炎, Parotits).
Siyxdngzet (小腸熱, Enteric fever).
Huatjinxjiwhusuzet (發疹窒扶斯熱, Typhus fever).
Langg narr qingquer jiaxee vni, e qycc ziamw diyc si hranw .did. Bad u langg ziamw diyc siyxdngzet derr zi vaiw, jongw .si jitt xee iuguann si hranw .did. Qingquer vadd kuanw ee vni soxx sriu .diyc ee benxigjid, si siyxkuaw, iarr jitt xee benxik si jiamrsii nardnia. Jiaxee vni si cincniu:
Dandok (丹毒, Erysipelas).
Malaria zet.
Sidhudiklixaw (實扶的里亞, Diphtheria).
Hiwiam (肺炎, Pneumonia).
Luxmajitsux (僂痲質斯, Rheumatism). Langg narr qingquer jiaxee vni, qycc jit vaiw qycc ziamw .diyc, si viw byy ziamw .diyc ee langg, qyckacc kuair.
Narr ing hitt hy vniee guaninx ee dok, kacc kinx ee giahsor laii ziamw diyc langg, ix e duw diyc hitt xee vni, jongw .si kacc :ee. Cincniu jingr jxux ee sii, si beh hro langg singkux-lai, ziamw diyc kacc kinx ee tenzenjux. Qingquer jitt hy vni ee sii, jiauww dingxbin soxx qongw, langg ee singkux-lai e huathen benxigjid. Jitt xee qiyr juer zinqongx benxik (人工免疫) hxuad ee jit jxingw, iarr si jurdong benxik.
Narr ing hitt xee jurdong benxigsingr ee dongrbut huicingx, laii juwsia derr zi xee dongrbut acc si langg, liamvnix e hro jitt xee sriu diyc ee dongrbut did diyc benxigjid. Jitt xee qiyr juer tnadongrbenxik. Jitt xee si in’ui hitt jiah dongrbut ee huih u huathen benxigjid, acc si tangx qiyr juer kongwdogsor (抗毒素, antitoxin); iarr jitt hy huicing qiyr juer kongwdok huiccingx (抗毒血清, antitoxic serum). [Iarr knuar derr 37 jniux]. Dirr erdew ee viyw u qir quixnarr jxingw ee benxik:
Iamrjingr
Iamrjingr jiurr si langg singkux ee jojid sriud iyc siongx liauxau, soxx duw .diyc ee venwngua ix guanvunw ee hingjong. Cincniu sintew bylun simxmic soxjai, si kap .diyc laii siursiongx, soxx kap .diyc ee jojid byy siw, iarr e henw cud ocnisig, acc si angsig. Iamrjingr u kindang ee hunved.
Iamrjinge ee enqor dairliok u go kuanw:
1. Dui’ vuac .diyc, kap .diyc, pah .diyc, siongx .diyc, longxx sngr jairlai.
2. Ing iyc :ee, cincniu ing kixiamrjex acc si ziaw kiw puebah ee iyc, cincniu qaiwluac hitt kuanw, acc si oleum crotonis ee iyc, acc si acidum carbolicum ee iyc.
3. In’ui bisingbut jauw zip kir dirr langg ee jojid ee diongqanx, jiurr e huat’iamx.
4. Danwsiongx, huexsiongx.
5. Denrkiwsiongx.
Air jaix iamrjingr ee hingjong, narr ing qaiwluac vavor he langg ee puebah-dingw, jiurr tangx ciwgiam.
1. Ing qaiwluac vavor he hyw puebah ee dingxbin, u jap hunjingx quw, jiurr henw cud iamrjingr ee kuanxsid, jongw .si hitt xee angsig ee puee, narr ing lat qra ix cic, angsig e suaw kuix .kir.
2. Ing qaiwluac vavor narr he u jit diamxjingx quw, hitt xee iam jiurr kacc dang, suizenn ing lat qra ix cic, angsig be suaw kuix .kir.
3. Narr qycc qex he jit diamxjingx, hitt xee angsig m na be suaw kuix, qycc e pongwpa.
Dingxbin jitt snax hxang huatdo, qaiww kuair ciwgiam, jongw .si narr ing vadd mic kuanw ee ziaxdong puebah ee iyc, cincniu acidum aceticum, iarr e ciwgiam .did.
Dingxbin soxx qongw: 1. Derr id dxo si huih sniu’ je ee iamrjing, in’ui hro qaiwluac vavor amx lehh ee soxjai, huicqngw huatdniur, itt ui soxx lrauu .laii ee huih, viw vingsiongg soxx u ee huih kacc je, cic ee sii, angsig e suaw kuix .kir, anxnix tangx jaix hitt der ee huih, iauxquxx e liutongx e dinxdang. Jitt kuanw qiyr juer cionghuih (充血, hyperaemia.).
2. Derr zi dxo iamrjingr ee sii, ing ciuw cic, hitt xee angsig longxx byy jauxjuac, hex miaa qiyr huethingg jingrjiw (血行靜止, stasis), ursii qiyr juer uthuih (鬱血).
3. Derr snax dxo narr knuar qnir puebah pongwpa, jiurr tangx jaix huih diong’ngx ee huicjniux qapp huih sna’ lirkuix, siamr dirr guarpuee ee erdew jann, jex miaa qiyr siamwcutsingx iamrjingr (滲出性炎症, exudation).
Derr id hyw ee ciwgiamrhuad, si ing henxbiqniar laii knuar suixqejniuw, jiurr si tauwqngx ee moc, tauwbingg ee jojid, jiurr e knuar qnir mngsewhuicqngw-lai ee ciachuicqiuu, qapp vehhuicqiuu, decc liuhingg ee kuanxsid, qapp dingxbin soxx qongw iamrjingr ee hingjong. Narr dirr sox knuar qnir ee huicqiuu dinxdang ee soxjai, siyxkuaw qra ix diamw damrvyc kixiamrjex cincniu acidum aceticum, jiurr tangx knuar qnir, mngsewchuicqngw kokdiong; qngw-lai ee huih decc lrauu, decc dinxdang, viw vingsiongg qyckacc kuair. Hitt sii narr qra ix cic, hitt xee angsig e suaw kuix, hitt xee huih iuguann elrauu e dinxdang, soxiw miaa qiyr juer cionghuih (充血, hyperaemia), iwsur si huih sniu’ je. Jitt xee si derr id dxo.
Narr knuar qnir huih unrdong jiamrjiam u kacc ban, diab aw quw jiacc tingg .kir, jitt sii narr ing lat qra ix cic, hitt xee angsig byy suaw xui, soxiw miaa juer hethingg jingrjiw (血行靜止, stasis), acc si uthuih. Jitt xee si derr zi dxo.
Qycc knuar qnir huih-diongx ee huicjniux, dui’ mngsewhuicqngw siamr .cud .laii, soxiw qiyr siamwcutsingwiam. Jitt xee si derr snax dxo.
Dui’ anxnix tangx jaix, vingsiongg langg ee huih, qapp bah si siongsiongg dui’ qetdewjid ee mngsewhuicqngw laii qau’ngua din’ik; iarr kuanxsid si jiauww dingxbin.
Iamrjingr ee sii, huih nirr ee huicjniux dui’ mngsewhuicqngw siamr cud sniu’ je, puee jiurr e kiw pa. Cincniu ing qaiwluac vavor hro langg ee puebah kiw pa, hitt xee huih ee vehqiuu siamr .cud .laii, huicjniux iarr siamr .cud .laii, ciachuicqiuu iarr cud laii huicqngw-gua, qaur qetdewjid.
Vehhuicqiuu u jit xee digvet ee miaa, qiyr juer jiahkunw sewvaux (食菌細胞, phagocyte). Jitt xee si naxx cincniu saur qelo :ee, in’ui ix ee qong’iong ee jit hxang si decc jiac huih-lai itkair byy loring ee mic, qapp decc siauhuar longxjongw ee bisingbut, qra ix pacbet; tinghau ix soxx diyhh juer ee su juer liauw, ix vunw tew iarr suar siauhuar byy .kir (derr 190 doo).
Dingxbin soxx qongw iamrjingr ee enqor, qapp iarjingr ee jingwjong iarr diyhh jaix.
Iamrjingr jingwjong ee jongw lun u nng kuanw: (1) qanda’ jit soxjai huat’iam, (2) qui’ singkux longxx byy knuawuac. Jingwjong u go kuanw.
1. Angg (Redness).
2. Jingxdniur (Swelling).
3. Zet (Heat).
4. Tniar (Pain).
5. Quanlingg joxgai (官能阻碍, Loss of function).
Narr si jitt go hxang longxx u, jiurr jaix dniardiyc si iamrjingr; narr go hxang ee diongqanx qanda’ jit hxang, jiurr be tangx quatding si iamrjingr, acc m si.
1. Huad angg si huicqngw dniur, viw vingsiongg sii ee huih kacc je, hitt xee angg si dui’ ciachuicqiuu je ee enqor. Angsig ee duarsiyw, si jairr iam ee kindang. Narr si e kuair hyw ee iamrjing, ix ee sig jin’ angg iarr kacc cringx. Narr kacc yh did hyw ee iamrjingr, hitt xee angg ee soxjai e ocnix. Huad cud osig, dairkair si in’ui huih-lai ciacqiuu ee vairhuai hiuxnua ee enqor. Narr si vuahdyw, kok .diyc, hitt hy ee siongx e ocnix, dairkair si jitt xee iwsur.
2. U iam ee soxjai, huad jingw ee kuanxsid, si dui’ huicqngw lrauu cud ee huicjniux, laii jikju dirr puee-xe qetdewjid, soxiw jiacc e jingw. Hitt xee jingw ee ui, ursii narr cic jiurr jit lab, ursii be. Kacc kuair huad jingw ee soxjai, kacc je si dirr langg singkux ee qetdewjid. Narr si dirr qud, acc si gni ee ui, jiurr kacc be jingw, setsuw u jingw, iarr be cincniu nngw bah ee soxjai hiacc dua ziah.
3. Huat’iam ee soxjai, bongx liauw u siyx, vnirlangg iarr qaqi jaix u zet, jex si huih je, qapp huat’iam ee enqor.
4. Langg singkux huat’iam ee jingw, tniar, longxx byy siysiang. Nar ing kacc ling kacc nngw qapp kacc ann ee soxjai laii vixqaur, qniwnarr puebah kacc ann ee ui, acc si dirr qud ee xui, kacc siongg e viw nngw bah ee xui kacc tniar, in’ui sinqingx hro hitt xee dniur ee lat apvig ee enqor.
5. Langg singkux bylun simxmic soxjai e tniar, ix byy air dinxdang, soxiw narr u iamrjingr, quanlingg jiurr joxgai.
Langg kixtauu jit soxjai huat’iam, qiamxcaiw byy siyxsimx idi, hitt xee iam ee dok jiurr tuanvor dirr tong’ singkux, hro langg’ qui’ singkux longxx byy ving’anx; jex miaa qiyr huat’iam ee juann srinx jxingr. Huat’iam juann srinx jxingr, langg e huatsiy, singkux byy songxkuair, kax ciuw sngnngw, taukag tniar, byy air jiahvng, siauxsuiw angg, mehpog e kacc qinw, jic u jihtaix, narr kacc siongdiong, ursii m jaix langg, iarr huatdiy, zet kacc kuair, lamrsamw qongxue. Narr hiacnirr dang si guihiamw ee diaurtauu.
Huatsiyx ee duarsiyw, longxx si quanhe huat’iam ee kindang. Ursii qiamxcaiw jit langg ee singkux, u nng liap ee dua lang’iongg (膿瘍, abscess), hitt xee langg iarr be simxmic byy songxkuair; narr u jingw .kiw .laii, huad qetdewjid iamrjing, ix ee singkux dniardiyc si byy songxkuair, hitt xee huatzet iarr jin’ dang.
Narr si qinxqib vni, ursii singkux ee zeddo u 104∘F. (40∘C.) acc si 105 dxo F. (40.6∘C.), ix ee mec qinw, qycc u lat. Jex miaa qiyr qiongjongr zedvni (強壯熱病, sthenin fever). Sintew vnirjong ee huatsiyx ursii vingw dingxbin soxx qongw, qex jin’ dang. Ix huatzet ee kuanw si hunhunx-dimdimm, lamrsamw qongw. Singkux longxx m air gniauc, jic qapp cuiwdunn e vnir jixsig, mehpog iarr qinw, qycc byy lat. Jex miaa qiyr luanxziok ee zevni (asthenic fever) ursii qiyr juer byy-lat-zet.
Iamrjingr qingquer ee venwngua si jiauww qir dirr erbin:
Derr id: si iamrjingr qaqi tingjiw, u vni ee soxjai, qapp hyw bah siysiang, jex qiyr juer iamrsiausnuar (炎消散, resolution). Hitt sii narr ix ee huicqngw-lai ee huih, byy huar ding, ix ee huih iarr jiauww siongsii decc sunkuann. Ixqingx siamr cud ee huicjniux, qapp huicqiuu, e qycc zip dirr huih-lai, acc si hro jiac kunw sewvaux jiac .kir.
Derr zi: Narr si jit soxjai ixqingx u bad huat’iam byy zuarr dang, dirr hiax ee jojid e juer bagee jojid (granulation tissue). Jitt hy bacgee jojid iarr e vniwjniaa gni ee qetdewjid (organization).
Derr snax: Hitt lairbin ee qetdewjid acc si qinbah nua .kir, hunwlangg, miaa qiyr juer lang’iongg (膿瘍, abscess).
Derr sir: Narr hitt xee puebah nua .kir, qiyr juer uiwiongg (ulcer).
Derr go: Natt jit soxjai huat’iam vutjiw dang, dirr huat’iam ee sii, u cunx damrvyc jojid ixqing siw, qiyr juer huairjuvo (壞疽部, sixbacder, slough). Narr si dirr singkux kacc dua ee soxjai siw .kir, cincniu kax ciuw hitt hy, jex qiyr juer huairjux (壞疽, gangrene). Narr si qud ixqingx pnaiw .kir, miaa qiyr quthuairjux (siw qud acc si caur qud, necrosde bone).
Dirliauu: Qiwzenn jaix iamrjingr ee enqor m na jit kuanw, soxiw idi ee huatdo iarr byy siysiang. Narr si huat’iam ee enqor, si pah .diyc, qongr .diyc, jiurr soxx huad ee iam u dniardiyc ee soxjai. Narr byy hro bisingbut jauw .zip .kir, kacc be huawlangg.
Diyhh druu kir huat’iam ee enqor.
Dihhh hiyckunr, anjing dirliauhuad.
Narr si pah .diyc, qongr .diyc, kap .diyc, hiaxee , diyhh ing siau’iamrjex qra qoo, cincniu, lotio plumbi. Singx jiong’ siau’iamrjex he dirr ser ee punn-lai, jiacc he vingx lyc .kir, ing jit der vor jimr hitt lairbin, jimr qaur damm, jiacc dah hitt xee huan’iam ee soxjai, iarr lingrgua qycc jimr jit der tangx tewngua.
Qycc jit hxang ee huatdo, jiurr si lotio acidi borici unsipvor, jiurr si siyx ee huatdo.
Narr si qetdewjid huat’iam, ixqingx beh qra ix taii, hro hitt xee ixqingx siamr .cud ee mic cud .laii, qiyr juer qiamxdniuwcetkuix. Narr u jxig lxangg, isingx beh taii hro lxangg cud .laiim aurlaii diyhh ig lotio acidi borici unsipvor.
Diyhh dyw dirr bincngg hiyckunr. M tangx jiac sniu’ quewtauu, jiacc gulingx kacc hyw. Hro ix jiac harjex.
Ursii ing kongwdogsor ee huiccingx (antitoxic sera) lai juwsia.