DERR 7 JNIUX
LUN VIWZIRKIR HERTONGW
Viwziyrkir (泌尿器) u cud ziy qapp vaised cud laii :ee hunx juer sinrjong (腎臟, kidneys), suziyrqngw (輸尿管, ureters), vongqongx (膀胱, bladder) qapp ziyrdy (尿道, urethra; derr 82 doo).
Sinrjong u nng liap, ix ee vorui si dirr vakdow-au, jikjuiqud ee jyxiu hitt siangx vingg, qokk u jit liap. Dngg, sir cunr; kuah, gnng cunr; qau, jit cunr vnuar. Jit liap ee dang u 225 grms. Ix ee sig si ciac’angg. Guarbin u jit dingg ding qycc zun ee moc laii vaux lehh. Lairbin u dongrmec, jingrmec, sinqingx, mngsewhuicqngw, sewziyrqngw, qapp digvet ee siqiutew (絲球體) qiyr juer Malupigix ee siyxtew (derr 83 doo). Jiaxee siyxtew ee loring si dui’ huih, siux byy loring ee vaisetmic (排泄物, execretion), jiurr si ziy. Jiaxee Malupigix ee siytew, jit vingg jriab dirr sewziyrqngw, jit vingg si hro huicqngw cutzip dirr siyxtew ee lairbin vniwjniaa jin’ je ee mngsewhuicqngw, laii jniaa juer siqiujongrhuicqngw (絲毬狀血管, glomerulus). Dui’ jiax, huih vaised ziyk qingquer sewziyrqngw. Jiaxee sewziyrqngw, aurlaii siy’ hap juer jibhabqngw (集合管, collecting tubes); jiaxee aurlaii u vniar cud ix ee ziy dirr sinrmngg (腎門, hilus of kidney). Jitt xee sinrmngg juirr si suziyrqngw ee tauu (derr 84, 85 doo).
Jitt xee suziyrqngw u nng diauu, qokk diauu 12 cunr jiww 16 cunr dngg. Hitt xee hingjong cincniu gysidmngqngw ee dua. Jitt diauu qngw dirr byy lauu ziy ee diongqanx, ix ee liammoc longxjongw qiux uaw. Ziy vutsii dui’ jiaxee qngw lrauu qaur vongqongx-lai, tingwhau harcud.
Vongqongx ee kuanxsid, narr hro ziy ciongmuaw si siyxkuaw cincniu nngrngii. Ginxaw ee, cincniu lxaii-aw. Narr si ziy vaii cud liauxau, hitt sii vongqongx-lai kangx kangx, ix ee viah longxx qiux uaw. Ginxaw ee vongqongx si kacc qnuaii dirr vakdow-buew, duarlangg :ee si kacc qe, dirr siyxqutvnuakangx-lai.
Ziyrdy jiurr si dui’ vongqongx kiw, qaur ziyrdy-kauw jriw, jitt xee si vongqongx-lai jikju ee ziy, beh vaii cud singkux-gua, soxx qingquer ee lo. Luw ee ziyrdy cavutdyx cunr vnuar dngg, lamm :ee cavutdyx veh~qauw cunr.
Lun byy vni ee langg ee ziy: Langg narr byy puawvi, hitt xee ziy jiurr kacc cringx, sikdi ngg ngg, bi e sngx, ix ee vixdang (比重, specific gravity) u 1013 jiww 1025. Juiw ee dang jiacc u 1000, ziy ee vixdang, viw juiw kacc qnuaii, si in’ui u hitt hy quixnarr kuanw ee ziyrsng’iamlui dilehh. Vingsiongg byy vni ee langg ee ziy dirr 1000 grms. Ee lairbin u juiw 952.p grms., qi’uu u 48.0 grms. Ee si quixnarr kuanw ee ziyrsng’iamlui.
Langg muixx zit soxx vaised si cavutdyx 1500.0 c.c.
Ginxaw dagg zit soxx vaised ee ziy ee liongrsor, si vailet dirr erdew (Holt);
Cutsir liauxau sngr kiw:
Ziy unn unn aw jikju dirr vngqongx-lai, narr decbeh ciongmuaw vongqongx-lai ee aplik kacc dua; jitt xee aplik juer ciwqig (刺戟, stimulus); jiaxee ciwqig qniaa dui’ diqaksinqingx qaur nauw. Dui’ nauw u cud nng hxang ee bingrling, jit hxang si qaur ziyrdy qapp vongqongx ee quat’iokqinx (括約筋, sphincter), hro ix crunx, jiurr si kuix vongqongx qapp ziyrdy ee mngg; qycc jit hxang si qaur vongqongx ee qinbah qah(?) ix qiux, hro ziy cud ziyrdy. Ha liauw, ziyrdy qapp vongqongx ee quat’iokqinx e qiux, jiurr qnuaix vongqongx ee mngg. Jitt xee quat’iokqinx si vexsiuw vongqongx qapp ziyrdy diongqanx ee mngg cunqinx ee qinx.
Ziyrvir (尿閉, retention of urine) jiurr si vnirlangg be harziy. Guan’inx u quixnarr kuanw, cincniu vongqongx bavir, sinqingvni, hitt xee ziyrdy qapp vongqongx ee quat’iokqinx m crunx, dniardnia qiux; iacc si ziyrdy jonxdongr, cincniu ziyrdyrhiabjig (尿道狹窄, stricture of urethra). Qycc jit kuanw, si ciuxsut liauxau, narr si ciuxsut dirr ersinx, iacc si qongbunn ee soxjai, jitt xee qiyr juer huanxsiarsingr ee ziyrvir.
Siauxvenrsitqimr (小便失禁, incontinence of urine) jiurr si be hro zio jikju dirr vongqongx-lai. Ginxaw dauc dauc u jitt hy vni, laurlangg ursii iarr u. Guan’inx si sinqingx sueziok.
Ziyrvutsingx (尿不生, suppression of urine) jiurr si dui’ sinrjong byy vaised ziy zip dirr vongqongx. Jitt hy si guihiamw ee vni. Ursii ciuxsut viwziyrkir liauxau e anxnix.
Ziy ee jerjiyw: U sinrjong vni iacc si simjong vni ee langg, isingx dihhh craa, ix muixx 24 diamxjingx soxx ha ee ziy si zuarr je; soxiw vnirlangg dirr 24 diamxjingx-lai soxx ha :ee, longxx diyhh lauu lehh. Narr si beh congr ziy hro isingx ciwgiam diyhh cik hro jiauu, in’ui u hitt hy kacc dang ee jid, e dimm dirr erdew, qiyr juer dimdenrbut (沉澱物, deposit). U quixnarr kuanw ee vni decc vaised ziy kacc je, cincniu tngziyvni (糖尿病, diabetes); banrsingr sinrjongriam (慢性腎臟炎, granular kidney); iacc si hurzinlangg nauxvut’anx jxingr (腦不安症, hysteria). Dirr tnikir lingw ee sii, iacc si limx kacc je juiw u vaised ziy kacc je.
Narr kacc zuac, jiurr vaised ziy kacc jiyw, in’ui u juiw dui’ lrauu qnua cud .laii. Narr si u harli iacc si auxtor, ziy iacc si jiyw.
Ziy ee sig iarr e venwkuanw. Narr si banrsingr sinrjongriam ee jxingr, iacc si tngziyrvni, hitt xee sikdi vutjiw jnaiw. Qau ee ziy, sikdi si cimx ngg. Narr ziy-lai u huih, sig jiurr vutjiw angg, iacc si jixsig. Narr si ziy-lai u dnaw ee jid, jiurr e u ligsig iacc si jixsig. Uree iyc iarr e hro ziy vniwkuanw. Langg narr sriu diyc acidum carbolicum diongwdok, ziy jiurr vnir ox ee sig; narr sriu diyc santonin ee dongwdok, ziy jiurr dngw vutjiw ngg, cinciu qet’aw puee ee sig. Ziy-lai narr u lxangg, ziyrdew e vec vec cincniu gulingx.
Qiamw ziy huad ee quiquw: Qiamw ziy ee huatdo u nng~snax hxang, iauwqinw ee quiquw diyhh siuw:
1. Narr si vutjiw iauwqinw ee jxingr, cincniu sinrjongrvni iacc si simjongrvni, soxx ha ee ziy dirr 24 diamxjingx-lai ee gxiac kiyh juewduix; congw jitt xee ciwgiam, jiacc kacc e junw.
2. Drew ziy beh kiw laii ciwgiam ee vyleqanx, diyhh sew hro cingkir; narr u qnialangg jiurr qiamw(?) be junw.
3. Qiamw(?) ziy ee ciwgiamrqngw, diyhh cingkir.
4. Iauxx bue qiamw(?) ziy ee sii, iauwqinw ziy m tangx he sniu’ quw; vyleqanx qapp ciwgiamrqngw, suar sew hro cingkir.
Qiamw(?) ziy ee hxuad:
1. Craa knuar hitt xee sikdi.
2. Cir knuar hitt xee vixdang. Cir vixdang ee sii, ziy diyhh u qauwgiac, hro hitt xee vixdangrqer be kap diyc vyleqanx ee vnix:a, iacc si erdew.
3. Lamm(Naa?) ee ciwgiamrjuaw ee huanxingr (反應, litmus paper reaction), vnir angg jiurr si sngsingr huanxingr. Angg ee ciwgiamrjuaw vnir lamm(naa?) jiurr si qnix. Narr si angg, lamm(naa?) longxx byy venr, jiurr si byy sngx, byy qnix, qiyr juer dionglibsingr (中立性, neutral).
4. Pnri ziy ee kiwbi.
5. Craa ziy-diongx soxx dimm ee erdew u simxmic jid; narr u, jitt hy mic qiyr juer dimdenrbut (沉澱物, deposit).
Vingsiongg ziy ee vixdang u 1015 jiww 1025. Ziy ee vixdang ursii iarr venwngua. Narr si tngziyrvni, vixdang jiurr qnuaii 1030 jiww 1060. Qau ziy ee vixdang iarr kacc qnuaii. Narr si ziy quewtauu je ee jxingr, iacc si banrsingr sinrjongriam ee jxingr, iacc si juiw jiac sniu’ je, vixdang jiurr kacc byy hiacc qnuaii.
Ziy-lai ngirsiongg ee jid, kacc siongg knuar qnir :ee, si nngrvehjid, tngg, huih, lxangg, qapp dnaw.
Qiamw(?) nngrvehjid (卵白質, albumin) u lingw, zet, nng kuanw ee huatdo.
Zet ee huatdo:
1. Jiong’ ziy drew dirr ciwgiamrqngw-lai u jit cunr ee qnuaii.
2. Ciwgiam ziy knuar e sngx be; narr be sngx jiurr qex quiw dih ee acidum aceticum dilutum; byc did sniu’ je.
3. Jiong’ ziy hangx hro qunw.
4. Zet ee ziy narr vnir cingvec, qycc qex jit~nng dih ee acid aceticum dilutum, narr si vehjid be huar, jiurr si nngrvehjid; narr vehjid huar .kir jiurr si linsng’iamlui (燐酸鹽類, phosphates).
Lingw ee huatdo:
1. Vniar acidum nitricum dilutum dirr ciwgiamrqngw-lai, u jit cunr sir hxun jit xee qnuaii.
2. Ciwgiamrqngw diyhh qiac hro ciaa ciaa, jiong’ ziy ban ban qetnix lyc .kir, qaur longxx vnir je.
3. Narr ziy u nngrvehjid, ziy qapp acidum nitricum ee diongqanx u jit jua vec ee snuar, qecqair lehh. Narr vnirlangg jiac copaiba ee iyc, acidum nitricum dingxbin ee ziyrsig vec vec. Narr jiong’ ziy hangx hro zet, iacc si qex ether, iacc si alcohol, hitt xee vehsig jiurr huar .kir, jongw .si nngrvehjid be huar .kir. Narr si u langg dirr ziy-lai, u jit jua jixsig ee snuar qeh lehh.
Qiamw(?) zi-lai tngg ee hxuad:
Fehling’s test:
1. Dairsingx diyhh ciwgiam Fehling’s solution knuar u hyw iacc si pnaiw .kir, in’ui jitt hy iyc kngr quw, e vnir pnaiw .kir. Vniar Fehling’s solution iyc dirr ciwgiamrqngw-lai, u jit cunr ee qnuaii, qycc qex jit cunr ee juiw. Hangx hro qunw nng hunx quw. Narr si iyhjuiw iuguann cringx cringx byy vnir lyy lyy sngr si hyw. Narr vniwjniaa lyy lyy, diyhh qetnix damrvyc caustic soda, jiacc quewli jiurr tangx ing.
2. Vniar Fehling’s solution dirr ciwgiamrqngw-lai u jit cunr ee qnuaii.
3. Qex quiw dih ee ziy, jiacqycc hangx hro qunw.
4. Narr byy venr sig, jiurr jaix ziy-lai si byy tngg.
5. Narr vnir angjiw, iacc si ngjiw ee sig, jiurr jaix ziy-lai u tngg.
Qycc jit xee cir tngg ee hxuad jiurr si Trommer’s test:
1. Jiong’ ziy drew dirr ciwgiamrqngw-lai, u nng cunr ee qnuaii.
2. Dirr ziy ee dingxbin vniar snax hunx ee caustic potash.
3. Congr cupri sulphas 1 per cent iyhjuiw qex quixnarr dih, liamvnix cik hro jiauu. Narr si ziy-lai byy tngg ee jid jiurr vniwjniaa lyy lyy. Narr si u tngjid kacc je, e liamvnix dngw cringx cringx.
4. Qycc qetnix cupri sulphas qaur ciwgiamrqngw-lai siyxkuaw lyy lyy, byy qycc dngw cingkir.
5. Ciwgiamrqngw diyhh qiac hro ciaa ciaa, jiong’ ziy ee dingxbin hangx hro qunw. Narr si u tngjid dilehh, jiurr vniwjniaa ngg, narr qunw qyckacc quw, jiurr e dngw angg, cinciu sinx ee ganrjixjngx ee sig.
Qiamw(?) ziy-lai huih ee hxuad:
1. Vniar ziy dirr ciwgiamrqngw-lai, u jit cunr ee qnuaii.
2. Qex nng dih tinctura guaiaci.
3. Iyy hro dinxdang.
4. Qex jit cunr ee ozonic ether.
5. Narr si u jit jua lamsig(nasig?) ee snuar, qeh dirr ziy qapp ozonic ether ee diongqanx, jiurr si huih. Narr si vnirlangg u decc jiac potassii iodidum (KI), ix ee ziy ursii iarr e cincniu anxnix.
Qiamw(?) ziy-lai lxangg ee hxuad:
1. Vniar ziy dirr ciwgiamrqngw-lai u jit cunr ee qnuaii.
2. Narr si u lxangg dilehh, qetnix tincture guaiaci ee sii, u lisgsig dilehh; hangx hro siyx jiurr e huar .kir.
3. Narr u lxangg dilehh e dimm erdew. Dingxbin ee ziy diyhh vniar hetqak. Ing hitt xee iauxquxx dirr ciwgiamrqngw-lai ee ziy laii qiamw(?). Qetnix liquor potassae, narr qngw-lai ee ziy vnir liamm liamm jiurr si u lxangg dilehh.
Qiamw(?) ziy-lai dnaw ee huatdo (Gmelin’s test):
1. Ing jit der vec ee dic-aw, iacc si vec ee sucjuaw, dih nng dih ziy he lehh.
2. Qycc dih nng dih ee acidum nitricum fumans (huat’enliusngx, 發烟硫酸) dirr qinruaw ziy ee soxjai, hro ix ban ban jiacc qab juewduix.
3. Narr knuar qnir vnir lxik, angg, lamm(naa?), hitt hy sig, jiurr si u dnaw dilehh. Ligsi si iauwqinw :ee.
Higsi ziuhongg ciwgiamrhuad (Hay’s sulphur test): Jiong’ ziuhongg ia damrvyc dirr ziy ee dingxbin; narr ziy ee lairbin u dnaxiamsngjid (bile acids), jiurr ziuhongg e dimm .lyc .kir, narr byy, jiurr puu .kiw .laii.
Qiamw(?) ziyrsng’iamm ee hxuad:
Ziyrdew knuar e diyc mic hunxangsig, jiurr si ziyrsng’iamm (尿酸鹽, urates). Dirr qau ee ziy-lai kacc siongg knuar qnir.
1. Vniar ziy dirr qngw-lai u nng cunr ee qnuaii.
2. Hangx hro siyx. Hitt xee angg narr huar byy .kir e tangqngx, jiurr si ziyrsng’iamm (urates).
Qiamw(?) linsng’iamlui (燐酸鹽類, phosphates) ee hxuad:
1. Vniar ziy dirr qngw-lai u nng cunr ee qnuaii.
2. Hangx hro siyx. Narr si ziy u qnix e vnir lyy lyy.
3. Qycc dih nng dih ee acidum nitricum dilutum; narr qngw-lai lyy lyy ee jid huar kir tangqngx, jiurr si linsng’iamlui.