derr lak jniux

DERR 6 JNIUX

LUN HOKIPKIR HERTONGW

Dongrbut soxx uaxkyr laii uac :ee, jiurr si ciangjai decc hocud tnuawsngx (炭酸CO₂), qapp kipzip sngsor (酸素 O₂).

Kipzip (吸入, inspiration) jiurr si jiong’ guarbin ee kongkir suh zip dirr hiwjong-lai. Hitt sii narr knuar hingkamw jiurr jaix u pongr cud laii.

Hocud (呼出, expiration) jiurr si dui’ hiwjong-lai jiong’ hitt lairbin ee kongkir, qapp juixkir, tnuawsngx, vunn cud dirr guarbin. Hitt sii narr knuar hingkamw jiurr jaix u sokser (derr 71, 72 doo). Jitt xee kipzip qapp hocud qiyr juer hokib (呼吸, respiration).

Langg ee tnuawsngx, sngsor, u siongg decc tewngua. Dui’ kipkir, (inspired air) huih u kipsiu sngrsor, jiacc venww qniaa dirr langg ee sintew dagg soxjai. Qycc e jiong’ langg sintew-lai ee tnuawsngx, vaicud dirr hokir (expired air).

Langg hokib ee sii, kongkir dairsingx dui’ cuir iacc si pnirkang zip .kir, jiacc qaur entauu (咽頭, pharynx). Dirr entauu ee erdew u nng diauu qngw. Jit diauu dirr aurbin si jiahdy taur qaur ui; qycc jit diauu dirr taujingg si taur qaur hir nirr (derr 73 doo). Jitt xee kiwqngw dingxbin qiyr juer autauu (喉頭, larynx), ix ee erdew jiaplenn dirr jongxkiwqngw (總氣管, trachea). Kiwqngw erdew jiaplenn dirr hiwjongx (肺臟, lungs). Jitt snax hxang qiyr juer hokipkir (呼吸器).

Autauu ee vorui dirr kiwqngw qapp jihqud ee diongqanx, dirr amrqunw taujingg ee ding’ngx, trow cud laii dirr puee-xe, hro kongkir decc qingquer (derr 74 doo). Jitt xee autauu ee jok’iong, si hro langg e cud sniax, e gimm, e qongxue. Ix ee erdew jiaplenn dirr jongxkiwqngw. Dingxbin ee kangx (superior aperture of larynx) si qiyr juer autauentaukauw; erdew :ee si qiyr juer autaukiwqngxkauw. Autauu ee kangdong si dui’ entauautaukauw kiw, jiww kuanjongrnngxqud erbirqnii uijiw.

Jitt xee autauu si cincniu snia’imx ee sniux-aw, iarr u qauw der nngxqud laii juewjniaa :ee. Jiaxee nngxqud uree si dua der, uree ser ser der.

Dingxbin u jit der qiyr juer qacjongrnngxqud (甲狀軟骨, thyreoid cartilage). Ix ee hingsing si cincniu V-zi kuanxsid; jiamx :ee si dirr taujingg, bongx diyc e jaix. Dirr ix ee erdew u qycc jit der nngxqud qiyr juer kuanjongrnngxqud (環狀軟骨, cricoid cartilage; derr 74, 75, 76 doo). Ix ee kuanxsid si cincniu ciuxjiw. Dirr aurbin u nng der nngxqud qiyr juer pywlednngxqud (破裂軟骨, arytenoid cartilage).

Dirr autauu ee lairbin u jit duir sniadair; ix ee taujingg lenn dirr taujingg, ix ee aurbin dirr aurbin. Jiaxee sniadair si tranr langg ee iwsur e ann-ling, snia’imx jiaxx u qnuaii-qe hunved. Sniadair narr vangr ling, snia’imx si kacc qe, narr qiux ann, snia’imx jiurr kacc qnuaii.

Decc hokib ee sii narr kipzip, kongkir si dui’ autauu qingquer, lyc kir jongxkiwqngw, zip dirr hir nirr. Hocud si duiwhuanw: vingsiongg decc hokib, kongkir decc qingquer autauu, sniadair u vangr kuix sna’ li, jiurr be cud sniax. Narr beh cud sniax, sniadair jiurr u qiux kacc uaw, diong’ngx lauu jit pang aw, kongkir dui’ hitt xee pang decc cud, hro sniadair jinxdong (震動, vibrate), jiacc u sniax.

Decc cud sniax ee sii, ciuw narr bongx naauu ee guarbin jiurr e jaix lairbin decc dinxdang, decc jinxdong. Dirr autauu ee lairbin u liammoc dilehh.

Dirr cuiwjic ee aurbin ee erdew u jit der nngxqud miaa qiyr hueriamr (會厭, epiglottis; derr 75 doo). Ix ee kuanxsid cincniu ser ser ee hiyc-aw. Ix ee loring si langg beh tunx mic lyc jiahdy ee sii, autauu qapp qinbah jniurqnuaii, laii hro ix kamr bat. U langg qongw tunx mic ee sii, jitt xee hueriamr e dinxdang, laii kamr autaukauw cincniu quar ee kuanw, jongw .si jitt xee lriw, jiauww henrsii ee hagliw laii knuar, si byngiaw. Jitt xee hueriamwnngxqud be simxmic dinxdang. Sidjai si autauu dinxdang jniurqnuaii, laii hro hueriamr kamr. Cniaw dairqex ciwgiam .jit .xe jiurr jaix. Narr beh tunx mic ee sii, ing ciuw bongx trow cud laii puee-xe ee autauu, jiurr jaix hitt xee jniurqnuaii hro hueriamr e kamw ee lixkir.

Jongxkiwqngw taur qaur hir (derr 77 doo). Lairbin si liammoc laii vaux. Ix ee tew si ding qycc gni, si in’ui nngxqud ee lunn dilehh. Jiaxee lunn snax hxun u nng hxun nngxqud uii lehh; aurvingvnix u qetdewjid qapp qinbah. U cavutdyx jap-go lunn jad siy’ tac. Nngxqud uii lehh ee qong’iong si beh hro jongxkiwqngw siongsiongg kuix kuix, iarr hro ix kacc ding qycc iongw. Dngg sir cunr. Erdew vunx siangcex qiyr juer jyxkiwqngw, iurkiwqngw; jit diauu zip dirr jyw hir nirr, jit diauu zip dirr iu hir nirr. Jiw(Jitt) nng diauu kiwqngw, iarr cincniu jongxkiwqngw, si nngxqud qapp qetdewjid juewjniaa :ee. Jiaxee qycc vunx juer jerje ser diauu ee qngw; dui’ ser diauu ee qngw, qycc vunx juer jerje mngsewkiwqngxjix, diddit hunx qaur ser iap ee soxjai. Hitt xee sox vunkuix ee qngw, naxx vunx naxx ser, vunx qaur boo knuar qnir nngxqud.

Jiaxee iur iur ee kiwqngw, u qui’ pax ee pa qapp ix sna’ lenn, buexliux iarr u jit xee pa. Jiaxee pa ee kuanxsid cincniu jit liap muaa, qiyr juer hiwvaux. Hiwvaux (alveolus) si jin’ iur ee mic, hir ee lairbin, u langg cuisngr u jit-cingx veh-vah-bxan ee je. In’ui u hiwvaux, soxiw hir e vutjiw sangx vutjiw pyr, iarr si kinx kinx ee mic, e puu dirr juiw nirr (derr 77 doo).

Dirr hingkamw ee lairbin u hiw qapp simx, hro hir dinr jidvnuar kacc qex (derr 78 doo). Hir ee hingtew vutjiw dua, iarr jin’ kinx. Sig si hunxangg; cincniu nng hiyc dua dua ee hiyc.

Hiwtew ee dang, iurvingg ee hir 600.0 grms, jyxhir 560.0 grms. Hitt xee jyxiu nng vingg ee hir si byy siysiangg. Jniawvingg ee hir, viw dywvingg ee hir kacc kuah, kacc dua, iarr si kacc dew, u snax liap. Dywvingg ee hir, kacc ec, iarr kacc dngg, jiacc u nng iap nardnia, in’ui dirr nng hiyc hir ee diongqanx ee simjong si kacc penx dirr dywvingg (derr 79 doo).

Siangvingg nng iap hiwtew ee guarbin longxx u hingmoc (pleura) kamr lehh (derr 79 doo). Jitt xee hingmoc dirr hxingx ee lairbin, u nng dingg siy’ uaw, jit dingg lenn dirr hiabqud-lai ee qinbah qapp hnuaiqecmoc, iarr jit dingg vaux hiwjong. Jiaxee moc qiyr juer hingmoc (pleurae). Dirr jitt nng dingg ee diongqanx u damrvyc cincniu juiw ee kuanw, miaa qiyr juer hingmoh’ik (胸膜液, pleuritic fluid) laii vangjan hir hokib, kacc iongngi laii dinxdang.

Hir ee jojid s jiauww qir dirr erdew: Dagg iap ee hir, si u jerje ser iap :ee laii habjniaa :ee. Dagg iap ser iap ee hir-lai, u jit diauu jin’ ser ee kiwqngw dilehh, qycc u hiwvaux ee dongrmec, jingrmec, sinqingx, qapp limvaqngw.

Siyw kiwqngw zip ser iap hir ee sii, jiurr hunx juer jerje diauu krir, naxx vunx naxx vyc, vyc qaur cincniu moc ee kuanw. Kiwqngw ee buexliux, siyxkuaw kacc kuah, u ser ser ee pa, jitt hy siyw pa miaa qiyr hiwvaux (肺胞, alveoli). Jiaxee hiwvaux ee viah si vutjiw vyc, dirr lairbin u liammoc, jiacc qetdewjid qapp guarbin ee liammoc. Dirr qetdewjid ee diongqanx u mngsewhuicqngw, jingrmec cincniu bxang ee kuanxsid (derr 81 doo).

Lun hokib ee huatdo: Hingkamw qapp vakdow ee diong’ngx, u jit dingg moc qeh lehh, hy juer hnuaiqecmoc (derr 81 doo); simx qapp hir diamr dirr ix ee dingxbin. Hnuaiqecmoc ee diong’ngx si cincniu zimrdair ee kuanxsid; vnitauu si vniw vniw ee qinx, e cunqiux, uii dirr hiap-xe nirr. Hitt xee qinbah narr crunx, hnuaiqecmoh dui’ dingxbin pongr kiw laii, hngkamw jiurr kacc ser; ix ee qinbah narr qiux, jiurr hnuaiqecmoc lyhqe, hingkamw kacc dua (derr 71, 72 doo).

Langg narr diauqowir kipzip cincniu unrdong sniu’ quewtauu, iacc si u simxmic mic tatgai, laii drir qaur kongkir be did tongquer, qi’uu ee qinbah jiurr dinxdang. Jitt kuanw ee qinbah jiurr si qajiah, amrqunw, pni, jiaxee soxjai. Jitt hy qinbah iarr miaa qiyr voxjorqinx (補助筋, accessory muscles of respiration). Langg diam diam decc hokib ee sii jiacc e voxjo qinx kacc byy unrdong.

Dnaxx langg hokib uu nng hxang, jit hxang si kongkir kipzip, qycc jit hxang si hocud. Narr beh kipzip hnuaiqecmoc lyhqe, hingkamw tenw kuix, lairbin kacc dua; hiwiap pongwdua, lairbin u langr kangx ee soxjai; guarbin ee kongkir liamvnix dui’ cuir qapp pni zip .kir, dui’ autauu, jongxkiwqngw, qniaa qaur hir. Hitt lairbin ee mngsewkiwqngxjix qapp hiwvaux jiurr longxx u kongkir muaw muaw.

Hocud si jiauww dingxbin soxx qongw :ee duiwhuanw. Hnuaiqecmoc pongr kiw laii, hingkamw sog uaw, hiabqinx iarr vangjan ix, hir jiurr moh ser, lairbin ee kongkir qovutjiongx diyhh hocud.

Jit hunx ee diongqanx hokib ee qinxban byy dniardiyc u lau siauwlenn ee hunved. Ngex-aw jit hunx ee diongqanx iokliok u sir-jap vaiw, qaur diongxsingg cavutdyx jap-lak~cid vaiw. Iarr u ingg ingg jre, qapp juewqangx ee hunved. Ingg ingg ee sii kacc ban, juewqangx ee sii kacc qinw. Jit xee kipzip ee kongkir iarr byy dniardiyc. Jing jing decc jre lehh, kipzip kongkir kacc jiyw, cud lat juewqangx :ee, kipzip kacc je. Langg narr beh diauqowir cud lat kipzip iarr e kacc je. Narr beh qimr kuir si diab aw quw nardnia, lorbuew dikkag diyhh hokib, qimr be diauu; narr dairsingx cud lat kipzip, quixnarr vaiw jiurr tangx tingg kuir kacc quw. Diamwbi ee langg, e bi lyc juiw siongrr quw vutqyr si nng~snax hunx nardnia; qiamxcaiw go~lak hunx byy hokip, langg jiurr be uac.

Hokib ee loring: Langg quixnarr zit byy jiac, iauxquxx e uac, narr si vnuar kig quw byy hokib, dikkag be uac; mizit, kunr iacc si cnew, juewqangx iacc si ingg jre, hokib longxx be dngrjam.

Derqiuu dagg soxjai u kongkir vaux lehh. Langg hokib ee sii, ix ee kipkir, hokir si cinciu erdew:

Jiauww anxnix knuar, kongkir jit-bxan hxun ee diongqanx, sngsor u 2096 hxun, jiksor u 7900 hxun, tnuawsngx jixu 4 hxun.

Langg hokib u nng hxang ee loring. Derr id hxang, sngsor e diauhyy hir-lai mngsewkiwqngxjix nirr, qapp hiwvauviah-lai ee jingrmehhuih; hitt xee huih sikdi kacc ox, did diyc sngsor jiurr vniwjniaa ciaksig ee huih. Derr zi hxang, jingrmehhuih ee lairbin u hamm jerje tnuawsngx, jiurr si dok ee mic; jitt xee tnuawsngx dukir dui’ hokir hocud; soxx hocud ee krir, iarr u hamm sipkir jerje. Soxiw hocud ee krir qapp soxx kipzip ee krir byy siy’ drangg. Soxx kipzip ee sngsor u ing quixnarr vah hxun, soxx hocud ee tnuawsngx u qetnix quixnarr vah hxun.

Dui’ sintew dagg xui uwer byy cingkir ee huih, liuhingg qaur dirr simx ee iurvingg, dui’ hiax u jit diauu dua diauu ee huicqngw, miaa qiyr hiwdairdongrmec, (pulonary aorta) qekir taur dirr hir (air siongser, cniaw knuar derr 5 jniux). Jitt xee hiwdongrmec dirr hir ee lairbin naxx vunx naxx je diauu, jiurr naxx ser diauu, qaur vnir mngsewhuicqngw taur dirr hir ee juann tew. Hiaxee mngsewhuicqngw dirr hir-lai, jiong’ hiwvaux laii vaux lehh (derr 81 doo). Jiongdiongx hitt xee jingrmehhuih ee lairbin ee tnuawsngx u tauwquer mngsewhuicqngw qapp hiwvaux ee viah, qaur dirr hiwvaux ee lairbin. Iarr hiwvaux lairbin kongkir ee sngsor, u tauwquer hiwvaux qapp mngsewhuicqngw ee viah, qaur dirr huih ee lairbin, hro jitt xee huih e vniawjniaa cingkir. Jiaxee cingkir ee huih ee mngsewhuicqngw jiurr naxx uaw naxx juewduix, iarr naxx dua diauu, jiacc taur duiww simx ee dywvingg laii, iarr dui’ hiax jiacqycc liuhingg, zip tong’ singkux ee soxjai.

Setsuw jerje langg jurjip dirr sewqingvangg, mngg qapp txangx-aw longxx qnuaix bat bat, longxx byy lauu pang hro kongkir tangx cutzip, jiurr byy zuarr quw vxangg-lai ee krir itjin u longxx cutzip qingquer langg ee hir; sngsor naxx liauw, tnuawsngx naxx je, qaur lorbuew vxangg-lai soxu ee krir longxx vniwjniaa pnaiw; narr byy did diyc guarbin hyw ee kongkir, langg dikkag e puawvni.

Mii .sii kunr, m tangx kamr bat taubin, qniax liauw pnaiw ee krir naxx je, hyw ee krir naxx jiyw, suibongw vutdir qaur siw, mrquxx byy songxkuair; singkux narr byy did diyc hyw ee kongkir jiurr e jiamrjiam kacc lamw.

Kunwvangg m tangx qnuaix bat bat, ingxx diyhh lauu pang hro guarbin ee kongkir e zip. Ser aw qingx vangg, narr u quirnarr langg decc kunr, hro ix e tongtaur hyw ee krir, si qyckacc iauwqinw.

Qiamxcaiw langg tauwjaw kiw laii cud dirr guarbin, qaur dryr laii ix ee kunwvangg, e pnri diyc pnaiw bi, anxnix tangx jaix guarbin ee kongkir kacc byy zip .kir; dirr lairbin :ee, si hitt xee ing liauw sox cunx :ee, jiurr si pnaiw ee krir, qapp singkux nirr soxx hocud byy loring ee mic, soxiw u pnaiw bi.

Hyw ee kongkir si be benw .did ee mic, qaijair siwqer u, mrbenw ing jnii brew; songwhiongx langg iarr tangx cutjai ix ing, mrbenw kiamwkueh.

Tnuawsngx si dok ee krir; kongkir-diongx narr qiauw jit-vah hxun ee 5 hxun ee tnuawsngx, langg byy zuarr quw e hrun .kir cincniu qig siw ee langg jidvnuangiu. Langg hokib, u kipzip sngsor, hocud tnuawsngx; huew decc dyc iarr si anxnix. Cir jiong’ vyleqanx, diamw jxig log dirr lairbin, narr kamr bat qxanx ee cuir, byy zuarr quw huew jiurr e huax; jex si in’ui qxanx-lai ee sngsor longxx ing liauw, soxx cunx :ee si tnuawsngx; jxig narr qycjaiww diamw jiurr liamvnix huax, longxx be dyc. Huew be dyc ee soxjai, langg diamr dirr hiax iarr be uac.

Ursii dirr qoxjniw ee lairbin u tnuawsngx dilehh, langg narr lyc kir e qig siw; diyhh dairsingx diamw huew lrui .lyc .kir, knuar huew narr srid, langg dikkag m tangx lyc .kir.

Siyx caa iacc si diamw dingx, vutlun simxmic huew, longxx e cud tnuawsngx; narr si siyx huextnuar, iarr e cud qyckacc dok ee kir (CO, carbon monoxide). Soxiw ing huextangx, m tangx diamr dirr bat bat ee soxjai, qniax liauw e hro hitt xee tnuawsngx qapp CO qig siw.

Bad tniax qnir qnuatnix ee sii, u langg ing huextangx dirr puerkangx-lai, langg qycc qah bat bat, aurlaii hitt xee langg siw; langg qiquair ix byy vni laii siw; qisit si in’ui hro hitt xee tnuawsngx qapp CO qig siw.

Hokib unrdong, qapp huih decc qniaa ee qonghau: Hokib ee unrdong, m si qanda’ hro kongkir decc cutzip, iarr tangx vangjan huih liuhingg. Muixx vaiw kipzip, dirr hxingx-lai, jiurr u jit xee kangkiah ee soxjai. Narr hro hitt xee kangx ee soxjai ciongmuaw, m na kongkir tangx jauw .zip .kir, huih iarr e dui’ vxag-lai ee duarjingrmehqngw zip dirr simx, anxnix unrdong. Soxiw jitt xee hokib ee lat siongsiongg decc unrdong jiurr e vangjan huih liuhingg.

Digvet hokib ee unrdong:

1. Toxduarkuir (yawn), jiurr si kipzip jit xee derr id dngg ee krir, krir zip .kir ee sii byy sniax, suisii dui’ cuir nirr iacc si pnirkangx nirr dua sniax vunn cud.

2. Koeh (hiccough), iarr sriok dirr hokib ee unrdong. Si in’ui hnuaiqecmoh hutzenn qiux kiw laii, kongkir jiurr zip naauu, drir qaur hro hiaxee sniadair dinxdang, soxiw koeh ee sii, u jitt hy qyc’ngiu ee snia’imx.

3. Kamsamr, jiurr si jit xee dua dua kipzip ee krir, suar jitt xee hocud ee krir; jongw si krir hocud ee sii, in’ui sniadair soxx joxgai, drir qaur vakdow bah e qiux ann .laii, jiurr u hokib ee dua kuiwlat, jiong’ sniadair ciongx kuix, soxiw kamsaur ee sii u sniaseh.

4. Pacqacniur (snneze), si qapp kamsaur siysiang; ursii si dui’ tnii diyc zit ee qngx, iacc si dui’ pnri diyc luac ee bi, iacc si dui’ simxmic mic laii ciwqig pnri ee liammoc.

5. Qongxue, si in’ui hokib ee qinbah, langg e quanxliw .did; hox cud laii ee krir dui’ naauu-lai huad cud, sniadair qinw dniur laii urvi hokir cud laii qingquer ee sii, tangx jinxdong. Narr lun qaur zirimx ee venwngua, si dui’ cuiwdunn, cuiwjic, cuiwkiw, naauu, pnirkangx, knuar beh anxjnaixngiu laii ing.

Langg hokib ee sii, si derr id iauwqinw, diyhh dui’ pnirkangx laii kipzip, hocud. Cuir ingqaix diyhh hap hap hro kongkir dui’ pnirkangx zip. Kongkir quer pnirkangx ee sii e kacc siyx, iarr pnirkangx-lai ee mngg e hro ix kacc cingkir. Langg narr sisiongg ingcuir laii hokib, e kacc kuair qamw .diyc, suar kacc kuair duw diyc hiwjong ee pni.

Decc quanxliw hokib ee soxjai, si dirr encuew (延髓, medulla; knuar derr 9 jniux). Narr air jaix jitt xee dairjir, ing jit jiah qxauw, dui’ jikcuew ee dingxbin qra cetdng, iarr si e hokib; narr qanda’ ing jit qix jiamx laii cak encuew ee tew, jiurr liamvnix be hokib, si in’ui hai diyc hokipkir ee diongcusinqingvo (呼吸器中樞神經部, respiratory centre).