derr snax jniux

DERR SNAX JNIUX

LUN QUNBAN HERTONGW QAPP QUANJAD

E hro quanjad addang ee kuiwlat, si jairr dirr qunbah, jiurr si singkux angsig ee jniabah, si qunciam’ngii (筋纖維, muscle fibres) laii habjniaa :ee. Jin’ je ee qunciam’ngii u laii jibhap juer qui’ diauu qinx (derr 23 doo).

Qinx u nng kuanw, suiiwqinx (隨意筋, voluntary muscle), vutsuiiwqinx (不隨意筋, involuntary muscle).

Jitt hy cutjai langg cunqiux :ee, cincniu kax, ciuw, cuir, bak ee qinx, si cutjai langg soxx air :ee, miaa qiyr suiiwqinx. Qycc jit hy si jurzenn cunqiux :ee, cinciu simx vutsii decc pog, langg be juxir did hro ix kacc qinw, kacc ban; miaa qiyr vutsuiiwqinx.

Qinx uree si jidvnuar jurzenn, jidvnuar cutjai langg :ee; cincniu hir siongsiongg decc dongrjog, siongsiongg hokib:ee jex si jurzenn; narr si langg beh tingg, jiurr e qimr kuir diap aw quw, jex si cutjai langg soxx air.

Qinx e cunx, e qiux, jiacc hro singkux e dinxdang. Ciuw jid’err crunx jiurr bongx ix ee dingxjad si nngw nngw, jit’derr utkiaux jiurr ding ding.

Qinbah u taubuew, jit vingg lenn dirr jitt der qud, jit vingg lenn dirr vadd der qud. Narr beh hro singkux e dinxdang, diyhh u jit tauu dniardiyc, iarr jit tauu e dinxdang. Hitt xee kacc dniardiyc ee xui, qiyr juer qinbah ee kixsiw (起始, origin); hitt vingg decc dinxdan ee xui, qiyr juer tingjiw (停止, insertion). Hitt diong’ngx ee bah, qiyr juer qinvakdow (腹筋, belly of muscle). Cincniu dirr ciuw ee dingxjad, siongrpokqud ee soxjai, u jit tauu qiyr juer nngrtaupokqinx (二頭搏筋, biceps). Ix ee kixsiw si lenn dirr qingqacqud, ix ee tingjiw lenn dirr ziauqud ee dingxduanx. Jitt diauu narr qiux .kiw .laii, dirr ciuw ee dingxjad e bongx diyc ding qycc qau, iarr ciuw e qiac qnuaii (derr 24 doo).

Qinbah qapp qud sna’ lenn ee xui, u qxinx ee qen (腱, tendon) dilehh. Jiaxee qen si jin’ je diauu qenrciam’ii (腱纖維, tendon fibres) kanx laii juer jit diauu laii jniaa ee; u dngg :ee; u vniw :ee (derr 25 doo). Qen ee loring si laii lenlok qinbah qapp ing lat ee soxjai. Ix soxx jiamr ee derui jin’ jiyw, cincniu ciuxjngxtau’aw, iwsur si hro qinbah ee lat qaur dirr qud (derr 62 doo).

Qinbah e qiux, si hro dxngg ee qinbah vnir kacc dew, kacc qau qycc ding. Qinbah e qau, si in’ui dxngg ee qxinx qiux dywdngw .laii. Qinbah cunqiux ee lat si sinqingx decc quanxhad, jitt xee si dui’ tuandyrkir qaur qinbah-lai. Cincniu vnirlangg ee bin narr uaix jit vingg, ix ee enqor jiurr si jitt vingg ee ganbinrsinqingx bavir, soxiw bin qinbah byy lat, hitt vingg qinx ee lat, si vingsiongg dua, soxiw kacc ngiaa ix.

Qinx narr siongsiongg ing, e vangjan ix kacc jat, kacc iongw; byy ing, jiurr vnir juer nngw qycc ser, kacc be dingrdauh. Pactih saihu ee ciuxdow ding ding, si in’ui ix siongsiongg ing ciuw qiac tictuii pactih. Qiyrhux ee kaaurdow iarr si anxnix, in’ui siongsiongg qnialo, kax ee qinx naxx ing naxx jat. Kixtauu beh pactic, iacc si qniaa hng lo kuair kuair iar, diyhh siongsiongg hiycsen, qnuaiwsir jiurr longxx byy, si in’ui qinx naxx ing naxx u lat.

Langg rair jiauwqor ix ee singkux kacc iongw m tangx dniardniax jre. Dagg zit diyh ing qinx hro ix dinxdang; vutlun buxlang, qnialo, jauw, iacc si pacqiuu, jex longxx si vutjiw lirik singkux, hro ix kacc iongw. Jongw .si dagg hxang diyhh junxjad, m tangx sni’ quewtauu, narr byy junxjad, qniax liauw huanxdngw e hamrhai singkux.

Langg vutlun soxx juer longxx diyhh ing jiaxee qinx; cincniu qongxue, diyhh ing cuiwdunn, jic, naauu, jiaxee qinx; iacc si siaw zri, diyhh ing ciuw ee qinx. Kixtauu beh juer simxmih, ingxx si kacc ban kacc yh, narr si len qaur sik jiurr vutjiw kuair. Ginxaw beh siaw zri, kixtauu unn unn aw laii uic, unn unn aw len, qaur aurlaii duarhanr, jiurr siaw vutjiw sik.

Quanjad si qutqeh ee qud sna’ lenn ee soxjai (derr 26 doo). Juewjniaa qutquanjad ee jojiw jiurr si:

Qud.

Nngxqud (軟骨, Cartilage).

Zimrdair (靭帶, Ligaments).

Qudikmoc (滑液膜, Synovial membrane).

Qud si quanjad ee qicow (基礎). Muixx qix qud ee tauu beh draur dirr quanjad ee soxjai longxx u vyc vyc vnii vnii ee nngxqud laii vaux dirr nng vingg, puer kir jin’ duxhyw. Jiw(Jitt?) nng vingg ee tauu, u jit xee jojid cincniu qiuu, iacc si lrongg ee kuanw, laii vaux lehh, hro ix be li hitt xee quanjad-lai. Jitt xee qiyr juer longjongrzirdair (囊狀靭帶, capsular ligament). Dirr jitt xee longjongrzimrdair ee lairbin u qut qut ee moc cincniu liammoc decc huad cud qut ee hunviwmic (分泌物) laii lunrdik quanjad, hro ix ee quanjad kuair kuair unrdong; jitt xee qiyr juer qud’igmoh (synovial membrane), iarr soxx hunvir ee mic qiyr juer qud’ik (滑液, synovia). Jitt xee qud’ig ee kuanxsid si siyxkuaw liamm liamm naxx cincniu qenngrcingx ee kuanw. Dirr longjongrzimrdair ee guarbin vingg u kacc iongw ee zimrdai vyxho quanjad; qycc dirr guarbin u qinbah qapp qinx ee qen vaux lehh. Cincniu anxnix, jiurr quanjad liongw vingg ee lenlok e tywdongr.

Quanjad u hunx juer nng kuanw:

1. Vutdongrquanjad (不動關節).

2. Kyxdongrquanjad (可動關節)

I. Tauquawqud siy’ lenn ee soxjai, cincniu quxaxkiw laii sna’ cing; jitt xee qiyr juer honghap (縫合, suture). Diong’ngx u damrvyc qetlenn ee jid, jin’ vyc. Jitt kuanw ee quanjad be dinxdang (derr 14 doo).

II. Kyxdongrquanjad ee miaa si jiauww ix unrdong ee kuanw, u hunx juer sir dnxua:

(a) Jingkurquanjad (舂臼關節, Ball and socket-joint).

(b) Hodiabquanjad (蝶番關節, Hinge-joint).

(c) Mngkurquanjad (門樞關節, Pivot-joint).

(d) Birdongquanjad (微動關節, Slight movable joint).

(a) Jingkurquanjad:

Cingcniu qingqacquanjad (shoulder-joint), iacc si virkurquanjad (髀臼, hip-joint), hitt xee unrdong ee hnghiangr jin’ je. Jitt xee quanjad, u jit tauu si ngii, draur dirr quanjat’yx (關節窩, cup-like cavity) ee lairbin, soxiw e uahdang. Qingqacqut ee quanjat’yx kacc cenw, soxiw kacc gauu unrdong. Dirr hiax siongrpoktauu draur dirr hitt xee qingqacqud ee quanjat’yx. Jitt xee quanjat’yx, suizenn si cenw, mrquxx siwvnix u nngxqud qiyr juer kurdunnngxqud, hro quanjat’yx kacc cimx; guarbin iarr u qinbah laii vyxho, jiurr kacc be tut .kir (derr 27 doo).

Duartuixquttauu draur zip kir dirr bymiaqud ee kuryx (臼窩). Guarbin u zimrdai qapp qinbah decc vyxho (derr 28 doo).

(b) Hodiapquanjad:

Jiauww jitt xee miaa qra ix sniu, jiurr tangx jaix jixu e ngr nng bin uahdang. Diuxquanjad (肘關節, elbow) jixu e cunqiux, be unrdong vadd kuanw. Ciuxjnaixqud-qranx ee quanjad si jitt kuanw :ee (derr 29 doo).

(c) Mngkurquanjad:

Si jit xee qud ee tauu dirr siang jit kuanw ee sunxtauu nirr decc dngw. Derr id qingrjuiqud qapp derr zi qingrjuiqud ee diongqanx, u jitt kuanw ee quanjad. Derr zi qingrjuiqud ee dingxbin vingg, u jit xee kixjongrdudkiw (齒狀突起, odontoid process), si ngii ngii. Dirr derr id qingrjuiqud u jit xee ding qycc zun ee zimrdair, tanxhnuaii laii lenn dirr derr id qingrjuiqud ee liongw vingg, anxnix vunx derr id qingrjuiqud ee kuanjong ee kangx juer nng kangx; taujingg ee kangx-lai u derr zi qingrjuiqud ee kixjongrdudkiw decc dngw. Knuar derr 30 doo jiurr jaix.

Dirr ciuw nirr u jitt kuanw ee quanjad. Dirr ciycqud ee dingxduanx guarbin vingg u sna’ lenn jit der ding qycc zun ee zimrdair cincniu ngiko’aw; ziauquttauu u draur dirr jitt xee ngii ngii ee zimrdair, dirr hiax decc dngw. Narr bongx dirr ciuxdiuxquanjad ee guarbin vingg, u jit liap cincniu ngii ngii ee qud. Jitt xee si ziauquttauu. Ciuw narr vingw laii vingw kir, jitt xee qud decc uahdang naxx cincniu mngku ee kuanxsid (derr 31 doo).

(d) Bidongrquanjad:

Dirr Ciuxnguaxqud ee diongqanx, qapp jikqud ee diongqanx u quixnarr ee quanjad. Jiaxee qud si ser er, ix ee unrdong si damrvyc narnia (derr 32 doo).

Qycc qanxsingw qir snax xee quanjad ee qowjy:

Ziaunguaxquanjad (橈腕關節, Wrist-joint): Dirr ziauqud erduanx qapp ciuxnguaxqud dingw jua ee diongqanx, u ziaunguaxquanjad, jin’ gauu uahdang (derr 32 doo).

Cikqquanjad (膝關節, Knee-joint): Dirr qingrqud ee dingxduanx u nng xee quanjat’yx, qapp duartuixqud lairgua quanjatkyr, sna’ qaujiab, juer cikquanjad (derr 33 doo).

Jiokquanjad (足關節, Ankle-joint): Qurqud (距骨, astragalus) ee dingxbin u draur dirr qingrqud qapp huiqud ee quanjat’yx, qiyr juer jiokquanjad (derr 20 doo).

huedngw tauu iac