derr zi jniux

DERR ZI JNIUX

LUN QUD HERTONGW

Dirr jiax beh qongw kiw qutqeh ee qowjy, qapp ix ee jok’iong. Qutqeh ee jok’iong si jiauww qir dirr erdew:

1. Juer sintew ee qicow, hro sintew ee jojid vaux lehh.

2. Si vyxho sintew luanxziok ee soxjai, cincniu tauquawqud decc vyxho nauw, iacc si hiabqud decc vyxho simjong, hiwjong.

3. Si ing qud siy’ jiab laii jniaa juer langg ee hingtew, benw did hro singkux nngw, hro ix e unrdong.

Tong’ singkux ee lairbin iokliok u 200 gua qix ee qud. Jiaxee quttauu snajiahcing laii juer jid ee qutqeh: Piwzu cincniu qoo juaw ee langg dairsingx vak jit senx ee qud, aurlaii ing juaw qoo dirr guarbin. Langg uac ee sii iarr si anxnix; qud tangx sngr si cincniu juer qxer, ix ee guarbin u puehux qapp qunbah ixqip vadd hxang ee jojid laii vaux,kamr jiaxee qud, dui’ anxnix jniaa juer jit xee singkux duxduxx hac langg ee loring.

Qud si nng hy ee jid laii habjniaa :ee, jit hy si iuxqisinghunx (有機成分, organic substance), jit hy si buqisinghunx (無機成分, inorganic substance). Setsuw qud laii gnauu qaur tiamw, e did diyc hitt xee iuxqisinghunx jiurr si qxax. Iacc si qud log dirr huew lairdew vuu, iuxqisinghunx jiurr longxjongw siyx .kir, soxx lauu lehh si hitt xee buqisinghunx nardnia, jiurr si cincniu hxex ee kuanxsid. Langg dirr sewhanr ee sii, jiw(?) nng hy ee jid si duiwvnuar, anxnix ginxaw ee qud si kacc nngw, soxiw narr vuahdyw jiurr byy dua sionghai. Qaur dionglenn iuxqisinghunx u jit hxun, buqisinghunx u nng hxun, soxiw qud kacc gnirjnia. Qaur lau buqisinghunx kacc je, iuxqisinghunx kacc jiyw, soxiw laurlangg ee qud kacc cer; setsuw narr vuahdyw, ix ee qud kuair kuair e jric; iarr vutjiw sionghai.

Narr jiong’ jit qix dngqud, cincniu ngiuu-aw ee hiabqud laii jimr dirr iamsngx quixnarr zit quw, hitt hy buqisinghunx e qaixngiu, lauu iuxqisinghunx. Soxx lauu lehh ee iuxqisinghunx si nngw qycc zun, e ing jitt hy pah jit xee qad cincniu dirr derr 3 doo.

Qud m si cincniu tih vutjiw ding ee mic; qud ee jid si ding qycc zun, kinx qycc u danligjid (彈力質, elasticity).

Qud ee jojid (組織) si jiauww qir dirr erdew:

1. Qud ee guarbin u qutmoc vaux lehh. Jitt xee qutmoc-lai u: huicqngw jin’ je decc ing’iongw qud, qycjair jitt xee qutmoc u snix sinx qud ee jok’iong (作用).

2. Qutjid u hunx juer nng kuanw, guarbin :ee si qenqowjid (硬固質, compact tissue), lairbin :ee si haixmijid (海綿質, spongy tissue) (derr 4 doo). Diongqanx iarr u jerje cngx qiyr juer Havers-si ee siyxqngw, jiaxee hro huih e sunkuann laii ngiuxci qud (derr 5 doo).

3. Dngqud ee diong’ngx u jit xee kangx qiyr juer qutcuexkangx (骨髓腔). Jitt xee kangx jiauww qud ee dngg-dew, dua-ser. Hitt xee kangx u drew qutcuew (medulla; derr 6 doo), jiurr si ngsig qapp ciacsig ee nng jxingw; dirr lairbin u huicqngw, limvaqngw (淋巴管, lymphatics), sinqingx (神經, nerves), dilehh, decc ing’iongw qud.

4. Qud quanxjad ee soxjai u nngxqud (軟骨, cartilage) vaux lehh (derr 26 doo).

5. Qud u zimrdair (韌帶, ligaments) laii siy’ lenn lehh, iarr u qunbah laii lenn tangx vyxho qud, qapp juer unrdong ee loring.

Qud ee loring u quixnarr kuanw, soxiw qud guarbin ee hingjong m si jit kuanw, qewqiong hunx juer sir jxingw, dngg, dew, vniw, byy jee :ee.

1. Dngqud ee kuanxsid u dingxduanx (上端, upper extremity), erduanx, qapp diong’ngx u jit xee tew. Dngqud si cincniu duartuixqud, siongrpokqud (上膊骨), ciuxjnaixqud.

2. Dew qud si cincniu ciuxnguaxqud (手腕骨), hurqud (跗骨), cikqaiwqud.

3. Vniw qud, cincniu nauxtauquawqud (腦頭蓋骨), lodingxqud (顱頂骨, parietal), aurtauqud (後頭骨, occipital), iacc si qingqacqud.

4. Byy jee :ee, cincniu jikjuiqud (脊椎骨, vertebrae), siongrgokqud (上顎骨, superior maxilla), jihqud (hyoid).

Dirr erdew soxx qir ee viyw si qongw singkux-lai ee qud miaa qapp quiw der (derr 7 doo):

Jikjuiqud dirr singkux ee diong’ngx cincniu tiau-aw dit dit kia lehh (derr 8 doo), siangx vingg lenn dirr hiabqud, dingxbin jriab dirr tauu nirr. Jyxiu u nng qix jiurr si ciuxqud, erbin u nng qix jiurr si kaqud. Jikjuiqud u 26 lunn (jenwqud qapp bixluqud sngr jairlai), qidiongx erdew be dinxdang :ee, jiurr si jenwqud qapp bixluqud. Jitt xee jenwqud sewhanr ee sii u hunx juer 5 der, jongw .si iauxx bue singdingx (成丁) ee sii u habjniaa juer jit der; bixluqud sewhanr ee sii u hunx juer 4 der, jiaxee iarr habjniaa juer jit der, soxiw jiaxee qud narr sngr si 9 der, hiaxee jikjuiqud jongxqiong tangx sngr si 33 lunn.

Jikjuiqud longxjongw hunx juer snax dnxua:

1. Qingjuiqud (脛椎骨, cervical vertebrae) u 7 der.

2. Hingjuiqud (胸椎骨, dorsal vertebrae) u 12 der.

3. Iyjuiqud (腰椎骨, lumbar vertebrae) u 5 der.

Siongser qongw iauxx u nng dnxua jiurr si jenwqud, qapp bixluqud (derr 8 doo).

Juiqud: Dagg lunn ee diongqanx u nngxqud laii pox lecc juer driam. Jitt xee nngxqud m si qud iarr m si bah, si nngw qycc zun, kacc cincniu qinx ee kuanxsid. Ix ee loring si hro qud duw qud kacc eb siy’ kap, iarr kacc be cik diyc nauxcuew (derr 9 doo). Juiqud u jiacc je ee lixkir, si hro singkux tangx ud kiaux crunx dit, kix laii kix kir. Jikjuiqud qycc si cincniu tiau hro singkux e tringg srinx. Juiqud ee diong’ngx u kangx cincniu qngw, qngw ee lairbin u jit diauu jikcuew taur dirr nauw (derr 10 doo).

Tauquar qapp jikjuiqud qaujiab ee soxjai u nng der qud, dingxbin :ee qiyr juer derr id qingjuiqud (atlas), erdew :ee qiyr juer derr zi qingjuiqud (axis); erdew u sunxtauu, dingxbin :ee u sunxkingx; jiw(jitt?) nng der sna’ cing. Derr id qingjuiqud ee dingxbin siangx vingg iarr u lii lii aw lap’ux qiyr juer siongrquanjat’yx (上關節窩); tauquawdew ee aurtauqud kuar dirr derr id qingjuiqud ee soxjai, siangx vingg lii lii aw kacc tongw, laii tab dirr jiw(jitt?) nng xee lap’ux ee soxjai; jiaxee qauqair ee soxjai longxx u qud’ik hro ix qut qut, anxnisnix jiacc e timr tauu, e qiac tauu, taukag iarr e uat laii uat kir (derr 11 doo).

Derr zi qingjuiqud si jikjuiqud ee derr zi lunn. Ix ee hingjong u qyc’ngiu, jiurr si u jit xee kixjongrdutkiw (齒狀突起, odontoid process). Jitt xee kixjongrdudkiw si ngii ngii cincniu ngii ee jngxaw kuanw, laii qapp derr id qingrjuiqud lenhap juer digvet ee quanjad (derr 12 doo).

Jikjuiqud ee dinxdangx – jingg, au, jyxiu longxx e dinxdang. Kacc gauu dinxdang ee xui, si qingjuiqud qapp iyjuiqud.

Qutqeh jnaixngiu laii lenlok? Derr id, -- u zimrdair laii lenlok, iarr u qunbah; derr zi, -- dirr dagg lunn ee diongqanx u nngxqud laii siy’ lenn.

Jikjuiqud u sir xui ee uankiaux (derr 13 doo):

1. Qingrjuiqud uanx duiww binrjingg laii.

2. Hingjuiqud uanx duiww aurbin kir.

3. Iyjuiqud qycc uanx duiww taujingg laii.

4. Jenwqud qycc uanx duiww aurbin kir.

Dagg der ee juiqud ee jikcuexkangx ee nng vingvnix u kangx, qiyr juer juiqankongw (椎間孔, intervertebral foramen); jikcuexsinqingx (spinal nerves) dui’ jiaxee kangx quer laii vor dirr singkux dagg soxjai. Dirr jikjuiqud ee guarbin u qunbah daclenn lehh, laii vyxho qud, hro ix be uat duiww jyxiu uaiciaa .kir. Jiaxee qunbah narr byy lat, hitt xee langg ee qingqacqud qapp hiabqud e uaiciaa.

Tauquar u quixnarr der qud laii habjniaa :ee (derr 14 doo). Dagg der qud qnii :a u quxaxkiw ee kuanw laii jiaphap ee jua, qiyr juer honghap (縫合, suture). Lairbin kangkag liyc liyc aw cincniu iah’aw ee kuanxsid. Kangkag ee lairbin u drew nauxcuew, nauxcuew jiacc e unxdangr. Tauquar ee qud jongxqiong u 22 der qud, hunx juer nauxtauquar qapp ganbenrtauquar.

Nauxtauquar u 8 der qud, hunx tauquawdingw (vault of skull), qapp tauquawdew (base of skull). Tauquawdingw ee taujingg u jingtauqud, aurbin u aurtauqud, dingxbin u jyxiu 2 der lodingqud laii jniaa (derr 14 doo).

Tauquawdew si jingtauqud, aurtauqud qapp ziapsuqud (顳顬骨, temporal) ee jit vorhun, ixqip odiabqud (蝴蝶骨, sphenoid), suqud (篩骨, ethmoid) laii jniaa (derr 15 doo). Jiaxee tauquawqud lairgua u nng bin.

Guarbenrtauquar u 14 der.

Pnirqud u nng der ser der juer pnirniuu.

Siongrgogqud (上顎骨, superior maxilla), u 2 der juer bagjiu’yx ee erdew jit vorhun. Lairbin u jit xee kangdong (腔洞, antrum of Highmore), u qngw taur dirr pnirkangx-lai; jitt xee kangdong ursii huat’iam, qaur buew jxig lxangg. Dirr jiw(jitt?) nng der qud ee erdew, u draur dingxbin let ee cuiwkiw.

Dirr siongrgogqud ee dingxbin, guarbin pni-aw pog cud laii taujingg ee qud, qiyr juer quanqud (顴骨, malar).

Cuiwquawqud u der lenn dirr siongrgogqud ee jit vorhun juer dingrcuiwquar (硬口蓋, hard palate; derr 40 doo).

Harqacqaiwqud (下甲介骨, inferior turbinate), dirr pnirkangx siangx vingvnix ee qud, laii juer pni ee vnix:a viah ee jit vorhun.

Tuqud (鋤骨, vomer) dirr pnirkangx ee diong’ngx ee erdew, laii juer pnirdiongqeh (鼻中隔, nasal septum) ee jit vorhun.

Hargogqud, (inferior maxilla): Ganbenrtauquar derr id dua ee qud dirr ganben ee ervo cincniu bedetih ee kuanxsid, qiyr juer hargogqud. Jiaplenn dirr jiapsuqud (temporal) juer kyxdongrquanjad. Dirr jitt xee qud ee dingw renn u draur xe let ee cuiwkiw. Dirr hargogqud ee erbin ee aurbin vingg liongw vingg u jit xee qag, qiyr juer hargogguu (下顎隅, angel of inferior maxilla, derr 14 doo ).

Dirr amrqunw taujingg ee vorui, autauu ee dingxbin, jiurr si dirr jihqinx, u jit der qud, qiyr juer jihqud (舌骨, hyoid). Ix ee hingjong si cincniu bexdetih ee kuanw, hunx juer jit tew, sir qag, dua :ee nng qag, ser :ee nng qag (derr 16 doo).

Dirr taujingg hingkamw viah ee jniar dongx(?) u jit der qud, qiyr juer hingqud (胸骨, sternum). Ix ee hingjong cincniu qoxjaw ee qiamr. Ix ee tew hunx juer snax vorhun, jiurr si dingxbin :ee qiyr juer ciuxvnir (手柄, manubrium), iarr u qiyr juer qiamwvnir; diong’ngx qiyr juer qiamwsinx (gladiolus); buew :ee qiyr juer qiamwbuew (ensiform appendix). Liongw vingg u qapp 7 duir ee hiabqud ee jingduanx sna’ lenn. Iarr dingxbin u qapp liongw vingg ee syxqud sna’ lenn (derr7, 17 doo).

Hiabqud 12 duir, dagg qix hunx juer jit tew, nng duanx, jiurr si aurduanx, jingduanx. Aurduanx u qapp hingjuiqud sna’ lenn. Jingduanx u jit xee yx, jiurr si qapp hiabnngxqud sna’ lenn. Jiaxee hiabnngxqud dingxbin 7 duir u qapp hingqud sna’ qaujiab. Dui’ dingxbin qaur derr 7 duir jiamrjiam naxx dngg, dui’ hiax qaur derr 12 duir jiamrjiam kacc dew (derr 17 doo).

Siongrjiqud (上肢骨, Upper extremity, derr 18 doo): Ciuw qapp singkux sna’ lenn ee soxjai qiyr juer qingtauu. Qingtauu, -- taujingg si syxqud, aurviah si qingqacqud.

Syxqud si huan’ik Lymaw miaa, u qiyr anxnix, si in’ui jitt xee qud si liyc aw cincniu jaxjingg ee syxsii. Syxqud u jit tew nng duanx (a shalt and two extremities). Lairduanx qapp hingqud sna’ lenn; dui’ hiax tanxhnuaii taur qaur qingtauu. Dirr qingtauu ee soxjai syxqud ee guartuanx u qapp siysiang vingg ee qingqacqud sna’ lenn. Syxqud si dngqud, iarr cavutdyx diongjnaiw ee qau (derr 18 doo).

Dirr hingkamw ee aurbin vingg uaw qingtauu si qingqacqud, dagg vingg u jit der. Jitt xee qud si snaqag :ee, qycc vyc. Dirr ix ee guarbin vingg uaw dingxbin u jit xee lap’ux cenw cenw, qiyr juer quanjat’yx, beh qapp siongrpoktauu sna’ lenn (derr 18 doo).

Ciuw ee dingxjad u jit der dngg ee qud miaa qiyr siongrpokqud (humerus), u jit tew, nng duanx. Dingxbin ee tauu u jit xee dua qiuu ee kuanw, qiyr juer siongrpoktauu (head of humerus), laii cing dirr qingqacqud quanjat’yx ee soxjai. Siongrpokqud ee erduanx u qapp ziauqud (radius) qapp ciycqud (ulna) sna’ qaujiab juer diuxquanjad.

Ciuw erjad u nng qix qud, qiyr juer jingpokqud (forearm), hun juer ziauqud (橈骨, radius) qapp ciycqud (尺骨, ulna; derr 18 doo).

Jitt qix ciycqud si kacc dua kacc dngg, iarr dirr ciuw ee lairbin vingg, u jit tew, nng duanx. Ciycqud qapp ziauqud dirr dingxbin u siy’ qaujiab; iarr dirr erdew u siy’ qaujiab. Ciycqud ee dingxduan ee vnix :a u lap’ux ee soxjai hro ziauqud tangx draur. Ziauqud ee erduanx ee vnix :a u lap’ux, hro ciycqud tangx draur. Jiw(Jitt?) nng qix qud narr juanw laii juanw kir, ciycqud kacc diam diam, ziauqud e juanw kacc hng. Jiw(Jitt?) nng qix qud e sna’ puac, soxiw ciuw e juanw laii juanw kir (derr 18 doo).

Ciuxnguaxqud (carpus) u 8 der qud vailet juer nng jua, qapp jingpokqud ee erduanx sna’ cing; xe jua qapp ciuxjniuxqud sna’ jriab.

Ciuxjniuxqud (手掌骨, metacarpus) u 5 qix. Ciuxjnaixqud u 14 qix. Jiaxee qud hro jngxtau’aw e mi’uaw e niliamx. Ciuxjnaixqud u snax jad, dogdok duartaubuw si nng jad. Duartaubuw quanjad jin’ uahdang, derr id jniuxqud qapp ciuxnguaxqud qyckacc uaddang.

Jiktiaurqud (脊椎骨) erdew siangx vingg u jit der dua der qud, qiyr juer bymiaqud (os innominatum). Jitt xee bymiaqud sewhanr ee sijun hunx juer snax der, duahanr ee sijun jniaa jit tew (derr7, 19 doo). Jitt xee bymiaqud hunx juer snax vxo, dingxbin :ee qiyr juer dngqud (腸骨, ilium). Dirr vakdoxvnix ee siangx vingg dirr eriyx ee soxjai e bongx diyc decc pog .cud .laii ee qud, jiurr si jitt xee dngqud. Duxduxx dirr taujingg siongrr dingxbin hitt der qiyr juer jingsiongrqik (前上棘, anterior superior spine).

Bymiaqud ee erdew vorhun, qiyr juer jyrqud (坐骨, ischium). Jitt xee qut lanw decc jre iw ee sii, duxduxx kuar dirr iw-dingw.

Derr snax vxo, si dirr erdew taujingbin :ee, qiyr juer tixqud (恥骨, pubis). Nng xee jyxiu tixqud ee taujing u jit xee tixqutnngxqud laii sna’ lenn (symphysis pubis; derr 19 doo).

Nng der bymiaqud dirr taujingg u sna’ lenn dirr vakdow-buew ee soxjai, cincniu duxaw decc qongw. Dirr aurbin liongw vingg ee diongqanx u jenwqud (sacrum) qapp bymiaqud sna’ lenn, longxx juer qutvnuaa (骨盤). Jitt xee soxjai si drew dng’aw, vongqongx, duardngg ee erdew, qapp juxqiongx. Jitt xee qutvnuaa si vutjiw iauwqinw ee soxjai, in’ui singsanw ee sijun, ginxaw diyhh dui’ hiax quer. Lamluw ee qutvnuaa u cax, vaii dirr erdew:

Jiaxee qud qapp duertuixqud sna’ qaujiab. U jit soxjai cimx cimx cincniu jingku, qiyr juer kuryx; duartuixquttauu draur dirr kuryx ee soxjai qaur cimx cimx, jiacc vutlun kuu lehh, kia lehh, iacc si qnialo, vutjiw qenqor.

Duartuixqud (femur) sngr si tong’ singkux derr id dua, derr id iongw :ee. Duartuixqud hunx jit tew, nng duanx. Dingxbin u jit xee cincniu qiuu ee kuanw, trow cud dirr dingxbin ee lairbin vingg, qiyr juer duartuixquttauu. Jitt xee quttauu draur dirr bymiaqud ee kuryx. Duartuixqud ee erduanx lairgua u nng xee dudkiw, laii qapp qingrqud juer quanjad, jitt xee qiyr juer lai qapp gua quanjatkyr (內及外關節髁, inner and outer condyles of femur). Dirr jiw(jitt?) nng xee lairguarquanjatkyr ee taujingg bin, u jit xee lap’ux, qiyr juer cikqaiwyx (膝蓋窩); dirr jiax qapp cikqaiwqud (patella) sna’ lenn (derr 20 doo).

Jitt xee cikqaiwqud si vniw vniw, cincniu ladjiw, iarr snaqakhigg. Jitt xee qud si dirr siwtauqoxqunx ee qen (四頭股筋腱, quadriceps extensor tendon) ee lairbin, duxduxx si jiauww dingxbin soxx qongw ee soxjai. Ix ee taujingbin cox cox, aurbin qut qut, u laptab ee quanjatbin.

Dirr duartuiw ee erdew u nng qix qud qiyr juer hartuixqud. Jitt xee hartuixqud u nng qix dngg ee qud, dirr guarbin kacc ser qix qiyr juer huiqud (腓骨, fibula), dirr lairbin kacc dua qiyr juer qingqud (脛骨, tibia). Jiaxee qud hunx juer dagg qix jit tew, nng duanx. Dirr qingqud ee dingxduanx u nng xee quanjat’yx, qapp duartuixqud lairguarquanjatkyr sna’ qaujiab, juer cikquanjad (膝關節, kenn-joint). Dirr qingqud dingxduanx ee guarbin vingg, u qapp huiqud ee dingxduanx sna’ lenn. Qingqud ee erduanx u jit xee tab ee quanjatbin. Dirr erduanx ee guarbin vingg vnix :a, u qapp huiqud sna’ lenn (derr 20 doo).

Huiqud erduanx guarbin vnix :a pog cud laii dirr puee-xe ee soxjai, qiyr juer guarkuar (外踝, external malleolus).

Qingqud erduanx lairbin vnix :a pog cud laii dirr puee-xe ee soxjai, qiyr juer lairkuar (內踝, internal malleolus).

Qingqud qapp huiqud erduanx u jit xee lap’ux, qapp kax ee hurqud (跗骨, tarsus) sna’ draur, laii juer quanjad.

Qingqud qapp huiqud ee erdew qycc u hurqud 7 der, jikqud (蹠骨, metatarsus) 5 der, qapp jixqud 14 der. Jiaxee qud tangx qapp ciuw ee ciuxnguaxqud, ciuxjniuxqud qapp ciuxjnaixqud sna’ viw. Jongw .si ciuxnguaxqud u 8 der, hurqud u 7 der nardnia; iarr hurqud m si vailet dirr nng jau cincniu dirr ciuw nirr. Dirr erdew jingbin hiaxee sir der, u vailet juer jit jua, tangx qapp ciuxnguaw derr zi jua sna’ viw. Dingxbin :ee u snax der qud; jit der qiyr juer qunqud (跟骨, kaaurdnix, os calcis); qycc jit der, qiyr juer qurqud (距骨, astragalus); jitt der ee dingxbin u draur dirr qingrqud qapp huiqud ee lap’ux, juer jiokquanjad (足關節, ankle joint); iauxx u qycc jit der, qiyr juer junjongrqud (舟狀骨, scaphoid).

Dirr jiaee qud ee jingbin u 4 der vailet juer jit jua, qapp jikqud sn’a lenn (derr 20 doo).

Jikqud u 5 qix qapp ciuxjniuxqud sna’ viw; iarr dirr ix ee jingbin u jixqud 14 qix, qapp ciuxjnaixqud sna’ viw.

Jiaxee ser der ee qud habjniaa :ee, kuanxsid jin’ qrii, dingxbin pongr .kiw .laii, erdew lab .lyc .kir. Kaqud ee hingjong si anxnix, hro langg dongrjog jin’ habgii. Kax si cincniu unxquqiyr ee kuanxsid, aurbin si qunqud dac dirr de nirr, jingbin si jixqud iarr dac dirr de nirr. Knuar hitt xee derr 21 doo jiurr jaix. Narr kax sitlyc ix ee hingjong hitt xee vni miaa qiyr juer vnixvnikax (扁平足, flat foot; derr 22 doo).

Jiaxee 26 der qud sna’ jiahcing hap juer jit qix kax, iwsur si rair hro langg e hyw qniadac kinpiyr. Setsuw kax qanda’ u jit der qud nardnia, dikkag si kacc yh did qniaa. Kax narr vak ann iarr si anxnix; soxiw knuar qnir vak kax ee hurzinlangg decc qnialo, si naxx cincniu decc dac kiaux jidvnuangiu.