References

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1. Abelow BJ, Holford TR, Insogna KL. Cross-cultural association between dietary animal protein and hip fracture: A hypothesis. Calcif Tissue Int, 50(1):14-8, 1992.

2. Weikert C, Walter D, Hoffmann K, Kroke A, Bergmann MM, Boeing H. The relation between dietary protein, calcium, and bone health in women: Results from the EPIC-Potsdam cohort. Ann Nutr Metab, 49:312-318, 2005.

3. Wolff I, van Croonenborg JJ, Kemper HC, et al. The effect of exercise training programs on bone mass: A meta-analysis of published controlled trials in pre- and post-menopausal women. Osteoporos Int , 9:1-12, 1999.

4. Kelley GA, Kelley KS, Tran ZV. Exercise and bone mineral density in men: A meta-analysis. J Appl Physiol, 88:1730, 2000.

5. Day L, Fidles B, Gordon I, et al. A randomized, factorial trial for falls prevention among community-dwelling older people. BMJ, 325:128, 2002.

6. Gillespie LD, Gillespie WJ, Robertson MC, et al. Interventions for preventing falls in elderly people. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 4:CD000340, 2003.

7. Shea B, Wells G, Cranney A, et al. Calcium supplementation on bone loss in postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (1) CD004526, 2004.

8. Targownik LE, Lix LM, Metge CJ, Prior HJ, Leung S, Leslie WD. Use of proton pump inhibitors and risk of osteoporosis-related fractures. CMAJ, 179(4):319-326, 2008.

9. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Willett WC, Wong JB, et al. Fracture prevention with vitamin D supplementation: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA, 293:2257-2264, 2005.

10. Ettinger B, Black DM,Mitlack BH, et al. for Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation (MORE) Investigators: Reduction of vertebral fracture risk in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis treated with raloxifene: Results from a three-year randomized clinical trial. JAMA, 282:637-645, 1999.

11. Chestnut CH, Silverman S, Andriano K, et al., for the PROOF study investigators: A randomized trial of nasal spray salmon calcitonin in postmenopausal women with established osteoporosis: The Prevent Recurrence of Osteoporotic Fractures Study. Am J Med, 109:267-276, 2000.

12. Lyritis GP, Tsakalabos S, Magiasis B, et al. Analgesic effect of salmon calcitonin on osteoporotic vertebral fractures. Double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Calcif Tissue Int , 49:369-72, 1992.

13. National Osteoporosis Foundation. Clinicians guide to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Washington, D.C., National Osteoporosis Foundation, 2002.

14. Wainright SA, Marshall LM, Ensrud KE, et al. Hip fractures in women without osteoporosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 90:2787-2793, 2005.

15. Marshall D, Johnell O, Wedel H. Meta-analysis of how well measures of bone mineral density predict occurrence of osteoporotic fractures. BMJ, 312:1254-2108, 1996.

16. Cauley JA, Lui LY, Ensrud KE, et al. Bone mineral density and the risk of incident non-spinal fractures in black and white women. JAMA, 293:2102-2112, 2005.

17. Cryer B, Bauer DC. Oral bisphosphonates and upper gastrointestinal tract problems: What is the evidence? Mayo Clinic proceedings, 77:1031-1043, 2002.

18. Ensrud KE, Barrett-Connor EL, Schwartz A, et al. Randomized trial of alendronate continuation versus discontinuation in women with low BMD: results from the Fracture Intervention Trial long-term extension. J Bone Miner Res, 19:1259-1269, 2004.

19. Black DM, Bauer DC, Schwartz AV, Cummings SR, Rosen CL. Continuing bisphosphonate treatment for osteoporosis: For whom and how long? NEJM, 366(22)2051-53, 2012.

Online Resources

National Osteoporosis Foundation: http://nof.org/hcp/clinicians-guide

FRAX calculator: http://www.shef.ac.uk/FRAX

University of Michigan Health System (UMHS) Clinical Care Guidelines: http://www.med.umich.edu/1info/FHP/practiceguides/osteoporosis.html

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