Hammer Toe
What is it: A hammer toe is a toe deformity that maintains a flexion deformity at the PIP joint. When standing, this deformity may cause the MTP to passively extend, but this is not a fixed position.
How does it present: Patients may present with noticing this deformity. Others may present due to pain associated with the deformity. Due to the position of the toe, calluses can develop from poor fitted shoes. In this deformity, calluses usually develop over the dorsum of the PIP joint.
Common exam findings: On exam you may see the deformity as described above and may notice calluses over the PIP of the toe and if the MTP is extended, a callus on the sole of the foot under the MTP.
Tests and treatment: No specific studies are needed for diagnosis. First line treatment involves shoe modification to provide ample toe box space to prevent rubbing and pressure on the deformity. Protective cushions can be used over prominent areas. For deformities that are still flexible, taping or commercial made splints may be used to reposition the toe. If conservative measures fail to manage symptoms, surgical correction may be indicated.