Risks of Medical Therapies

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Both short-and long-term anti-secretory therapy with proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) has linked to the following:

  • Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth

  • Vitamin B12, C, iron, malabsorption

  • Increased risk of community-acquired pneumonia

  • Increased risk of osteoporotic fracture, predominantly hip fracture, secondary to impaired osteoblast activity and decreased calcium absorption

  • Increased risk of Clostridium difficile, Salmonella, and Campylobacter-associated diarrhea

  • Inhibition of anti-platelet agents, e.g., clopidogrel

  • Decreased protein absorption

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