Naksa

5-7 de junio - Día de la Naksa

Origen

En Occidente se señala el día 7 de junio como el día en que se conquistó Jerusalén en la Guerra de los Seis Días; los árabes, que lo sitúan el 5 de junio, lo llaman día de "Al Naksa" (revés o recaída) y entre una y otra fecha suelen promover revueltas y enfrentamientos. 

Según Martin Kramer, el término Naksa tiene su origen en el discurso de dimisión de Gamal Abdel Nasser del 9 de junio de 1967 (min. 1:15 de este video). Fue idea de Mohammad Hassanein Heikal, confidente de Nasser, que sostiene que se eligió descartando los términos 'hazima' (derrota) y 'karitha' (desastre) para sugerir la posibilidad de rebote, de que se pudiera dar la vuelta a la situación.

En 1967 and memory (Nov 17, 2008) Martin Kramer, además de sostener que los árabes debieran ver la Guerra de los Seis Días no como un revés (Naksa) sino como la monumental derrota que fué, también sostiene que, contra la opinión de no pocos, esa Guerra produjo resultados benéficos para la estabilidad de los países árabes de Oriente Medio y que es su olvido lo que puede traer inestabilidad de nuevo a la región: 

"But I believe the reason 1967 didn’t destabilize the Arab order is this: Arab regimes and peoples drew together in the fear that Israel could repeat 1967 if it had to, and that it might show up one day on the outskirts of Cairo or Damascus (as it threatened to do in 1973), or come right into an Arab capital (as it did in Beirut in 1982).

The memory of 1967 thus became the basis of an implicit understanding between the regimes and the peoples: the regimes will avert war, and in return the people will stay loyal, even docile.

(...)

The memory of the 1967 trauma has been translated into a deep-seated aversion to war, which underpins such peace and stability as the region has enjoyed. 1967 thus marks the beginning of the end of the Arab-Israeli conflict—the conflict between Israel and Arabs states, which had produced a major war every decade. 1973 marks the end of the end, in which two Arab states stole back some honor and territory, precisely so they could lean back and leave Israelis and Palestinians to thrash out their own differences. This narrower Israeli-Palestinian conflict has been a sore, but its costs have been limited compared to a state-to-state war.

It is important to note that pan-Arabism did survive elsewhere in the Arab world, where its illusions continued to exact a very high cost.(...) The Iraq wars—there have been three in the last three decades—provide a striking contrast to the relative stability in Israel’s corner of the Middle East—a stability which rests, I suggest, on the Arab memory of 1967, which restructured Arab thinking in the states surrounding Israel, away from eager anticipation of war, and toward anxiously averting it.

So in regard to Arab politics, I have offered a possible revision of the usual view of 1967: perhaps its memory, far from making the Arabs angry and volatile, underpins the stability of the Arab order and regional peace.If so, then perhaps we should recall it as a year of net benefit all around—as compared, say, to 1979, the year of Iran's revolution, or 2003, the year of the US invasion of Iraq. The impact of 1967 was to create a new balance, and push ideology to the margins of politics.

(...) The risk today, over forty years later, is not that the consequences of 1967 are still with us. It is that memory of 1967 is starting to fade, and its legacy is being eroded. (...) The problem is that the Middle East continues to be remade and transformed by subsequent events, whose legacy is much more damaging than the legacy of 1967.

What then happens when the Arab world is dominated by generations that no longer remember 1967 or, more importantly, no longer think Israel capable of reenacting it? What memories are replacing the memory of 1967? (...) Without the memory of that defeat of forty years ago, the ranks of the Islamists could swell with people who imagine victory. Without the fear of war, peoples could turn away from those rulers who have made peace—away from the implicit understanding that underpins order. Will it be possible to build stability and peace on other memories, or other promises?"

2011

Las IDf se preparan

Former IDF Commander: Military is Ready for Naksa Day (Elad Benari, June 3, 2011) - IDF on high alert as Palestinians prepare for Naksa Day (Anshel Pfeffer, Jack Khoury y Avi Issacharoff, June 5, 2011), donde dicen que los palestinos en Líbano cancelan la marcha sobre la frontera con Israel por presiones de Jizbolá, mientras el mando del Comando Norte de las IDF ordena el incremento de los medios de control de masas para evitar fallecidos si rompen la frontera y otras fuentes dicen que las IDF creen improbable que haya incidentes en la Ribera Occidental.

En general

Palestinian protest groups organize broader marches on Israeli borders for Sunday (Joel Greenberg, June 3, 2011) - este artículo es tachado de propaganda palestina en Joel Greenberg, the Washington Post's Palestinian Propagandist (Leo Rennert, June 5, 2011)

Israel braces for new protests as Palestinians mark anniversary of Six Day War (Sara Ghasemilee, June 5, 2011)

Recomposición de los altercados del 5 de junio y la implicación Siria en parte de ellos.

Fotos de los disturbios - Más fotos

En Líbano

March to Lebanon-Israel border canceled (AP, June 3, 2011) - Los organizadores dicen que la planeada marcha del domingo para marcar el aniversario de 1967 será sustituida por golpes en 12 campos de refugiados palestinos

En los Altos del Golán

El Partido Reformista de Siria dice que los manifestantes en su frontera con Israel están siendo pagados por el gobierno sirio.

Syrian protesters amass by Israel border ahead of Naksa Day rallies (Haaretz, June 5, 2011) - Las IDF de alerta máxima ante el posible intento de miles de refugiados palestinos de traspasar la frontera por los Altos del Golán, aunque otros, equivocadamente, dijeron que las marchas desde Siria habían sido canceladas (AP, June 4, 2011). Las IDF advierten a los manifestantes (IDF, video 27'') - Tres muertos en las fronteras de Israel en la celebración de la Guerra del 67 (LD, 5 junio): los ataques a la frontera israelí en los Altos del Golán ha obligado al Ejército a responder, causando, al parecer, tres muertos, aunque las IDF no lo confirman.

Syrian TV says 14 dead in Israeli border gunfire (AP, June 5), luego dicen que son 23. Naksa Day: 6 reported dead, 12 hurt on Israel-Syria border (JPost, June 5) - IDF confirms injuries, not deaths; armed men spotted on Syrian side of border; Demonstrators attempting to breach border; TV shows protesters carried away on stretchers; 200-300 arrive at Kunetra. La TV Siria dice que los muertos son 14: 14 killed, 225 hurt in Naksa Day border protests (Yaakov Lappin, June 5) - Las IDF, que no confirman las cifras, disparan contra la parte inferior del cuerpo de quienes pretenden infiltrarse en su frontera y dice que los manifestantes hacen estallar 4 minas en la frontera en Kunetra, en territorio de Siria y que esto ha sido la causa de 10 de los fallecidos alegados.

El Ministro de Defensa de Israel, Ehud Barak, responsabiliza a Siria (IDF, June 6) y el ministerio de AAEE anuncia que se quejará ante NNUU por la incitación promovida por Siria (Haaretz, June 6).

Israel Disputes Toll of Border Clashes, Saying Syria Has an Ulterior Motive (Isabel Kershner, June 6) - comentado y puesto en su sitio por How A New York Times Article Tells You Everything You Need to Know About the Israel-Palestinian Conflict By Being Full of False Information (Barry Rubin, June 7)

IDF: Protesters caused their own deaths (Hanan Greenberg, June 6) - Probe of 'Naksa Day' events reveals Syrian protesters ignited minefields, threw firebombs without preparing extinguishers. IDF called three ceasefires to allow Red Cross to evacuate wounded, but protesters used this to gain ground

UN Commissioner: Golan deaths raises questions (Ma'an, June 7) - UN rights chief condemns IDF firing on Syrian infiltrators (JPost, June 7)

Syria's Bait & Switch: Assad ignites Israeli border (Benny Avni, June 7)

En Jerusalén, Ramala y Jebrón y más en la Ribera Occidental

40 injured in clashes in Jerusalem on Naksa Day (Melanie Didman, June 5)

Activists clash with border police at Kalandia crossing (JPost, June 5)

Documentos y Fuentes

Fuente: