1982 - Operación Paz para Galilea (u Oranim) o Primera Guerra del Líbano (6 jun)
Inmediatamente antes
2 de junio
El 2 de junio de 1982 es gravemente herido en un atentado el embajador de Israel en el Reino Unido cuando terroristas del grupo Junio Negro (liderado por Sabri El Bana, conocido como Abu Nidal, y especializado en atacar a israelíes y judíos dentro y fuera de Israel) le disparan al salir de una reunión en el Hotel Dorchester en Londres.
An emergency cabinet meeting was held in Jerusalem on Friday 3 June. The Prime Minister proclaimed that an attack on an ambassador was tantamount to an attack on the state and called for retaliation.
The previous night Mr. Begin had authorized an air strike on selected targets in Beirut. The air raid started at 15:15 and Israeli planes bombed P.L.0. ammunition depots located in the Beirut stadium. As anticipated, two hours later, the P.L.O. opened fire on the Galilee. The Ministers were called to a meeting at the home of the Prime Minister the next evening. Following is a background summary of events which took place on Friday and Saturday, 4 and 5 June, as provided by Israeli military sources:
Viernes, 4 de junio
El viernes 4 de junio de 1982, tras el intento de asesinato del embajador de Israel en Londres, la Fuerza Aérea de Israel atacó dos objetivos terroristas fundamentales en Líbano. A partir de las 17:20 horas, los terroristas comenzarpn a bomardear los asentamientos del norte de Israel a lo largo de la frontera. Los bombardeos se hacían a intervalos en tandas de 7-5-10 bombas. Sobre las 01:00 horas, se disparó una tanda de 40 misiles katyushas sobre el saliente de Galilea (Etzba HaGalil). El bombardeo terminó sobre las 02:25 horas. Era fuego proveniente de todo tipo de lanzaderas de katyushas, 130 mm de artillería y tanques.
El viernes cayeron 300 bombas sobre la región norte de Israel y el saliente cristiano, resultando asesinado un israelí y otros dos ligeramente heridos. Como respuesta al bombardeo, las FDI devolvieron el fuego sobre los lugares de donde habían provenido los ataques, evitando disparar sobre las zonas pobladas.
Conforme a las declaraciones del portavoz de las FDI del 4 de junio de 1982, los objetivos atacados en la zona de Beirut fueron: un campo de entrenamiento terrorista en Buri-El-Barajna; campos de deportes en el complejo deportivo, que los terroristas se habían apropiado, a pesar de estar localizado en un zona civil.
Sábado, 5 de junio
On Saturday, 5.6.82, at about 09:00 hours, the terrorists renewed fire at their initiative at the Galilee panhandle and the western sector. The shooting included Katyusha rockets, artillery and tank shells. Terrorists hits were identified in large civilian population centers as well. At the same time there was shooting at the Haddad salient.
In response, air force planes were dispatched this morning to attack three types of targets: A. Terrorist bases; B. Terrorist targets in the field; C. Sources of the shelling.
The targets included: 1. A number of targets in the Damour region, including a terrorist base, a tank depot in which a number of tanks were hit, ammunition depots dug into tunnels. 2. In the Zaharani Delta Region 130 mm gun emplacements were attacked (The guns can reach the Galilee panhandle and western Galilee settlements), as well as bunkers and underground ammunition stores. 3. Targets in the Nabatiyeh Heights region, which included dug-in emplacments from which mortar and heavy machine gun fire was directed at the Galilee panhandle. 130 mm and 100 mm gun emplacements and 85 mm mortar emplacements were also attacked.
Terrorist fire continued till the time of this report (21.00). I.D.F. forces returned artillery fire during the day at the sources of the shooting.
A total of 200 shells were fired today at Israel and the Haddad salient. During the terrorist shellings today and this evenings a total of 8 persons were injured.
Resumen
Fuentes: Sobre la intervención de la Fuerza Aérea de Israel contada por ella misma - Warrior: An Autobiography (Ariel Sharon, con David Chanoff, 1989) ofrece lon la perspectiva de Ariel Sharon, ministro de defensa de Israel durante esta guerra. Israel’s “Peace for the Galilee” Operation in Lebanon – Some Initial Perspectives (Daniel J. Elazar, July 1, 1982). Reflections of a Lebanon Relief Officer (Samuel Halperin, December 26, 1982).
Israel entra en el Líbano para expulsar a la Organización para la Liberación de Palestina (OLP). En la imagen, fronteras Israel-Líbano en 1982. Israel nunca deseó un conflicto con su vecino del norte, el Líbano. Sin embargo, cuando la Organización para la Liberación de Palestina (OLP) se redesplegó en el sur del Líbano después de haber sido expulsada de Jordania (1970) y perpetró reiterados actos terroristas contra los poblados y aldeas del norte de Israel (Galilea), causando numerosas víctimas y muchos daños materiales, las Fuerzas de Defensa de Israel cruzaron la frontera (1982).
La "Operación Paz para la Galilea" (inicialmente denominada Operación Oranim en hebreo) obligó a la OLP a retirar del área la masiva infraestructura organizativa y militar que había establecido allí. Durante los siguientes 18 años, Israel mantuvo una pequeña zona de seguridad en el sur de ese país, adyacente a su frontera norte, para proteger a la población de la Galilea de posibles ataques por parte de elementos hostiles.
En junio de 1982 un grupo terrorista palestino dirigido por Abu Nidal llevó a cabo un intento de asesinato contra el embajador de Israel en Gran Bretaña, Shlomó Argov (que lo dejó inválido y hospitalizado desde entonces). En represalia, las FDI atacaron nuevamente el Líbano y lograron su propósito original de arrasar las bases terroristas en el sur de ese país. Una serie de operaciones anfibias simultáneas fue notablemente exitosa. Subsecuentemente, no obstante, la misión fue ampliada y la conquista de Beirut marcó la transición a una prolongada guerra. Fracasó en lograr su propósito definitivo. Se firmó un tratado de paz, pero no fue ratificado; el gobierno cristiano del fragmentado Líbano fue demasiado débil para perdurar.
Durante un corto período (7-11 de junio 1982) los sitios intervinieron en la guerra; no en las Alturas del Golán, donde el acuerdo de separación fue observado estrictamente, sino en el Líbano mismo, donde los sirios tenían una fuerza expedicionaria considerable. El combate terrestre contra los sirios no fue bien para las FDI, y la misión de neutralizar a los sirios y cortar la carretera Beirut - Damasco se logró a un alto precio. No fue así la batalla por el control del espacio aéreo: de 19 baterías sirias - SAM 2, 3 y 6 de fabricación rusa desplegadas en el Líbano - 14 fueron destruídas y 4 más fueron dañadas; la fuerza aérea siria, carente de su apoyo terrestre, perdió 29 aviones MIG en un día, sin ninguna baja israelí. Fue la más intensiva y concentrada batalla aérea conocida hasta la fecha: 200 aviones de ambos lados combatían en un espacio de 50x50 kms. Este fue el resultado de las lecciones aprendidas después de la Guerra de Iom Kipur - una combinación de adiestramiento y equipo, planificación y control, sorpresa e inventiva, entre los cuales medios secretos de combate electrónico tuvieron un lugar de honor. Esta guerra, por lo tanto, puede ser nominada como la Guerra de la Electrónica.
Entretanto, las emboscadas diarias contra las fuerzas israelíes ocupantes se incrementaron, con un correspondiente aumento en las bajas - 1.216 soldados muertos entre el 5 de junio de 1982 y el 31 de mayo de 1985. Una de sus primeras y más importantes víctimas fue el consenso nacional. Por primera vez en la historia de Israel no sólo se debatió la conducción de la guerra - de lo que había amplio precedente - sino su justificación misma. El primer ministro Menajem Beguin dio la palabra clave: una Guerra de Elección, a diferencia de todas las guerras anteriores, que fueron concebidas como de una terrible necesidad.
(Mapa del despliegue de las UNIFIL en julio de 1999)
El fracaso de la Operación Paz para la Galilea en lograr su objetivo convenció al nuevo gobierno de coalición nacional, que asumió en 1984, a retirarse de inmediato del Líbano. Una pequeña fuerza fue mantenida para ayudar a los habitantes del Sur del país a patrullar la Zona de Seguridad - una estrecha franja de territorio adyacente a la frontera de Israel, que es esencial para los asentamientos israelíes, algunos de ellos ubicados en la frontera misma.
Los pueblos y ciudades a lo largo de la frontera norte estaban relativamente seguros, con algunas notables excepciones. Ataques de katiushas contra Kiriat Shmoná en julio de 1993 llevaron a Israel a iniciar la Operación Din Vejeshbón, una importante operación dentro del Líbano, y nuevamente en abril de 1995, a llevar a cabo la Operación Viñas de Ira. Esta última fue una operación "limpia", sin bajas israelíes; pero su efecto fue opacado por un bombardeo israelí por error a un campamento cerca de una base de la ONU en Kafr Kana, causando la muerte de casi cien civiles. A raíz de esta operación fue establecido un Aparato de Vigilancia Conjunto que incluye representantes de EEUU, Francia, Siria, Líbano e Israel para supervisar la implementación de una serie de "entendimientos" básicos - siendo el primero de ellos la prohibición de llevar a cabo ataques contra la población civil, y de emplear a esa población como cobertura y escudo para unidades militares.
Mientras tanto los ataques, principalmente de miembros de Jizbolá (Partido de Dios) una secta chiíta fanática apoyada por Irán y tolerada, al menos, por Siria, contra las fuerzas israelíes y sur libanesas en la zona de seguridad, continúan sin cesar.
Despliegue de la FPNUL en 2010
Sabra y Chatila
Aunque los árabes llaman con frecuencia a Ariel Sharon 'El Carnicero de Beirut', responsabilizándolo de la matanza de palestinos de la OLP que los falangistas cristianos libaneses dirigidos por Elie Hobeika ejecutaron el 16 de septiembre de 1982 en los campos de refugiados beirutíes de Sabra y Chatila, lo indudable es que el odio y la venganza entre árabes es lo que condujo a esta matanza. Con ocasión de la muerte de Ariel 'Arik' Sharon en enero de 2014, Gustavo Perednik y Lee Smith, entre otros muchos y cada uno por su lado, coinciden en resumir esa historia de odios, con innumerables matanzas de cristianos por los árabes en los años anteriores; e interárabes.
Israel formó la Comisión Kahan para investigar los hechos. Líbano no investigó nada y el responsable de los hechos ni fue acusado siquiera.
Cronología
Fuente: Ministerio de RREE de Israel y Ministerio de RREE de Israel
1981
28 January
Six Israelis are wounded by Katyusha rockets fired at Kiryat Shmona from Lebanon.
28 April
29 April
Israeli jets down two Syrian helicopters near Zahla in Lebanon. Prime Minister Begin explained the action as an effort to prevent Syrian domination of Lebanon.
Syria introduces S.A. 6 ground to air missiles into the Bekka Valley in
Lebanon. Israeli planes attack targets in south Lebanon.
5 August
The Knesset votes confidence in the second Begin Cabinet (61 in favour, 58 against).
14 Dec
18 Dec
20 Dec
The Knesset approves the Golan Heights Law (71 in favour, 34 against), instituting Israel law and administration there.
The U.S. suspends the implementation of the strategic cooperation agreement. The Security Council calls on Israel to rescind forthwith the Golan Heights Law.
Prime Minister Begin informs U.S. Ambassador to Israel Lewis that Israel views the suspension of the strategic cooperation agreement as tantamount to its annulment.
1982
15 January
U.S. Secretary of State Haig visits Israel.
20 January
2 February
21 April
9 May
Professor Moshe Arens is appointed as Israel's Ambassador to Washington.
The U.N. General Assembnly condemns Israel for the passage of the Golan Heights Law.
Israel downs two Syrian MIGs over Lebanon, bombs terrorist bases in Sidon.
4 June
5 June
6 June
Israeli jets bomb terrorist targets in southern Lebanon for the first time since 24 July 1981. Northern and Western Galilee are shelled by PLO artillery.
Israeli airplanes raid terrorist targets in Beirut and southern Lebanon. The PLO retaliates by massive artillery bombardment of the entire northern border causing heavy damage.
The cabinet approves a military operation against the PLO in Lebanon and .
Israeli units enter Lebanon. Operation "Peace for Galilee" begins.
Documentos selectos relacionados
Esta ha sido una de las guerras más controvertidas de Israel. Abajo hay abundante documentación para explicar la posición y las decisiones del gobierno israelí entre junio de 1982 y septiembre de 1984, fin del mandato del gobierno de Shamir, con especial atención a lo relativo a la Operación Galilea.
Los documentos también abordan la dimisión del Ministro de Defensa tras el Informe de la Comisión Kahan y la retirada de la vida pública del primer ministro Menajem Beguin en agosto de 1983, pero no atienden otros importantes hechos internacionales de la época, no obstante su importancia.
A menudo, los documentos tienen una breve introducción al principio para ponerlos en su contexto histórico.
Fuente: Ministerio de RREE de Israel
1981 - Junio 1982
Letter from Prime Minister Begin to President Reagan, 21 January 1981.
Address by Foreign Minister Shamir to the World Jewish Congress, 21 January 1981.
Press conference with Prime Minister Begin, 24 February 1981.
Foreign Ministry statement on U.S. arms sale to Saudi Arabia, 6 March 1981.
Interview with Foreign Minister Shamir on Israel Television, 12 March 1981.
Interview with Foreign Minister Shamir in Ma'ariv, 15 March 1981.
Joint statement, Israel-Dominican Republic, 1 April 1981.
Interview with Prime Minister Begin on Israel television, 16 April 1981.
Interview with Prime Minister Begin on Israel radio, 28 April 1981.
Remarks by Prime Minister Begin following a meeting with Ambassador Habib, 2 May 1981.
Interview with Prime Minister Begin on Israel radio, 3 May 1981.
Interview with Prime Minister Begin on Israel radio, 7 May 1981.
Statement in the Knesset by Prime Minister Begin, 11 May 1981.
Replies by Prime Minister Begin on Lebanon, 13 May 1981.
Interview with Foreign Minister Shamir in Maariv, 15 May 1981.
Statement by Prime Minister Begin on Lebanon, 17 May 1981.
Interview with Foreign Minister Shamir on Israel television, 17 May 1981.
Interview with Prime Minister Begin on N.B.C. television, 21 May 1981.
Security Council Resolution 485 (1981), Extension of the mandate of UNIFIL, 22 May 1981.
Clarification by the Prime Minister's Bureau on commitment to the Lebanese Christians, 24 May 1981.
Statement by Prime Minister Begin on Lebanon, 24 May 1981.
Press conference with Prime Minister Begin, 27 May 1981.
Interviews with Prime Minister Begin on I.D.F. radio and Israel Television, 28/29 May 1981.
Interview with Prime Minister Begin on Cable News Network, 1 June 1981.
Press conference with Prime Minister Begin and President Sadat, Sharm El-Sheikh, 4 June 1981.
Statement by the Government of Israel on the bombing of the Iraqi nuclear facility near Baghdad, 8 June 1981.
Interview with Prime Minister Begin, 8 June 1981.
Foreign Ministry statement on suspension of delivery of U.S. aircraft to Israel, 11 June 1981.
Interview with Foreign Minister Shamir in Ma'ariv, 12 June 1981.
Interview with Prime Minister Begin on C.B.S. television, 14 June 1981.
Statement by Prime Minister Begin following his meeting with Ambassador Habib and press conference, 18 June 1981.
Security Council Resolution 487 (1981) - military attack on Iraq nuclear center, 19 June 1981.
Security Council Resolution 488 (1981) - Extension of the mandate of UNIFIL, 19 June 1981.
Israel cabinet statement on the Security Council condemnation, 21 June 1981.
Interview with Prime Minister, Begin on A.B.C. television, 5 July 1981.
Interview with Prime Minister Begin on Israel radio, 13 June 1981.
Statement by the Prime Minister's Bureau on the air raid on Beirut, 17 July 1981.
Cabinet communique on the situation in Lebanon, 21 July 1981.
Security Council Resolution 490 (1981) on cease fire in Lebanon, 21 July 1981.
Statement by Ambassador Habib on the cease fire, 24 July 1981.
Interview with Foreign Minister Shamir on Israel television, 24 July 1981.
Interview with Prime Minister Begin in the Wall Street Journal, 30 July 1981.
.Statement in the Knesset by Prime Minister Begin upon the presentation of his second government, 5 August 1981.
Interview with Prime Minister Begin on Israel radio, 6 August 1981.
Address by Foreign Minister Shamir to Bnai Brith international leadership, 15 August 1981.
Press conference with President Sadat and Prime Minister Begin, Alexandria, 26 August 1981.
Statement by Prime Minister Begin upon his return from Alexandria, 26 August 1981.
Interview with Foreign Minister Shamir on I.D.F. radio, 26 August 1981.
Interview with Foreign Minister Shamir on Israel radio, 29 August 1981.
Address by Foreign Minister Shamir to the Zionist Organization of America conference, 5 September 1981.
Statements by President Reagan and Prime Minister Begin at the White House Lawn, 9 September 1981.
Statements by President Reagan and Prime Minister Begin at the conclusion of their talks, 10 September 1981.
Press conference with Prime Minister Begin, Washington, 10 September 1981.
Interview with Prime Minister Begin on Israel radio, 11 September 1981.
Interview with Foreign Minister Shamir on Israel television, 12 September 1981.
Press conference with Prime Minister Begin upon his return from the United States, 16 September 1981.
Cabinet statement and press conference with Prime Minister Begin, 20 September 1981.
Interview with Prime Minister Begin on Israel radio, 28 September 1981.
Interview with Prime Minister Begin in Yedioth Achronot, 28 September 1981.
Interview with Prime Minister Begin on Israel television, 28 September 1981.
Address to the United Nations General Assembly by Foreign Minister Shamir, 1 October 1981.
Statement by President Navon following the assassination of President Sadat, 6 October 1981.
Statement by Prime Minister Begin in the wake of President Sadat's assassination, 6 October 1981.
Press conference with Prime Minister Begin upon his return from President Sadat's funeral, 10 October 1981.
Interview with Foreign Minister Shamir on Israel radio, 24 October 1981.
Press conference with Prime Minister Begin on the autonomy talks, 26 October 1981.
Cabinet statement on the sale of U.S. arms to Saudi Arabia, 29 October 1981.
Interview with Foreign Minister Shamir on Israel television, 30 October 1981.
Interview with Prime Minister Begin on A.B.C. television, 1 November 1981.
Cabinet statement on the Multinational Force in Sinai, 8 November 1981.
.Statements by Egypt and Israel on the autonomy talks, 12 November 1981.
General Assembly Resolution 36/27, Israel's attack on the Iraqi nuclear installation, 13 November 1981.
Address by Foreign Minister Shamir to the United Jewish Appeal Young Leadership delegation, 15 November 1981.
Security Council Resolution 493 (1981) - extension of the mandate of UNDOF, 23 November 1981.
Interview with Prime Minister Begin on French television, 25 November 1981
Memorandum of Understanding between the government of the United States and the government of Israel on strategic cooperation, 30 November 1981.
General Assembly Resolution 36/70, Assistance to the Palestinian people, 4 December 1981.
Interview with Foreign Minister Shamir in Maariv, 4 December 1981.
Interview with Defense Minister Sharon on Israel television, 9 December 1981.
General Assembly Resolution 36/20, Question of Palestine, 10 December 1981.
The Golan Heights Law - 5742/1981, 14 December 1981.
Address by Defense Minister Sharon at the National Defense College, 15 December 1981.
General Assembly Resolution 36/250, Israel's decision to build a Dead Sea-Mediterranean Canal, 16 December 1981.
General Assembly Resolution 36/146, Relief and Works Agency for the Palestinian refugees, 16 December 1981.
Security Council Resolution 497 (1981), the Golan Heights Law, 17 December 1981.
General Assembly Resolution 36/ 226, the situation in the Near East, 17 December 1981.
Security Council Resolution 498 (1981), extension of the mandate of UNIFIL, 18 December 1981.
Interview with Defense Minister Sharon on Israel television, 19 December 1981.
Statement by Prime Minister Begin on U.S. measures against Israel, 20 December 1981.
Interview with Foreign Minister Shamir on Israel television, 20 December 1981.
Statement in the Knesset by Foreign Minister Shamir, 23 December 1981.
Statement by Ambassador Blum on the Golan Heights Law, 1 January 1982.
Statement in the Knesset by Foreign Minister Shamir on the situation in Poland, 4 January 1982.
Statements by and press conference with Foreign Minis ter Shamir and Secretary of State Haig, 15 January 1982.
Security Council Document S/ PV 2329, Jordan Draft resolution on the Golan Heights, 20 January 1982.
Interview with Defense Minister Sharon in Maariv, 22 January 1982.
Israel's proposals for the Self Governing Authority in the territories, 31 January 1982.
General Assembly Resolution ES-9/1, the situation in the occupied territories, 5 February 1982.
Foreign Ministry statement on the General Assembly resolution, 6 February 1982.
Cabinet statement on the General Assembly, resolution, 7 February 1982.
Knesset resolution condemning the General Assembly resolution, 10 February 1982.
Interview with Foreign Minister Shamir on I.D.F. radio, 12 February 1982.
Statement in the Knesset by Prime Minister Begin, 15 February 1982.
Exchange of letters between President Reagan and Prime Minister Begin, 16 February 1982.
Security Council Resolution 507 (1982), extension of the mandate of UNIFIL, 25 February 1982.
Statement by Prime Minister Begin on remarks made by Chancellor Schmidt, 25 February 1982.
Remarks by Foreign Minister Shamir in Cairo, 25 February 1982.
Address by President Navon welcoming President Mitterand to Israel, 3 March 1982.
Address by President Navon in honor of President Mitterand, 3 March 1982.
Address by Prime Minister Begin in the Knesset on the occasion of the visit of President Mitterand, 4 March 1982.
Interview with Foreign Minister Shamir on Israel television, 6 March 1982.
Interview with Defense Minister Sharon in Yoman Hashavua, 30 March 1982.
Jordanian draft resolution in the Security Council on the situation in the territories, 1 April 1982.
Cabinet statement on the completion of the Israeli withdrawal from Sinai, 21 April 1982.
Interview with Chief of Staff Eitan on Israel television, 21 April 1982.
Interview with Prime Minister Begin on N.B.C. television, 25 April 1982.
Message from Prime Minister Begin to the Egyptian people, 25 April 1982.
Interview with Prime Minister Begin in Mayo magazine, 26 April 1982.
Address by Prime Minister Begin on Independence Day, broadcast on Israel television, 27 April 1982.
Interview with Prime Minister Begin on I.D.F. radio, 27 April 1982.
General Assembly Resolution ES-7/4, the question of Palestine, 28 April 1982.
Statement in the Knesset by Prime Minister Begin, 3 April 1982.
Reply in the Knesset by Prime Minister Begin, 4 May 1982.
Interview with Foreign Minister Shamir in Yoman Hashavua, 10 May 1982.
Interview with Foreign Minister Shamir on Israel radio, 8 May 1982.
Address by Foreign Minister Shamir honoring members of the Political Affairs Committee of the Council of Europe, 18 May 1982.
Statement in the cabinet by Prime Minister Begin, 23 May 1982.
Remarks by Foreign Minister Shamir on U.S. arms sale to Jordan, 26 May 1982.
Interview with Defense Minister Sharon in the Wall Street Journal, 28 May 1982.
Interview with Defense Minister Sharon on Israel radio, 29 May 1982.
Statement by Defense Minister Sharon on Israeli arms sales to Iran, 30 May 1982.
Address by Foreign Minister Shamir in honor of German Foreign Minister Genscher, 3 June 1982.
junio 1982 - septiembre 1984
Fuente: Ministerio de RREE de Israel
Summary of Events, 4 and 5 June 1982.
Security Council Resolution 508 (1982), 5 June 1982.
Israel Cabinet Decision, 6 June 1982.
Exchange of letters between President Reagan and Prime Minister Begin, 6 June 1982.
Interview with Foreign Ministry Director General Kimche on Israel Radio, 6 June 1982.
Security Council Resolution 509 (1982), 6 June 1982.
Statement in the Knesset by Prime Minister Begin, 8 June 1982.
Security Council Draft Resolution, 8 June 1982.
I.D.F. Spokesman Announcement, 8 June 1982.
Excerpts from Press Conference with Defense Minister Sharon, 9 June 1982.
Interview with Defense Minister Sharon on Israel Radio, 10 June 1982.
Israel accepts the cease fire; Cabinet Communique, 11 June 1982.
Interview with Defense Minister Sharon on Israel Radio, 11 June 1982.
Press conference with Defense Minister Sharon, 11 June 1982.
Interview with Foreign Minister Shamir on Israel Radio, 12 June 1982.
Interview with Foreign Minister Shamir on Israel Television, 12 June 1982.
Cabinet Communique, 13 June 1982.
Press conference with Foreign Minister Shamir, 14 June 1982.
Interview with Defense Minister Sharon on lsrael Radio, 14 June 1982.
Interview with Defense Minister Sharon on Israel Television, 14 June 1982.
Interview with Prime Minister Begin on Israel Television, 15 June 1982.
Interview with Defense Minister Sharon on Israel Television, 16 June 1982.
Interview with Defense Minister Sharon in Ma'ariv and Yediot Aharonot, 18 June 1982.
Security Council Resolution 512 (1982), 19 June 1982.
Interview with Foreign Minister Shamir on Israel Television, 20 June 1982.
Interview with Economic Minister Meridor on I.D.F. Radio, 20 June 1982.
Interview with Defense Minister Sharon on Israel Radio, 20 June 1982.
Remarks by Prime Minister Begin and President Reagan at the White House, 21 June 1982.
Interview with Prime Minister Begin on C.B.S. Television, 21 June 1982.
Remarks by Prime Minister Begin on Israel Radio, 22 June 1982.
Statement to the Press by Prime Minister Begin, 23 June 1982.
Security Council Draft Resolution, 25 June 1982.
Interview with Defense Minister Sharon on Israel Television, 26 June 1982.
Cabinet Communique, 27 June 1982.
Interview with Bashir Gemayel on A.B.C. Television, 27 June 1982.
Address in the Knesset by Prime Minister Begin, 29 June 1982.
Address in the Knesset by Defense Minister Sharon, 29 June 1982.
Interview with Foreign Minister Shamir on Israel Radio, 3 July 1982.
Cabinet communique, 4 July 1982.
Security Council Resolution 513 (1982), 4 July 1982.
Remarks by Defense Minister Sharon at the I.D.F. Staff and Command College, 6 July 1982.
Interview with Bashir Gemayel on A.B.C. Television, 9 July 1982.
Remarks by Defense Minister Sharon, 21 July 1982.
Security Council Resolution 515 (1982), 29 July 1982.
IDF Spokesman Announcement, 1 August 1982.
Cabinet Communique, 1 August 1982.
Remarks by Defense Minister Sharon to High School Graduates, 1 August 1982.
Security Council Resolution 516 (1982), 1 August 1982.
Interview with Foreign Minister Shamir, 3 August 1982.
Security Council Resolution 517 (1982), 4 August 1982.
Interview with Foreign Minister Shamir on I.D.F. Radio, 5 August 1982.
Cabinet Communique, 5 August 1982.
Interview with Defense Minister Sharon on Israel Radio, 6 August 1982.
Security Council Revised Draft Resolution, 6 August 1982.
Address by Prime Minister Begin at the National Defense College, 8 August 1982.
Cabinet Communique, 10 August 1982.
Statement in the Knesset by Prime Minister Begin, 12 August 1982.
Prime Minister's Bureau Announcement, 12 August 1982.
Security Council Resolution 519 (1982), 12 August 1982.
Press briefing by President Reagan, 13 August 1982.
Interview with Defense Minister Sharon on Israel Radio, 14 August 1982.
Cabinet Communique, 15 August 1982.
Interview with Defense Minister Sharon on Israel Radio and Television, 17 August 1982.
Interview with Foreign Minister Shamir on Israel Radio, 21 August 1982.
"Gains from the War in Lebanon" by Ariel Sharon, 29 August 1982.
I.D.F. Spokesman Announcement on the expulsion of the PLO and Syrian Army from Beirut, 1 September 1982.
Statement by President Reagan (The Reagan Plan), 1 September 1982.
Cabinet Resolution on the Reagan Plan, 2 September 1982.
Interview with Foreign Minister Shamir on Israel Radio, 3 September 1982.
Interview with Ambassador Arens in Maariv, 3 September 1982.
Letter from Prime Minister Begin to President Reagan, 5 September 1982.
Remarks by Defense Minister Sharon, 6 September 1982.
Statement in the Knesset by Foreign Minister Shamir, 8 September 1982.
Statement in the Knesset by Defense Minister Sharon, 8 September 1982.
Reply in the Knesset by Prime Minister Begin, 8 September 1982.
Statement in the Knesset by Prime Minister Begin on the Reagan Plan, 8 September 1982.
Cabinet Communique on the entry of the I.D.F. to West Beirut, 16 September 1982.
Security Council Resolution 520 (1982), 17 September 1982.
Cabinet Communique on the Massacre at the Refugee Camps, 19 September 1982.
Interview with Chief of Staff Eitan on Israel Television, 19 September 1982.
Security Council Resolution 521 (1982), 19 September 1982.
Cabinet Communique, 21 September 1982.
Statement in the Knesset by Defense Minister Sharon, 22 September 1982.
Statement in the Knesset by Prime Minister Begin, 22 September 1982.
General Assembly Resolution ES 7/9, Question of Palestine, 24 September 1982.
Cabinet Communique on the Appointment of a Commission of Inquiry, 28 September 1982.
Interview with Foreign Minister Shamir on C.B.S. Television, 3 October 1982.
Address in the Knesset by Prime Minister Begin, 18 October 1982.
Security Council Resolution 523 (1982), Extension of UNIFIL, 18 October 1982.
Interview with Foreign Minister Shamir in Maariv, 29 October 1982.
General Assembly Resolution 37/18, Armed Israeli Aggression Against the Iraqi Nuclear Installations, 16 November 1982.
General Assembly Resolution 37/75, Establishment of a Nuclear Weapon Free Zone in the Middle East, andResolution 37/82, Israeli Nuclear Armament, 9 December 1982.
General Assembly Resolution 37/88, Report of a Committee Investigating Israeli Practices in the Territories, 10 December 1982.
General Assembly Resolution 37/86, Question of Palestine, 10 December 1982.
General Assembly Resolution 37/123, the Situation in the Middle East, 16 December 1982.
General Assembly Resolution 37/112, Israel's decision to build the Mediterranean-Dead Sea canal, 16 September 1982.
General Assembly Resolutions 37/120, Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees, 16 December 1982, andResolution 37/134, Assistance to the Palestine People, 17 December 1982.
General Assembly Resolution 37/127, financing UNIFIL, 17 December 1982.
Cabinet Communique, 26 December 1982.
Agreement on the Agenda for Israel-Lebanon Talks and Remarks by Defense Minister Sharon, 13 January 1983.
Interview with Foreign Minister Shamir on Israel Television, 16 January 1983.
Security Council Resolution 529 (1983), Extension of UNIFIL, 18 January 1983.
Interview with Foreign Minister Shamir on Israel Radio, 19 January 1983.
Report of the Commission of Inquiry into the Events at the Refugee Camps in Beirut, 8 February 1983.
Interview with Foreign Minister Shamir on Israel Television, 10 March 1983.
Interview with Foreign Minister Shamir on Israel Television, 16 March 1983.
Defense Ministry Announcement on Sharing Information with the U.S., 21 March 1983.
Interview with Defense Minister Arens on Israel Television, 13 April 1983.
Airport statements by Foreign Minister Shamir and Secretary of State Shultz, 27 April 1983.
Interview with Foreign Minister Shamir on I.D.F. Radio, 5 May 1983.
Interview with Defense Minister Arens on Israel Television, 7 May 1983.
Airport Statement by Foreign Minister Shamir, 8 May 1983.
Statement in the Knesset by Foreign Minister Shamir, 11 May 1983.
Agreement between Israel and Lebanon, 17 May 1983.
Statements by Foreign Ministry Director General Kimche at the Ceremonies Marking the Signing of the Israel-Lebanon Agreement, 17 May 1983.
Interview with Defense Minister Arens in Davar, 17 May 1983.
Security Council Resolution 531 (1983), Extension of UNDOF, 26 May 1983.
Statement in the Knesset by Prime Minister Begin, 1 June 1983.
Interview with Defense Minister Arens on Israel Radio, 12 June 1983.
Statement in the Knesset by Prime Minister Begin, 15 June 1983.
Statement in the Knesset by Foreign Minister Shamir, 21 June 1983.
Cabinet Communique and Interview with Defense Minister Arens on Israel Television, 20 July 1983.
Statement in the Knesset by Prime Minister Begin, 21 July 1983.
Interview with Foreign Minister Shamir in Maariv, 25 July 1983.
Interviews with Foreign Minister Shamir on Israel Television 24 July 1983; on I.D.F. Radio, 25 July 1983; on I.D.F. Radio, 5 August 1983.
Address by Prime Minister Begin to Israel Bonds Conference, 14 August 1983.
Statement by Defense Minister Arens in Beirut, 16 August 1983.
Interview with Defense Minister Arens in Maariv, 19 August 1983.
Security Council Resolution 538 (1983), Extension of UNIFIL, 18 October 1983.
Interview with Defense Minister Arens on Israel Television, 2 November 1983.
General Assembly Resolution 38/9, Israeli Attack on the Iraqi Nuclear Installations, 10 November 1983.
Interview with Prime Minister Shamir in Maariv, 21 November 1983.
Statements on Exchange of Prisoners, 24 November 1983.
Interview with Prime Minister Shamir on Israel Radio, 26 November 1983.
Security Council Resolution 543 (1983), Extension of UNDOF, 29 November 1983.
Interview with Prime Minister Shamir on I.D.F. Radio, 30 November 1983.
Interview with Prime Minister Shamir in Maariv, 2 December 1983.
Statement in the Knesset by Prime Minister Shamir, 5 December 1983.
Statement in the Knesset by Prime Minister Shamir, 7 December 1983.
Message from Prime Minister Shamir to U.N. Secretary General De Cuellar, 8 December 1983.
General Assembly Resolution 38/58, Question of Palestine, 13 December 1983.
Statement in the Knesset by Defense Minister Arens, 14 December 1983.
General Assembly Resolution 38/79, Israeli Practices in the Territories, 15 December 1983.
General Assembly Resolution 38/69, Israel's Nuclear Armament, 15 December 1983.
General Assembly Resolution 38/83, Assistance to Palestine Refugees, 15 December 1983.
General Assembly Resolution 38/85, Israel's Decision to Build a Mediterranean - Dead Sea Canal, 15 December 1983.
Interview with Prime Minister Shamir in El Anba, 16 December 1983.
General Assembly Resolution 38/145, Assistance to Palestinian People, 19 December 1983.
General Assembly Resolution 38/144, Permanent Sovereignty over National Resources in Occupied Areas, 19 December 1983.
General Assembly Resolution 38/180, the Situation in the Middle East, 19 December 1983.
Interview with Defense Minister Arens in Yediot Aharonot, 23 December 1983.
Address by Prime Minister Shamir to the Zionist General Council, 9 January 1984.
Address by Prime Minister Shamir to Conference of Presidents of American Jewish Organizations, 16 February 1984.
Statement by President Reagan on the Redeployment of the Marines, 7 February 1984.
Interview with Defense Minister Arens on A.B.C. Television, 19 February 1984.
Interview with Defense Minister Arens on Israel Radio, 21 February 1984.
Statement by the Prime Minister's Bureau on Abrogation of Israel-Lebanon Agreement, 5 March 1984.
Statement in the Knesset by Prime Minister Shamir, 7 March 1984.
Interview with Prime Minister Shamir in Yediot Aharonot, 9 March 1984.
Statement in the Knesset by Prime Minister Shamir and Reply to the Debate, 12 March 1984.
Interview with Defense Minister Arens on Israel Television, 15 April 1984.
Interview with Prime Minister Shamir in Davar, 16 April 1984.
Interview with Prime Minister Shamir in Maariv, 16 April 1984.
Interview with Defense Minister Arens in Maariv, 16 April 1984.
Interview with Prime Minister Shamir on Reuters, 24 April 1984.
Interview with Prime Minister Shamir in Yediot Aharonot, 6 May, 1984.
Interview with Prime Minister Shamir on Israel Radio, 7 May 1984.
Statement in the Knesset by Prime Minister Shamir, 21 May 1984.
Interview with Prime Minister Shamir on Israel Radio, 9 June 1984.
Interview with Prime Minister Shamir on Israel Television, 10 June 1984.
Interview with Prime Minister Shamir on Israel Radio, 22 June 1984.
Interview with Prime Minister Shamir in the New York Times, 9 July 1984.
Foreign Ministry Statement on the Withdrawal of the Israeli Mission from Beirut, 25 July 1984.
Remarks in the Cabinet by Prime Minister Shamir, 9 September 1984.
Resoluciones de NNUU selectas relacionadas
Fuente: Naciones Unidas
CS Res 485 (22 may 1981)
Extensión del mandato de FPNUL-UNIFIL. Ver aquí otras Resoluciones de NNUU sobre el tema.
CS Res 487 (19 jun 1981)
Ataque israelí a instalaciones nucleares de Irak. Ver aquí otras Resoluciones de NNUU sobre el tema.
CS Res 488 (19 jun 1981)
Ignoring the recent developments in Lebanon, chiefly the Syrian military intervention in that country, the Security Council extended the mandate of the United Nations Force in Lebanon by an additional six months. The Soviet Union and East Germans argued that the resolution was not anti-Israeli enough, and abstained in the vote, while China, as usual, did not participate in the voting. Ver aquí otras Resoluciones de NNUU sobre la Extensión del mandato de FPNUL-UNIFIL.
CS Res 490 (21 jul 1981)
In order to strengthen the efforts of Ambassador Habib, and without going into the causes of the situation in Lebanon that led to the present mini-war, the Council unanimously passed this resolution calling for an immediate cease-fire.
CS Res 493 (23 nov 1981)
Extensión del mandato de FPNUL-UNIFIL. Ver aquí otras Resoluciones de NNUU sobre el tema.
AG Res 36-70 (4 dic 1981)
Asistencia al pueblo palestino. Ver aquí otras Resoluciones de NNUU sobre el tema.
The month of December had become a month of the passage of a series of anti-Israel resolutions by the General Assembly. The following resolution was no different than previous ones passed by the Assembly. But absent this time was the usual vituperative language applied against Israel. The resolution was adopted by 99 in favor, 2 against and 18 abstentions.
AG Res 36-87 (9 dic 1981)
Zona libre de armas nucleares en Oriente Medio. Ver aquí otras Resoluciones de NNUU sobre el tema.
The following resolution have also become an annual affair for the General Assembly, but this year there was more interest due to Israel's attack on the Iraqi reactor.
While the resolution calling for the establishment of a nuclear-weapon free zone in the Middle East was adopted without a vote, the second paragraph of resolution 36/87 was adopted by a majority of 107 in favor, 2 against and 31 abstentions, while the vote for resolution 36/98 was 101 in favor, 2 against and 39 abstentions.
AG Res 36-98 (9 dic 1981)
Armamento nuclear de Israel. Ver aquí otras Resoluciones de NNUU sobre el tema.
The following resolution have also become an annual affair for the General Assembly, but this year there was more interest due to Israel's attack on the Iraqi reactor.
The vote for resolution 36/98 was 101 in favor, 2 against and 39 abstentions.
AG Res 36-120 (10 dic 1981)
La Cuestión Palestina. Ver aquí otras Resoluciones de NNUU sobre el tema.
This lengthy resolution, which has become a traditional one in the General Assembly, dealt with all aspects of the Israeli administration of the territories and the situation of the people living on them. This was the annual chance for the PLO and its supporters to obtain a resolution which they could then brandish as a major political achievement. As far as Israel was concerned, it looked to see who was not afraid of the automatic majority the Arabs and their friends commanded in the General Assembly and voted against the series of resolution which had little bearing on the reality in the Middle East.
AG Res 36-146 (dic 1981)
Refugiados palestinos. Ver aquí otras Resoluciones de NNUU sobre el tema.
This annual resolution dealt with the situation of the 1948 and 1967 Palestinian refugees. It was broken down into sub-resolutions dealing with the situation in the Gaza Strip, the general workings of UNRWA, assistance to Palestinian refugees and other related issues. In this case, as in similar resolutions, Israel was virtually alone in voting against, while between 110 and 140 member states sided with the Arabs, with few abstaining.
AG Res 36-150 (16 dic 1981)
Decisión de Israel de construir un canal entre el Mediterráneo y el Mar Muerto. Ver aquí otras Resoluciones de NNUU sobre el tema.
In the early 1980s, Israel was considering the possibility of linking the Dead Sea and the Mediterranean by a canal which would also generate hydroelectric power. Parts of the canal would be dug in Judea. Jordan complained and the issue was brought before the General Assembly. Any enterprise that was bound to help Israel's economy was seen by the Arabs and their supporters as a negative development. The resolution was adopted by the almost automatic majority of 139 members voting in favor, 2 against (Israel and the U.S.) and 4 abstained In 1985 the project had to be abandoned for financial reasons.
AG Res 36-226 (17 dic 1981)
Situación en el Oriente Medio. Ver aquí otras Resoluciones de NNUU sobre el tema.
The annual resolution dealing with the Middle East was harsher in 1981 than in the past, as it was adopted four days after the passage of the Golan Heights Law by the Knesset. This made it more difficult for the United States to support Israel and it abstained on the vote over paragraph 8. The other sections of the resolution were essentially a repetition of previous resolutions. Part A of the resolution was adopted by 94 in favor, 16 against and 28 abstentions. On part B of the resolution, 121 voted in favor, 2 against and 20 abstained Egypt originally abstained in the vote on paragraph 8, but later asked that its vote be considered in favor.
CS Res 497 (17 dic 1981)
Syria complained to the Security Council after the Knesset adopted the Golan Heights Law on 14 December. The following resolution was adopted unanimously and called on Israel to rescind forthwith its decision.
CS Res 498 (18 dic 1981)
Extensión del mandato de FPNUL-UNIFIL. Ver aquí otras Resoluciones de NNUU sobre el tema.
What started out to be a routine extension of the mandate of UNIFIL became an open attack on Israel's policy in Lebanon. No reference was made either to Syria or the PLO in Lebanon, and this one-sided resolution was adopted by 13 in favor, including the United States, Britain and France, non against. East Germany and the Soviet Union abstained.
CS Res 501 (25 feb 1982)
Extensión del mandato de FPNUL-UNIFIL. Ver aquí otras Resoluciones de NNUU sobre el tema.
Once again, the resolution singled Israel out for its military involvement in Lebanon, omitting mention of Syria and the PLO. The resolution also called for the expansion in the size of the force by adding 1000 soldiers to the existing 6000 troops already stationed in southern Lebanon. Poland and the Soviet Union abstained in the vote, while 13 members voted in favor.
La Cuestión Palestina. Ver aquí otras Resoluciones de NNUU sobre el tema.
Unimpressed with the historic developments in Israel-Egypt relations, the General Assembly resumed its seventh emergency special session, which started in February. It made no reference to the Israel-Egypt peace treaty, or the Camp David Accords, and focused its attention to the situation in the territories. Israel was condemned by 86 member states for a variety of accusations. Against this resolution were 20 states, including the United States, Britain, France, most of the Western European democracies, Australia, Canada and New Zealand; 36 states abstained, among them Egypt. 14 states were absent from the vote.
CS Res 598 (5 jun 1982)
Already on Friday, June 4, the Lebanese Government lodged a complaint with the Security Council and demanded an end to hostile actions which were taking place on Lebanese territory. On that day, the Secretary General of the United Nations had also issued a call to Israel and the PLO to cease fire. On 5 June, the Council adopted the following resolution. Israel took note that the attack on Ambassador Argov was not mentioned, and there was no effort to apportion any blame on the PLO. The resolution was adopted unanimously.
CS Res 509 (6 jun 1982)
As word reached New York of the Israeli advance into Lebanon, the Security Council met and heard a report from the Secretary General based on UNIFIL messages describing the Israeli advance. The Council then adopted unanimously this resolution. It should be noted that there was no mention of the PLO and that organization was not required to cease fire. The PLO. was presumably included in the term "all parties" of operative paragraph 2.
CS Res 512 (9 jun 1982)
In the second week of the war, world media turned its attention to the plight of thousands of civilians who were caught in the fighting. Many of them P.L.0. terrorists who merged with the local population hindering the advance of the I.D.F, others, civilian Lebanese who came under the rule of the P.L.0. and were delighted to be liberated from that organization. But the extent of the damage and number of casualties dismayed international public opinion which turned against Israel and accused it of causing misery and suffering. The P.L.0. was able to win headlines with the claim that 600, 000 people were uprooted, more than the entire population of the area affected by the war. It also spread the false figure of 10,000 dead. In this atmosphere, the Security Council met to discuss the suffering of the Lebanese and Palestinian population and unanimously adopted this resolution.
CS Res (25 jun 1982)
In view of the heavy fighting in the Beirut area, the French government became alarmed, and asked the U.S. to pressure Israel into accepting a cease-fire and promise not to enter Beirut. The French government then proposed a Security Council resolution calling for an immediate cease fire, and Israeli withdrawal the Beirut area as the first phase of a total Israeli withdrawal from Lebanon. But it only called for a limited PLO withdrawal, to the "existing camps" The U.S. vetoed the resolution which was not adopted On that day, Secretary of State Haig was forced to resign his office after prolonged differences of opinion other senior members of the Reagan administration.
El Consejo de Seguridad autoriza al Secretario General para que despliegue de inmediato observadores de las Naciones Unidas para que vigilen la situación en Beirut y sus alrededores.
El Consejo de Seguridad expresa su preocupación por la invasión de Beirut por Israel.
CS Res 518 (12 ago 1982)
El Consejo de Seguridad exige el inmediato levantamiento de todas las restricciones impuestas a la ciudad de Beirut a fin de permitir la libre entrada de suministros para atender las necesidades urgentes de la población civil de Beirut.
El Consejo de Seguridad autoriza a la Fuerza a que durante ese período siga cumpliendo además las tareas provisionales en las esferas humanitaria y administrativa.
El Consejo de Seguridad Condena las recientes incursiones israelíes en Beirut, que violan los acuerdos de cesacièn del fuego.
El Consejo de Seguridad autoriza a la FPNUL a realizar, con el consentimiento del Gobierno del Líbano, las tareas provisionales en las esferas humanitaria y administrativa, y a ayudar al Gobierno del Líbano a garantizar la seguridad de todos los habitantes de la zona sin discriminación alguna.
Extensión del mandato de FPNUL-UNIFIL. Ver aquí otras Resoluciones de NNUU sobre el tema.
AG Res 37-18 (16 nov 1982)
Ataque israelí a instalaciones nucleares de Iraq. Ver aquí otras Resoluciones de NNUU sobre el tema.
AG Res 37-75 (9 dic 1982)
Zona libre de armas nucleares en Oriente Medio. Ver aquí otras Resoluciones de NNUU sobre el tema.
AG Res 37-82 (9 dic 1982)
Armamento nuclear de Israel. Ver aquí otras Resoluciones de NNUU sobre el tema.
AG Res 37-86 (10 dic 1982)
La Cuestión Palestina. Ver aquí otras Resoluciones de NNUU sobre el tema.
AG Res 37-88 (10 dic 1982)
Prácticas de Israel en los Territorios. Ver aquí otras Resoluciones de NNUU sobre el tema.
AG Res 37-112 (16 dic 1982)
Decisión de Israel de construir un canal entre el Mediterráneo y el Mar Muerto. Ver aquí otras Resoluciones de NNUU sobre el tema.
AG Res 37-120 (16 dic 1982)
Refugiados palestinos. Ver aquí otras Resoluciones de NNUU sobre el tema.
AG Res 37-123 (16 dic 1982)
Situación en el Oriente Medio. Ver aquí otras Resoluciones de NNUU sobre el tema.
AG Res 37-127 (17 dic 1982)
Financiación de FPNUL-UNIFIL. Ver aquí otras Resoluciones de NNUU sobre el tema.
AG Res 37-134 (17 dic 1982)
Asistencia al pueblo palestino. Ver aquí otras Resoluciones de NNUU sobre el tema.
CS Res 529 (18ene 1983)
Extensión del mandato de FPNUL-UNIFIL. Ver aquí otras Resoluciones de NNUU sobre el tema.
CS Res 531 (26 may 1983)
CS Res 538 (18 oc 1983)
CS Res 38-9 (10 nov 1983)
CS Res 543 (29 nov 1983)
AG Res 38-58 (13 dic 1983)
AG Res 38-69 (15 dic 1983)
AG Res 38-79 (15 dic 1983)
AG Res 38-83 (15 dic 1983)
AG Res 38-85 (15 dic 1983)
AG Res 38-144 (19 dic 1983)
AG Res 38-145 (19 dic 1983)
AG Res 38-180 (19 dic 1983)
Otros documentos selectos relevantes
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