EEUU-Israel

Resumen

Fuente: The American Interest (Martin Kramer, Fall 2006)

Entre 1948 y 1967, los EEUU siguieron una política de suma cero en el Oriente Medio. Reconocieron a Israel en 1948 pero no hicieron demasiado por ayudarle a defenderse por temor a alienar a las monarquías árabes, los jeques del petróleo y a la "calle árabe". Era la época de los arabistas sentimentales del Departamento de Estado y de las compañías petroleras guiadas por su beneficio. Aunque la memoria de la Shoá estaba fresca los EEUU se mantuvieron cautos e intentando parecer equilibrados, lo que lo llevó a imponer embargo de armas tanto a Israel como a los árabes. 

Así Israel hubo de comprar sus armas en otros lugares, de la Unión Soviética, aviones y un reactor nuclear de Francia, e incluso llegó a un pacto con su viejo adversario, el Reino Unido, con ocasión del conflicto que originó la Campaña del Sinaí de 1956. En esa época ni Israel estaba en la órbita de EEUU ni recibió gran ayuda del mismo.

Nevertheless, the radical Arab states gravitated toward the Soviet Union for weapons and aid. Israel felt vulnerable, and the Arab countries still believed they could eliminate Israel by war. In every decade, this insecurity indeed produced war: 1948, 1956, 1967, and 1973. The United States was not invested heavily enough to prevent these wars; its diplomacy simply kicked in to stop them after the initial energy was spent.

Only in June 1967, with Israel’s lightning victory over three of its neighbors, did the United States begin to see Israel differently, as a military power in its own right. The Arab-Israeli war that erupted in October 1973 did even more to persuade the United States of Israel’s power. Although Egypt and Syria launched a surprise attack against Israel, Israel bounded back to achieve what military analysts have called its greatest victory, repulsing an enemy that might have overwhelmed a less determined and resourceful people.

It was then that the United States began to look at Israel as a potential strategic ally. Israel appeared to be the strongest, most reliable, and most cost-effective bulwark against Soviet penetration of the Middle East. It could defeat any combination of Soviet clients on its own, and in so doing, humiliate the Soviet Union and drive thinking Arabs out of the Soviet camp.

The 1973 war had another impact on American thinking. Until then, Arab-Israeli wars did not threaten the oil flow, but that war led to an Arab oil embargo. Another Arab-Israeli war might have the same impact or worse, so the United States therefore resolved to prevent such wars by creating a security architecture — a pax Americana.

One way to build it would have been to squeeze Israel relentlessly. But the United States understood that making Israel feel less secure would only increase the likelihood of another war and encourage the Arab states to prepare for yet another round. Instead, the American solution was to show such strong support for Israel as to make Arab states despair of defeating it, and fearful of the cost of trying. To this purpose, the United States brought Israel entirely into its orbit, making of it a dependent client through arms and aid.

That strategy worked. Expanded American support for Israel persuaded Egypt to switch camps and abandon its Soviet alliance, winning the Cold War for the United States in the Middle East. Egypt thus became an American ally alongside Israel, and not instead of Israel. The zero-sum theory of the Arabists — Israel or the Arabs, but not both — collapsed. American Middle East policy underwent its Copernican revolution.

Before 1973, the Arab states thought they might defeat or destroy Israel by some stroke of luck, and they tried their hand at it repeatedly. Since 1973, the Arab states have understood not only that Israel is strong, but that the United States is fully behind it.

As a result, there have been no more general Arab-Israeli wars, and Israel’s Arab neighbors have either made peace with it (Egypt, Jordan), or kept their border quiet (Syria). The corner of the Middle East along the eastern Mediterranean has been free of crises requiring direct American military intervention. This is due to American support for Israel — a support that appears so unequivocal to the Arabs that they have despaired of overturning it.

United States support for Israel has also enhanced its standing in another way, as the only force, in Arab eyes, that can possibly persuade Israel to cede territory it has occupied since 1967. In a paradoxical way, the United States has been a major beneficiary of the Israeli occupation of Arab territories: Arab leaders who wish to regain lost territory must pass an American test. When they do, the United States rewards them, and the result has been a network of American-endorsed agreements based on American-mediated Israeli concessions.

It is this “peace process” that has turned even revolutionary Arab leaders into supplicants at the White House door. They would not be there if a strong Israel did not hold something they want, and if the United States was not in a position to deliver it.

Estrategias básicas de EEUU en Oriente Medio

Sobre las 4 estrategias básicas de EEUU en Oriente Medio, los mejor es leerse U.S. strategy in the Middle East (Martin Kramer, Dec 2013), breve artículo en el que introduce los conceptos de Delegating, Delinking, Pairing y Flipping

Análisis y Fuentes

The Ultimate Ally: The "realists" are wrong: America needs Israel now more than ever (Michael Oren, April 25, 2011) - Comentario a dicho artículo y algunas respuestas al mismo, la de Martin Kramer bastante anticipada, pues en realidad es una respuesta a otro artículo de Mersheimer y Walt de 2006 (luego seguido de un libro):

America’s unique ally: In erratic Middle East, Israel remains America’s most credible, capable ally (Yoram Ettinger, Feb 18, 2011)

The Obama Administration's Approach to US-Israel Security Cooperation: Preserving Israel's Qualitative Military Edge (Andrew J. Shapiro, Assistant Secretary, Political-Military Affairs, July 16, 2010)

Congressman Rothman Questions Secretary of Defense Robert Gates and Admiral Michael Mullen, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff about the Middle East (March 3, 2011)

Israel: Not Just a Strategic Asset, But a Strategic Bonanza (Robert Satloff, July 23, 2010)

Israel Aid Pays U.S. Dividends That Exceed Cost (Steve Rothman, April 7, 2010)

Un clásico que presenta la posición contraria, que la alianza con israel es un pedo para EEUU fruto de la acción del poderoso lobby israelí, es el ya citado The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy (John J. Mearsheimer y Stephen M. Walt, Sep 2006) en el que sostienen que “objetivamente” medido, el apoyo americano a Israel es una carga pues provoca que árabes y musulmanes odien América, odio que se transforma en terrorismo, cuando el principal interés americano en Oriente Medio es cultivar la cooperación con aquéllos, muchos de los cuales detestan a Israel, sus políticas, o ambos; cuanto menos se identifique EEUU como apoyo y amigo de los seis millones de judíos israelíes más fácil le será encontrar testaferros locales para mantener el orden entre el millar y medio largo de millones de musulmanes del mundo; y que lo único que ha evitado que EEUU veo esto claramente es la acción del Loby con mayúsculas, el lobby judío, con sus diversos frentes el American-Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC), el Washington Institute for Near East Policy y similares.

Encuentros y Desencuentros israelo-americanos

A History of U.S.-Israel Breakups and Makeups (Gil Troy, March 2015)

2012 - US - Israel Enhanced Security Cooperation Act

The US - Israel Enhanced Security CooperationAct: Legitimate Legislation or Puffed Up PolicyStatement? (Alexa V. Darakjy, 2015)