1978 - Israel-Egipto - Acuerdos de Camp David (17 sep)

Resumen

Fuente: Según Dennis Ross, el relato más completo de los esfuerzos diplomáticos que condujeron a este tratado de paz es Camp David: Peacemaking and Politics (William Quandt, 1986). Un buen relato es el libro Menachem Begin: The Battle for Israel's Soul (Daniel Gordis, 2014), de donde el propio autor extrae este artículo How Menachem Begin Made Peace With Israel’s Greatest Enemy: Egypt (Daniel Gordis, Feb 28, 2014).

El decano de los historiadores de Oriente Medio, Bernard Lewis, afirma que la paz entre Egipto e Israel vino determinada por la voluntad egipcia de quitarse de encima la abrumadora invasión colonial soviética, que entonces vivía el país; y lo hace relatando una anécdota de la época en la que un amigo egipcio compara las colonizaciones británica y soviética:

"Ambos querían quedarse con la vaca; la diferencia es que los británicos querían su leche mientras que los soviéticos querían su carne".

Tras 13 días (muchos dicen 12, pero Dennis Ross escribe 13) de negociaciones secretas israelo-egipcias en Camp David, estas concluyen con la firma el 17 de septiembre de 1978 de dos acuerdos en la Casa Blanca:

El 28 de septiembre de 1978, sobre las 3 de la madrugada, el Acuerdo sería ratificado por la Knésset, por 84 votos a favor, 19 en contra y 17 abstenciones.

El acuerdo Israel-Egipto define claramente las futuras relaciones de los dos países, los aspectos de la retirada del Sinaí, arreglos militares en la península, como la desmilitariazación y las limitaciones, así como el mecanismo de supervisión.

El acuerdo marco era menos claro y posteriormente acabó siendo interpretado de distinta manera por Israel, Egipto y los EEUU. 

El Presidente Carter fue testigo de los acuerdos firmados por el Presidente Sadat de Egipto y el Primer Ministro Begin de Israel.

Ambas partes se comprometían a recibir la autorización de sus parlamentos y a firmar un acuerdo de paz en el plazo de tres meses.

Sadat estaba interesado en ligar los acuerdos de paz bilaterales con un pacto pro-palestino. Beguin deseaba dejar establecido que Israel no renunciaría a Judea, Samaria y la Franja de Gaza. Sin embargo, reconoció que los palestinos tenían "derechos legítimos" y se comprometía a no levantar nuevos asentamientos judíos en esas zonas durante el proceso de paz con los palestinos. Fuera de eso, Beguin y Sadat disentían sobre el futuro de Jerusalén. Beguin quiso aclarar que Israel se comprometía a mantener a Jerusalén como capital indivisible del pueblo judío apoyando incluso la adopción de la Ley Básica Jerusalén Capital de Israel (1980) en la cual se reafirman estos principios. Sadat reaccionó negativamente ya que entendía que Israel pretendía "imponer hechos consumados en Jerusalén". Sadat declaró que Jerusalén debería pasar a ser parte de la soberanía árabe. Como era de esperar, el tema quedo formalmente redactado como parte del "no acuerdo".

Con el fin de impulsar a los líderes de Israel y Egipto a concluir exitosamente lo establecido en los acuerdos de Camp-David, y en mérito a lo hecho en pos de la paz, Menájem Beguin y Anwar Sadat recibieron los Premios Nobel de la Paz.

Antecedentes inmediatos: el Likud de Menájem Beguin llega al gobierno en Israel

Debates en la Knésset sobre los Acuerdos

The Camp David Accords (September 25, 19780

Texto de los Acuerdos de Camp David (27 Sep 1978) (English)

Texto de los Acuerdos de Camp David de 1978 entre Israel y Egipto (y en español, aunque no íntegro).

Intercambio de cartas

Fuente: Embajada de EEUU en Israel

CAMP DAVID ACCORDS

September 17, 1978

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Annex to the Framework Agreements United Nations Security Council Resolutions 242 and 338. 

Exchanges of Letters 

All letters from Mr. Carter are dated September 22, 1978, all the other letters are dated Sept. 17, 1978. 

The President

Camp David Thurmont,

Maryland 

September 17, 1978 

Dear Mr. President: 

I have the honor to inform you that during two weeks after my return home I will submit a motion before Israel's Parliament (the Knesset) to decide on the following question: 

If during the negotiations to conclude a peace treaty between Israel and Egypt all outstanding issues are agreed upon, "are you in favor of the removal of the Israeli settlers from the northern and southern Sinai areas or are you in favor of keeping the aforementioned settlers in those areas?" 

The vote, Mr. President, on this issue will be completely free from the usual Parliamentary Party discipline to the effect that although the coalition is being now supported by 70 members out of 120, every member of the Knesset, as I believe, both of the Government and the Opposition benches will be enabled to vote in accordance with his own conscience. 

Sincerely yours, 

Menachem Begin

His Excellency  Anwar Al-Sadat  President of the Arab Republic of Egypt  Cairo  September 22, 1978   Dear Mr. President:  I transmit herewith a copy of a letter to me from Prime Minister Begin setting forth how he proposes to present the issue of the Sinai settlements to the Knesset for the latter's decision.  In this connection, I understand from your letter that Knesset approval to withdraw all Israeli settlers from Sinai according to a timetable within the period specified for the implementation of the peace treaty is a prerequisite to any negotiations on a peace treaty between Egypt and Israel.   Sincerely,  Jimmy Carter   Enclosure: Letter from Prime Minister Begin    His Excellency  Jimmy Carter  President of the United States   September 17, 1978   Dear Mr. President:  In connection with the "Framework for a Settlement in Sinai" to be signed tonight, I would like to reaffirm the position of the Arab Republic of Egypt with respect to the settlements:    1. All Israeli settlers must be withdrawn from Sinai according to a timetable within the period specified for the implementation of the peace treaty.    2. Agreement by the Israeli Government and its constitutional institutions to this basic principle is therefore a prerequisite to starting peace negotiations for concluding a peace treaty.    3. If Israel fails to meet this commitment, the "framework" shall be void  and invalid.   Sincerely,  Mohamed Anwar El Sadat    His Excellency  Menachem Begin  Prime Minister of Israel   Dear Mr. Prime Minister:  I have received your letter of September 17, 1978, describing how you intend to place the question of the future of Israeli settlements in Sinai before the Knesset for its decision.  Enclosed is a copy of President Sadat's letter to me on this subject.    Sincerely,  Jimmy Carter  Enclosure: Letter from President Sadat    His Excellency  Jimmy Carter  President of the United States   September 17, 1978   Dear Mr. President:  I am writing you to reaffirm the position of the Arab Republic of Egypt with respect to Jerusalem.    1. Arab Jerusalem is an integral part of the West Bank. Legal and historical Arab rights in the city must be respected and restored.    2. Arab Jerusalem should be under Arab sovereignty.    3. The Palestinian inhabitants of Arab Jerusalem are entitled to exercise their legitimate national rights, being part of the Palestinian People in the West Bank.    4. Relevant Security Council resolutions, particularly Resolutions 242 and 267, must be applied with regard to Jerusalem. All the measures taken by Israel to alter the status of the City are null and void and should be rescinded.    5. All peoples must have free access to the City and enjoy the free exercises of worship and the right to visit and transit to the holy places without distinction or discrimination.    6. The holy places of each faith may be placed under the administration  and control of their representatives.    7. Essential functions in the City should be undivided and a joint municipal council composed of an equal number of Arab and Israeli members can supervise the carrying out of these functions. In this way, the city shall be undivided.   Sincerely,  Mohamed Anwar El Sadat    The President  Camp David  Thurmont, Maryland   17 September 1978   Dear Mr. President:  I have the honor to inform you, Mr. President, that on 28 June 1967 -  Israel's parliament (The Knesset) promulgated and adopted a law to the  effect: "the Government is empowered by a decree to apply the law, the  jurisdiction and administration of the State to any part of Eretz Israel  (Land of Israel - Palestine), as stated in that decree."   On the basis of this law, the government of Israel decreed in July 1967  that Jerusalem is one city indivisible, the capital of the State of Israel.    Sincerely,  Menachem Begin    His Excellency  Anwar al-Sadat  President of the Arab Republic of Egypt  Cairo   Dear Mr. President:  I have received your letter of September 17, 1978, setting forth the  Egyptian position on Jerusalem. I am transmitting a copy of that letter to  Prime Minister Begin for his information.   The position of the United States on Jerusalem remains as stated by  Ambassador Goldberg in the United Nations General Assembly on July 14,  1967, and subsequently by Ambassador Yost in the United Nations Security  Council on July 1, 1969.   Sincerely,  Jimmy Carter    His Excellency  Jimmy Carter  President of the United States  The White House  Washington, D.C.   September 17, 1978   Dear Mr. President:  In connection with the "Framework for Peace in the Middle East," I am  writing you this letter to inform you of the position of the Arab Republic  of Egypt, with respect to the implementation of the comprehensive  settlement.   To ensure the implementation of the provisions related to the West Bank and  Gaza and in order to safeguard the legitimate rights of the Palestinian  people, Egypt will be prepared to assume the Arab role emanating from these  provisions, following consultations with Jordan and the representatives of  the Palestinian people.   Sincerely,  Mohamed Anwar El Sadat    His Excellency  Menachem Begin  Prime Minister of Israel   Dear Mr. Prime Minister:  I hereby acknowledge that you have informed me as follows:    A. In each paragraph of the Agreed Framework Document the expressions       "Palestinians" or "Palestinian People" are being and will be construed       and understood by you as "Palestinian Arabs."    B. In each paragraph in which the expression "West Bank" appears it is       being, and will be, understood by the Government of Israel as Judea       and Samaria.   Sincerely,  Jimmy Carter

Prensa israelí, Opinión pública y el Acuerdo de Camp David

The Possibility of Peace: Israeli Public Opinion and the Camp David Accords (Daniel L. Gerdes, 2015)