1977 - Menájem Beguín - El Likud llega al Gobierno - Prolegómenos de Camp David
Las elecciones llevan el Likud al gobierno
Las elecciones a la Knéset de 1977 llevaron al poder al bloque del Likud, coalición de partidos de centro-derecha, que conformó el decimoctavo gobierno del país, poniendo término a casi 30 años de gobierno del Partido Laborista.
El estado de ánimo en el que se desarrollan esas elecciones y el del Presidente de EEUU, Jimmy Carter, con el previo gobierno laborista y luego con Beguin lo resume Sam Lewis, embajador de EEUU en Israel de 1977-1985, en una larguísima y amena entrevista (desde la pág. 45 en el enlace):
"Por entonces, sin embargo, los israelíes estaban de elecciones, que se celebrarían el 17 de mayo de 1977. El Partido Laborista vivía alborotado. El Primer Ministro Rabin había retirado repentinamente su candidatura a la reelección al descubrirse una cuenta bancaria de su mujer en Washington. Su mujer había mantenido una pequeña cuenta cuando se fueron [habían estado destinados en la embajada israelí como embajadores], lo que técnicamente violaba las leyes sobre divisas israelíes. El asunto salió en medio de las elecciones y él asumió la responsabilidad y se reitró de la carrera electoral. [Shimon] Peres, que entonces era ministro de defensa, se movió para ser candidato a primer ministro en medio de la campaña. Los Laboristas vivían un gran desorden, en todo caso, sobre muchos otros asuntos, escándalos, corrupción, mala sangre, llevaban muchos años en el gobierno. Menájem Beguin, el perenne desafiador de la oposición, estaba ingresado en el hospital por un ataque al corazón, y nadie pensó que lo fuera a hacer mejor que en sus cinco o seis derrotas anteriores. Pero había bastante más fermento, y las encuestas mostraban que el Likud estaba muy fuerte."
"Uno de los asuntos de la campaña, por el que los laboristas estaban siendo reprendidos por el likud, tenía que ver con la pérdida de confianza de la administración americana. Carter, poco después de su nombramiento, había tenido una reunión con Rabin en Washington, y había mantenido otras reuniones con líderes del Oriente Medio. La reunión fué muy mal, y Carter había salido muy frío y formal en su relación con el primer ministro isarelí. Esto fue usado por el Likud en la campaña contra el Partido Laborista para mostrar que no tenían una habilidad especial para tratar con la nueva administración americana que parecía decidida a lograr la paz en el Oriente Medio de una tacada. Flotaron muchas predicciones sobre roturas y confrontaciones con los EEUU y las encuestas mostraban un equilibrio bastante delicado."
El nuevo primer ministro, Menájem Beguín, reiteró el compromiso de todos los primeros ministros anteriores de bregar por una paz permanente en la región y llamó a los líderes árabes a entablar negociaciones. Discurso del Primer Ministro ante la Knésset al presentar su gobierno el 20 de junio de 1977 y Líneas Básicas de su Gobierno.
Beguín deseaba desmitificar su imagen de extremista. Para eso, realizó dos exitosos viajes diplomáticos a Estados Unidos y Rumania. En estos viajes presentó su propuesta de paz para Oriente Medio.
Menájem Beguín declaraba que estaba dispuesto a renuncias territoriales en el Sinaí y en el Golán. Proponía una autonomía civil para los palestinos de Judea, Samaria y la Franja de Gaza, rechazando la posibilidad de traspasar la soberanía a un ente extranjero. En Rumania, le pidió al Presidente que interviniese para organizar una reunión secreta con las autoridades egipcias. Lo msimo pidió al rey Hassan de Marruecos.
Como nos recueda Daniel Gordis, en Rumania, a finales de agosto de 1977, Beguín comunicó a Ceaucescu su voluntad de negociar la paz con el Egipto de Sadat; pocos días después Ceaucescu le transmitiría el mensaje a Sadat, con quien mantenía estrechos lazos, asegurándole que Beguín quería la paz y que, aunque negociaría duro, una vez alcanzado un acuerdo lo cumpliría hasta la última coma.
El 16 de setiembre de 1977 se reunieron secretamente en Marruecos el Ministro de Asuntos Exteriores israelí, Moshé Dayán, y el viceprimer ministro egipcio, Dr. Hasan Tohami. En dicha reunión, Dayán dijo que Israel renunciaría al Sinaí a cambio de que Egipto normalizara sus relaciones con el estado judío, en el marco de un acuerdo de paz bilateral.
En el Egipto de 1977, el Presidente Sadat había llegado a la conclusión de que la posición de Egipto se había reforzado tras la guerra de Iom Kipur, probablemente provocada por él con este fin. Los acuerdos intermedios firmados en 1975 ya no satisfacían las necesidades egipcias.
El dominio israelí sobre el Sinaí seguía cortando la entrada de divisas por la explotación del petróleo y había reducido la afluencia de turistas por la situación bélica. La continua crisis económica se veía acompañada por un crecimiento de la población egipcia extraordinario. Egipto no podía seguir invirtiendo en una competencia militar contra Israel cuando la crisis económica interna era cada más notoria.
Egipto deseaba recibir el apoyo de Estados Unidos, rompiendo con el patronazgo ruso. La competencia militar árabe-israelí seguía favoreciendo ampliamente a Israel. Siendo así, el Presidente Sadat decidió que había llegado el momento de firmar la paz con Israel pero, para esto, resultaba necesario romper con las trabas psicológicas que bloqueaban un posible acercamiento.
El ciclo de rechazos árabes a las ofertas de paz israelíes se rompió con la visita del presidente de Egipto Anwar Sadat a Jerusalén.
El 9 de noviembre de 1977 Sadat dio un discurso en la Asamblea Popular egipcia en el cual anunciaba que estaba dispuesto a ir "hasta el fin del mundo" para evitar una nueva guerra. Obviando lo escrito en el discurso impreso, agregó que "estaba dispuesto a viajar a Israel para alcanzar la paz".
En esa sesión se encontraba presente Yasser Arafat, líder de la OLP, por lo que los comentaristas políticos creyeron que el jefe del Fatah había dado su apoyo a dicha iniciativa de Satat. La verdad, Arafat y las potencias del mundo no tenían idea de las intenciones del Presidente de Egipto.
La desconfianza israelí era notoria. Especialistas en lecturas de labios habían determinado que Sadat mentía. El Jefe del Estado Mayor del Ejército, Mota (Mordejai) Gur había expresado su desconfianza ante las sorprendentes declaraciones de Sadat. Frente a ellos, Menájem Beguín se tomó muy en serio el discurso de Sadat, invitándole a visitar Israel.
El 19 de noviembre de 1977 llegó a Israel el Presidente Sadat, que se dirige a la Knésset en Jerusalén el siguiente día 20. - Debates en la Knésset
Beguín devolvió el cumplido en diciembre. Desde ese momento comenzó un proceso imparable que arribaría a la firma del acuerdo de paz entre Israel y Egipto. La población israelí, en su gran mayoría, comenzó a entusiasmarse con la idea de arribar finalmente a una paz con la principal potencia árabe.
Debates en la Knésset: Israel's Peace Plan with Egypt (December 28, 1977), en los que el Primer Ministro, Menájem Beguín, debate sobre los esfuerzos sobre la Paz con Egipto.
Las tratativas de paz sufrieron serios altibajos. El problema se centraba en la capacidad o la incapacidad de Egipto e Israel para firmar un acuerdo separado del mundo árabe. Egipto debía demostrarle al mundo árabe que estaba defendiendo dignamente los intereses de los palestinos consiguiendo para ellos un acuerdo que les asegurase su estado independiente.
El gobierno de Israel, y en especial su líder nacionalista Menájem Beguín, no tenían ninguna intención de renunciar al dominio en Judea, Samaria y la Franja de Gaza. Beguín estaba dispuesto, como máximo, a otorgar una autonomía para los palestinos.
A las visistas, siguieron negociaciones entre Israel y Egipto bajo los auspicios de Estados Unidos. El proceso de paz con Egipto llegó a buen puerto gracias a la presión que el Presidente de los Estados Unidos Jimmy Carter impuso a los negociadores y a la capacidad de esta potencia mundial para premiar las renuncias de ambas partes con incentivos materiales. Carter presionó a las partes para culminar con éxito las negociaciones intensivas que se realizaron en setiembre de 1978 en Camp-David.
Los Acuerdos de Camp David definieron un marco de paz global para el Oriente Medio, incluyendo una propuesta detallada de autogobierno para los palestinos.
Las negociaciones concluyeron con la firma del Tratado de Paz el 26 de marzo de 1979 en Washington que ponía término a 30 años de beligerancia. Conforme al tratado, Israel se retiró de la Península del Sinaí y las anteriores líneas de cese de fuego quedaron sustituidas por fronteras internacionales mutuamente reconocidas.
Documentos del 20 jun 1977 - 4 abr 1979
Fuente: Ministerio de RREE de Israel
Statement to the Knesset by Prime Minister Begin upon the presentation of his government, 20 June 1977.
Basic guidelines of the government, 20 June 1977
Interview with Foreign Minister Dayan on ABC television, 21 June 1977.
Interview with Foreign Minister Dayan on ABC television, 22 June 1977.
Statement by President Carter upon signing the anti-boycott legislation, 22 June 1977.
Statement by Prime Minister Begin to the Zionist General Council, 23 June 1977.
Statement by State Department Spokesman on Israel's negotiating position, 27 June 1977.
Foreign Ministry statement on Israel's negotiating position, 28 June 1977.
Press conference with State Department spokesman and written reply, 28 June 1977.
Statement on the Middle East by members of the European Economic Community, 29 June 1977.
Press conference with President Carter, 30 June 1977.
Statement by Prime Minister Begin to the National Convention of the Zionist Organization of America, 7 July 1977.
Press conference with President Carter, 12 July 1977.
Statement by Prime Minister Begin prior to his departure for the U.S., 15 July 1977.
Interview with President Sadat on A.B.C. television, 19 July 1977.
Remarks by President Carter and Prime Minister Begin on the White House lawn, 19 July 1977.
White House statement following the first meeting between President Carter and Prime Minister Begin, 19 July, 1977.
Toasts between President Carter and Prime Minister Begin, 19 July 1977.
Remarks by President Carter following his second meeting with Prime Minister Begin, 20 July 1977.
Press Conference with Prime Minister Begin, Washington, 20 July 1977.
Statement to the press on the meeting between Prime Minister Begin and Secretary General Waldheim, and press conference with Prime Minister Begin at UN Headquarters, 22 July 1977.
Press conference with Prime Minister Begin upon his return from the U.S., 25 July 1977.
Government statement on recognition of three settlements, 26 July 1977.
U.S. reaction to Israeli statement on settlements, announcement by State Department Spokesman, 26 July 1977.
Statement to the Knesset by Prime Minister Begin on his visit to the U.S., 27 July 1977.
Press conference with President Carter, 28 July 1977.
Press conference with Secretary of State Vance, 29 July 1977.
Interview with President Carter in Time Magazine, 1 August 1977.
Remarks by Prime Minister Begin on the situation in Lebanon, 8 August 1977.
Remarks by President Carter on the PLO and Resolution 242, 8 August 1977.
Press conference with Foreign Minister Dayan, 9 August 1977.
Toast by Prime Minister Begin at a dinner in honour of Secretary Vance, 9 August 1977.
Press conference with Secretary Vance, Jerusalem, 10 August 1977.
Statement by White House Spokesman on the Vance trip, 14 August 1977.
Press conferences with President Carter, 23 and 26 August 1977.
Statement issued after the meeting of the Palestinian Central Council, Damascus, 26 August 1977.
Letter from Ambassador Herzog to Secretary General Waldheim on PLO Central Council's resolutions, 31 August 1977.
Joint statement Begin-Manescu, Bucharest, 30 August 1977.
Press conference with Prime Minister Begin upon his return from Rumania, 30 August 1977.
Statement to the Knesset by Foreign Minister Dayan on Israel's foreign policy, 1 September 1977.
Interview with Prime Minister Begin on IDF radio, 6 September 1977.
UN conference on desertification denounces Israeli paper on the Negev, 8 September 1977.
Interview with Prime Minister Begin in Ma'ariv, 12 September 1977.
Interview with Prime Minister Begin in Yediot Aharonot, 12 September 1977.
Interview with Prime Minister Begin on Israel radio, 12 September 1977.
Statement by Assistant Secretary of State Atherton on arms sale to Egypt, 15 September 1977.
Defence Ministry announcement on evacuation of settlers, 28 September 1977.
Interview with Foreign Minister Dayan in Ha'aretz, 29 September 1977.
Toast by Prime Minister Begin in honour of President Torrijos of Panama, 29 September 1977.
Press Conference with President Carter, 29 September 1977.
Joint U.S.-Soviet statement on the Middle East, 1 October 1977.
Israel government reaction to joint U.S.-Soviet statement, 2 October 1977.
Statement by Prime Minister Begin on remarks made by National Security Adviser Brzezinski, 3 October 1977.
Israel-U.S. working paper on the Geneva Conference, 5 October 1977.
Statement to the United Nations General Assembly by Foreign Minister Dayan, 10 October 1977.
Statement to the Knesset by Foreign Minister Dayan, 13 October 1977.
Interview with Foreign Minister Dayan on Israel radio, 15 October 1977.
Interview with Foreign Minister Dayan in Newsweek, 17 October 1977.
Statement by Assistant Secretary Atherton on Israeli settlements, 19 October 1977.
Security Council Resolution 416 (1977) on UNEF extension, 21 October 1977.
General Assembly Resolution 32/5 on Israeli settlements, 28 October 1977.
Statement by President Carter to World Jewish Congress, 2 November 1977.
Interview with Secretary Vance in U.S. News & World Report, 7 November 1977.
Statement by President Sadat to Egyptian People's Assembly, 9 November 1977.
Broadcast by Prime Minister Begin to the people of Egypt, 11 November 1977.
Statement by Defence Minister Weizman on the situation in Lebanon, 13 November 1977.
Joint interview Begin-Sadat on CBS television, 14 November 1977.
Statement to the Knesset by Prime Minister Begin on the Sadat visit, 15 November 1977.
Prime Minister Begin's letter of invitation to President Sadat, 15 November 1977.
Interview with Chief of Staff Gur in Yediot Aharonot, 15 November 1977.
Interview with Foreign Minister Dayan on Israel radio, 16 November 1977.
Statement by Prime Minister Begin on the Sadat visit, 17 November 1977.
Statement to the Knesset by President Sadat, 20 November 1977.
Statement to the Knesset by Prime Minister Begin, 20 November 1977.
Statement to the Knesset by Labour Party Chairman Peres, 20 November 1977.
Remarks by former Prime Minister Meir to President Sadat in the Knesset, 21 November 1977.
Joint press conference and text of agreed communique, 21 November 1977.
Remarks by President Katzir to President Sadat, 21 November 1977.
Message from President Sadat to President Katzir, 22 November 1977.
Press conference with Foreign Minister Dayan on Israel television, 24 November 1977.
General Assembly Resolution 32/20 on the situation in the Middle East, 25 November 1977.
Statement by Israel government spokesman on the Cairo Conference, 26 November 1977.
Statement to the Knesset by Prime Minister Begin on the Cairo Conference, 28 November 1977.
Prime Minister Begin's letter to Egyptian Acting Foreign Minister Ghali, 28 November 1977.
Security Council Resolution 420 (1977) on UNDOF extension, 30 November 1977.
Press conference with President Carter, 30 November 1977.
Statement to the General Assembly by Ambassador Herzog on the Palestinian issue, 1 December 1977.
General Assembly Resolution 32/40 on the question of Palestine, 2 December 1977.
Statement by Secretary Vance, 6 December 1977.
Joint press conference Begin-Vance, Jerusalem, 11 December 1977.
Press conference with Defence Minister Weizman, 14 December 1977.
Statements at the opening of the Cairo Preparatory Conference by Director General Ben-Elissar, Ambassador Abdul-Meguid and Assistant Secretary Atherton, 14 December 1977.
General Assembly Resolution 105 on relations between Israel and South Africa, 14 December 1977.
Press conference with President Carter, 15 December 1977.
General Assembly Resolution 32/147 on prevention of terrorism, 16 December 1977.
Interview with Prime Minister Begin on CBS television, 18 December 1977.
General Assembly Resolution 32/171 on living conditions of the Palestinian people, 19 December 1977.
Remarks by Prime Minister Begin upon his return from the U.S., 20 December 1977.
Remarks by Prime Minister Begin prior to his departure for Ismailiya, 25 December 1977.
Letter from President Katzir to President Sadat, 24 December 1977.
Statements and joint press conference Begin-Sadat, Ismailiya, 26 December 1977.
Press conference with Prime Minister Begin upon his return from Ismailiya, 26 December 1977.
Statement to the Knesset by Prime Minister Begin presenting Israel's peace plan, 28 December 1977.
Points from a statement to the Knesset by Foreign Minister Dayan, 28 December 1977.
Press Conference with President Carter, 29 December 1977.
Interview with Foreign Minister Dayan on Israel television, 30 December 1977.
Statements by Presidents Carter and Sadat, Aswan, 4 January 1978.
Statement by Prime Minister Begin to Herut Central Committee, 8 January 1978.
Press conference with Foreign Minister Dayan, 17 January 1978.
Statements by Prime Minister Begin, Foreign Minister Kamel and Secretary of State Vance at gala dinner in the Knesset, 17 January 1978.
Israel government statement following recall of the Egyptian delegation from the Political Committee meeting, 19 January 1978.
Statement by Prime Minister Begin to Keren Hayesod study mission from France, 19 January 1978.
Interview with Foreign Minister Dayan on Israel television, 21 January 1978.
Israel cabinet communique, 22 January 1978.
Statement to the Knesset by Prime Minister Begin and his reply, 23 January 1978.
Interview with Prime Minister Begin on Public Broadcasting Service, 25 January 1978.
Statement to the Knesset by Deputy Defence Minister Zippori on settlement in Shiloh, 3 February 1978.
Israel's Plan for Peace, article by Prime Minister Begin, 5 February 1978.
Statement to the Knesset by Deputy Defence Minister Zippori on arms sale to Egypt, 7 February 1978.
White House statement on the Carter-Sadat talks, 8 February 1978.
Israel government statement on settlements, 12 February 1978.
Interview with Foreign Minister Dayan on NBC television, 12 February 1978.
Announcement by Secretary Vance on the sale of aircraft to the Middle East, 14 February 1978.
Statement to the Knesset by Prime Minister Begin on relations with the U.S., 15 February 1978.
Interview with Defence Minister Weizman on Israel television, 17 February 1978.
Interview with Foreign Minister Dayan in Ma'ariv, 17 February 1978.
Press conference with President Carter, 19 February 1978.
Interview with Foreign Minister Dayan on Israel radio, 24 February 1978.
Cabinet resolution on settlements, 26 February 1978.
Press conference with President Carter, 2 March 1978.
Replies to a Knesset question by Foreign Minister Dayan on Resolution 242, 6 March 1978.
Press conference with President Carter, 9 March 1978.
Statement by Prime Minister Begin to the press on massacre of Israelis on the Haifa-Tel Aviv road, 12 March 1978.
Statement to the Knesset by Prime Minister Begin on the terrorist raid and Knesset Resolution, 13 March 1978.
IDF Spokesman statement on operations in Lebanon and background paper, 15 March 1978.
Statement to the Security Council by Ambassador Herzog, 17 March 1978.
Security Council Resolution 425 (1978) on the situation in Lebanon, 19 March 1978.
Statement to the Security Council by Ambassador Herzog on IDF operation in Lebanon, 21 March 1978.
Welcoming remarks by President Carter to Prime Minister Begin at the White House portico, 21 March 1978.
White House statement following Begin-Carter meeting, 21 March 1978.
President Carter remarks at the conclusion of his talks with Prime Minister Begin, 22 March 1978.
Statement by Prime Minister Begin at the National Press Club, 23 March 1978.
Press conference with Prime Minister Begin upon his return from the U.S., 24 March 1978.
Press conference with Secretary Vance, 24 March 1978.
Statement to the Knesset by Prime Minister Begin on Israel-U.S. relations and points from his reply to the debate, 29 March 1978.
Interview with Foreign Minister Dayan on Israel television, 14 April 1978.
Interview with Defence Minister Weizman in Yediot Aharonot, 21 April 1978.
Interview with Foreign Minister Dayan on BBC television, 8 May 1978.
Interview with Foreign Minister Dayan in Yediot Aharonot, 10 May 1978.
Interview with Chief of Staff Eitan on Israel television, 11 May 1978.
Letter to the Senate Foreign Relations Committee from Secretary of Defence Brown, 15 May 1978.
Statement by President Carter on Senate vote on Middle East arms sale, 15 May 1978.
Statement by Prime Minister Begin on U.S. Senate vote on arms sale to the Middle East, 16 May 1978.
Interview with Prime Minister Begin on Israel television, 17 May 1978.
Inaugural address by President Navon in the Knesset, 29 May 1978.
Report by Assistant Secretary of State Saunders to the House Subcommittee on Europe and the Middle East, 12 June 1978.
Status report on the peace process in the Middle East by Ambassador Atherton, 15 June 1978.
Israel cabinet communique on replies to U.S. questions, 18 June 1978.
Interview with Foreign Minister Dayan on Israel television, 18 June 1978.
Statement to the Knesset by Foreign Minister Dayan on replies to U.S., 19 June 1978.
Cabinet communique concerning Sadat's proposals for Judea, Samaria and Gaza, 25 June 1978.
Statement by the Prime Minister's Bureau on the Egyptian peace plan, 27 June 1978.
Statement on the Middle East by the heads of governments of the European Economic Community,London, 29 June 1978.
Statement by President Carter on the peace negotiations, 1 July 1978.
Remarks by President Navon at a reception in honour of Vice President Mondale, 2 July 1978.
Address by Prime Minister Begin at a state dinner in honour of Vice President Mondale, 2 July 1978.
Address by Vice President Mondale at a state dinner in his honour, 2 July 1978.
Press Conference with Vice President Mondale, Jerusalem, 3 July 1978.
Egypt's Six Point Plan, 3 July 1978.
Israel government communique on the Egyptian plan, 9 July 1978.
Statement to the Knesset by Prime Minister Begin on the Shcharansky trial, 10 July 1978.
Briefing by Legal Adviser Rosenne on the Egyptian plan, 11 July 1978.
Press Conference by Secretary Vance, 10 July 1978.
Israel government communique on talks with Egypt, 16 July 1978.
Excerpts from an address by Prime Minister Begin at the Herut Conference, 16 July 1978.
Reply by Prime Minister Begin in the Knesset to a motion for the agenda on political developments, 19 July 1978.
Excerpts from an interview with Prime Minister Begin on CBS television, 23 July 1978.
Statement to the Knesset by Foreign Minister Dayan on the Leeds Castle Conference, 24 July 1978.
Statement to the Knesset by Prime Minister Begin at the conclusion of the debate on the statement of Foreign Minister Dayan, 24 July 1978.
Interview with Prime Minister Begin on Israel television, 26 July 1978.
Address by Prime Minister Begin to the Israel Bonds leaders, 2 August 1978.
Interview with Foreign Minister Dayan on Israel television, 4 August 1978.
Remarks by Prime Minister Begin after meeting with Secretary Vance, 6 August 1978.
Statement by Prime Minister Begin on the invitation to Camp David, 8 August 1978.
Statement to the press by Prime Minister Begin after a Cabinet meeting on Camp David summit, 10 August 1978.
Excerpts from a press conference by President Carter, 17 August 1978.
Excerpts from an interview with Prime Minister Begin in "Al-Anba", 20 August 1978.
Excerpts from an address to the nation by Prime Minister Begin, 2 September 1978.
Remarks by Prime Minister Begin prior to his departure for Camp David, 3 September 1978.
Statement by President Carter prior to his departure for Camp David, 4 September 1978.
Remarks by Vice President Mondale and Prime Minister Begin, Washington, 5 September 1978.
The Camp David agreements, annexes, exchange of letters, 17 September 1978.
Speeches by President Carter, President Sadat and Prime Minister Begin following the signing of the Camp David agreements, the White House, 17 September 1978.
Address to the Congress of the United States by President Carter on the Camp David agreements, 18 September 1978.
Interview with Defence Minister Weizman on Israel television, 18 September 1978.
Press conference with Foreign and Defence Ministers Dayan and Weizman upon their return from Camp David, 19 September 1978.
Interview with Prime Minister Begin in Ma'ariv, 20 September 1978.
Statement by Prime Minister Begin upon his return from Camp David, 22 September 1978.
Israel government communique, 24 September 1978.
Statement to the Knesset by Prime-Minister Begin on the Camp David agreements, 25 September 1978.
Reply by the Prime Minister at the close of the Knesset debate on the Camp David agreements, 28 September 1978.
Press Conference by President Carter, 28 September 1978.
Highlights from an interview with Prime Minister Begin in Time, 2 October 1978.
Interview with Foreign Minister Dayan on CBS television, 8 October 1978.
Address to the United Nations General Assembly by Foreign Minister Dayan, 9 October 1978.
Speeches by President Carter, Defence Minister Ali and Foreign Minister Dayan at the opening of the Israel-Egypt peace treaty negotiations, Washington, 12 October 1978.
Interview with Foreign and Defence Ministers Dayan and Weizman on Israel radio, 28 October 1978.
Interview with Prime Minister Begin on Israel television, 28 October 1978.
Message from President Navon to President Sadat on the latter receiving the Nobel Peace Prize, 29 October 1978.
Draft of the Peace Treaty between Israel and Egypt, 11 November 1978.
Excerpts from a press conference with President Carter, 17 November 1978.
Interview with Foreign Minister Dayan on Israel television, 17 November 1978.
Address by Prime Minister Begin at the Herut Central Committee meeting, 19 November 1978.
Israel government communique on the peace treaty with Egypt, 21 November 1978.
Interview with Foreign Minister Dayan on Israel radio, 23 November 1978.
Address to the United Nations General Assembly on the PLO and the UN by Ambassador Blum, 30 November 1978.
Press conference with Prime Minister Begin prior to his departure for the Nobel Prize award ceremony, 8 December 1978.
Address by Prime Minister Begin upon receiving the Nobel Peace Prize, Oslo, 10 December 1978.
Questions and answers with President Carter on the Middle East, 13 December 1978.
Interview with President Carter on NBC television, 14 December 1978.
Israel government communique on the peace treaty, 15 December 1978.
Interview with Foreign Minister Dayan on Israel television, 15 December 1978.
Israel Foreign Ministry statement on American accusations, 16 December 1978.
Interview with Secretary Vance on NBC television, 17 December 1978.
Statement to the Knesset by Prime Minister Begin on the political situation, 19 December 1978.
Summation by Foreign Minister Dayan, 19 December 1978.
Interview with Prime Minister Begin by editors of the Hebrew Press, 29 December 1978.
Israel government communique on the peace treaty negotiations, 31 December 1978.
Joint communique between Israel and Swaziland, 2 January 1979.
Address to Israel Bonds leaders by Foreign Minister Dayan, 23 January 1979.
Statements by Director General Ben Elissar and Ambassador Atherton on their talks, 24 January 1979.
Interview with Foreign Minister Dayan on Israel television, 16 February 1979.
Press Conference with Foreign Minister Dayan prior to his departure for Camp David II conference, 19 February 1979.
Press conference with President Carter, 22 February 1979.
Statement by President Carter on the Middle East talks, 26 February 1979.
Israel government communique on the invitation by President Carter to Premiers Begin and Khalil, 27 February 1979.
Press Conference with President Carter, 27 February 1979.
Statement by the Prime Minister's bureau on Mr. Begin's visit to the U.S., 28 February 1979.
Press conference with Prime Minister Begin prior to his departure for Washington, 1 March 1979.
White House statement on President Carter's Middle East trip, 6 March 1979.
Press conference with Prime Minister Begin upon his return from the U.S., 8 March 1979.
Addresses by Presidents Carter and Sadat to the People's Assembly of Egypt, Cairo, 10 March 1979.
Address to the Knesset by President Carter, 12 March 1979.
Remarks by President Carter upon his return from Israel and Egypt, 14 March 1979.
Interview with Foreign Minister Dayan on Israel television, 16 March 1979.
Interview with Secretary Vance on CBS television, 18 March 1979.
Statement to the Knesset by Prime Minister Begin on the Israel-Egypt peace treaty, 20 March 1979.
Closing statement to the Knesset by Prime Minister Begin, 22 March 1979.
Statement by Prime Minister Begin prior to his departure for Washington to sign the peace treaty, 23 March 1979.
Interview with Defence Minister Weizman in Yediot Aharonot, 23 March 1979.
Treaty of Peace between Israel and Egypt, protocols, annexes, letters, memoranda of agreement between Israel and the United States, addresses by Presidents Carter and Sadat, and Prime Minister Begin, 26 March 1979.
Address to the Arabs by President Navon, 26 March 1979.
Message to the IDF by Defence Minister Weizman, 26 March 1979.
Order of the Day to the soldiers of the IDF, 26 March 1979.
Remarks by Prime Minister Begin at a festive dinner in Washington, 26 March 1979.
Address of welcome to Prime Minister Begin by President Navon upon his return from Washington, 29 March 1979.
Reply by Prime Minister Begin at the welcoming ceremonyat the Knesset Plaza, 29 March 1979.
Remarks by Prime Minister Begin prior to his departure for Cairo, 2 April 1979.
Statement by Prime Minister Begin upon his return from Egypt, 3 April 1979.
Statement to the Knesset by Prime Minister Begin on his visit to Cairo, 4 April 1979.
Bibliografía
Menachem Begin Heritage Center
Menachem Begin Heritage Center (en español)
Libros de Menájem Beguín
The Revolt (Menachem Begin)
White nights: The story of a prisoner in Russia (Menachem Begin)
Artículos y Discursos de Menájem Beguín
On The Operation to Destroy The Iraqi Atomic ReactorRemarks at A Cabinet Meeting
Presenting His Government for Knesset Confirmation (20 June1977)
Behind Camp David’ Speech by Prime Minister Menachem Begin - Three Days after Camp David Signing,September 20, 1978, Americana Hotel, New York City, before the Conference of Presidents of Major American Jewish Organizations
Memoria de Menájem Beguín
Sitio de The Menachem Begin Heritage Center
Libros sobre Menájem Beguín
Menachem Begin: The Battle for Israel's Soul Hardcover (Daniel Gordis, 2014)
His Right Hand (Menachem Michaelson, 2013), sobre Yejiel Kadisahi, su mano derecha durante muchísimos años, que muere en 2013 a los 90 años:
Menachem Begin: A Life (Avi Shilon, 2012)
Peace in the Making. The Menachem Begin - Anwar Sadat Personal Correspondence (Zvi Harry Hurwitz, 2011) - Hurwitz fue el ayudante de Beguín; fallece en 2008.
The Prime Ministers: An Intimate Narrative of Israeli Leadership (Yehuda Avner, 2010)
Menachem Begin: The Absent Leader (Ofer Grosbard, 2007)
Begin: His Life, Words and Deeds (Zvi Harry Hurwitz, 2004)
Years of Wrath, Days of Glory: Memoirs from the Irgun (Yitshaq Ben-Ami, 1996)
Begin in Power: A Personal Testimony (Arye Naor, 1993) (Hebrew) - Naor fue Secretario del Gobierno de Begin
To Win the Promised Land: Story of a Freedom Fighter (Eliahu Larkin, 1992)
Begin: An Anatomy of Leadership (Sasson Sofer, 1988)
The Life and Times of Menachem Begin (Amos Perlmutter, 1987)
To Win or to Die: A Personal Portrait of Menachem Begin (Ned Temko, 1987)
Begin: A biography (Eric Silver, 1984)
Begin: The Haunted Prophet (Eric Silver, 1984)
Psychological Warfare and Propaganda: Irgun Documentation (E. Tavin e Y. Alexander, editores, 1982)
By Blood and Fire: Attack on the King David hotel (Thurston Clarke, 1981)
Days of Fire (Shmuel Katz, 1980)
Menachem Begin, from Freedom Fighter to Statestman (Gertrude Hirschler, Lester Eckman y Howard L. Adelson, 1979)
Menachem Begin: The Legend and the Man (Eitan Haber, 1978)
The Life Story of Menachem Begin (Richard Pierce Greenfield y Irving A. Grrenfield, 1977)
Long is the Road to Freedom (Ya'acov Meridor, 1955)
Artículos sobre Menájem Beguín
Menachem Beguin: The Sixth Prime Minister (Prime Minister Office)
Why 'hook-nosed' Begin was denied entry to UK (Marcus Dysch, June 23, 2011)
Menachem Begin: His Legacy, a Century after his Birth (Daniel Gordis, August 16, 2013)
On the uniqueness of Menachem Begin (Lily Galili, 2007), excerpt
The quintessential Jew remembered (Yehuda Avner, 2003)
Libros sobre el primer gobierno del Likud
Israel and the Peace Process, 1977-1982: In Search of Legitimacy for Peace (S U N Y Series in Israeli Studies) (Yaacov Bar-Siman-Tov, 1994)