１.フリーメーソンは世界を支配しているのか

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Is Freemasons rule the world?

Today the word is common, especially in the newspapers that call themselves "patriotic". Masons blame: the collapse of the Soviet Union in the decay of the economy, the impoverishment of people, though you should seriously begin to understand all, that anyone anywhere can not detect any signs of "Masonic machinations." So who are these Freemasons? Where did they come from, what they do and to aspire to? Why were they there is so much gossip? Why, in spite of the most fantastic accusations against them, they belonged to famous people.

The emergence of Freemasonry is closely connected with the history of medieval craft guilds and brotherhoods. In England, where, in fact, is the story of modern Freemasonry, the first shops there in the XII century, but the flowering of the guild movement is considered the XV century, when the craft associations have played an important role in the life of the cities first and then the whole country. So the biggest of them had the right to send their representatives to city councils and even participate in parliamentary elections. Members of the shops were the most honored and uniforms were to know the city and they had broad rights and privileges, which partly competed with the landed aristocracy.

Kameschikov shops were not the oldest or the most influential among the other shops, the first mention of them in the official documents related to the end of the XIV century, when the guild of builders has been attributed to the second category. But in 1411 the London shop of masons was incorporated (ie, included in the number of official agencies), and in 1472 received its coat of arms. In 1481 a royal decree of the association members were entitled to wear the uniform, in other words, they got all of the rights and privileges enjoyed by the largest and most influential guild of craftsmen.

One of the greatest privileges of stonemasons - the freedom of movement, which was needed in a professional capacity, as the medieval builders had to move from city to city to participate in the construction of castles and houses of the nobility, churches and cathedrals. In those days all the tax paying sectors of society were bound by strict laws about residency. Masons were the only tax-paying residents of England, which was allowed to move freely around the country. Therefore, they became known as "free." So there was the present name "Freemason» (free mason) - «Freemason."

The oldest documents that tell about the life and work of British construction workers - is artel statutes relating to the XIV and the beginning of the XV century. They show that their meetings were held in a special covered area, called lodges, in which workers without families also lived. During the procedure works and watched the behavior of masons foreman and supervisors.

Assuming the co-operative, working oath "on the book" (obviously, on the statute). In the XV century lodge became known not only to shop but also very cooperative.

In addition to craftsmen guilds merged into stronger unions - Brotherhood Mutual, who carried the church and religious character. They worshiped the patron saint of shops (from bricklayers, as a rule, it was John's), a major role in the activities of these fraternities have played a mutual concern and aid, and assistance in travel, for he used the passwords and secret signs by which the brothers to know each other and support. Messages passwords, and an oath of loyalty is an essential part in the inauguration ceremony fraternity. At the annual holiday craft ustaivayte revels, where the ritual is not enforced less strictly than during the regular meetings and conversations.

Passwords and secret signs exist not only among members of fraternities, but also among members of the workshops where they were closely linked to qualifications. When moving from one building to another with their help bricklayers reported to belong to the guild and the level of skill.

In the second half of the XVI century in the lives of artisan masons unions fell on hard times, new, less labor intensive methods of construction, is replaced by the new Gothic architectural styles, in England there are foreign builders, French, German, Dutch. Since the beginning of the Reformation were suppressed by all the organizations who wore ecclesiastical character, and in 1547 in England, they were prohibited by Act of Parliament.

Many craft fraternity could not survive it and disappeared. However, craft stand, it ceased to be Catholic, religious rites and mysteries of biblical themes have disappeared from their articles, but the reception ceremony, annual banquets, and other old customs were preserved and turned into a strong tradition.

From that time began a marked division of workshops and fellowships: the first were in charge of a purely professional side of things, the second - kept and developed the ethical traditions of fellowship and mutual support. Over time, occurred and the institutional separation: it was possible to be a member of the fraternity, not being in the shop, and vice versa.

The oldest documented case of participation in Masonic writings nestroitelya refers to the couch Edinburgh Scotland: June 3, 1600 at a meeting attended by Sir John Boswell, Lord Ochinleksky. Since then, the presence of the Scottish nobles in the boxes is becoming commonplace. It is true that at the end of the XVII century the lodge met, composed entirely of masons (eg, bed in Glasgow), but at the same time with them was like a box Aberdeen, where in 1670 of 49 members, only 12 were professional stonemasons, the rest were pastors, businessmen, representatives of intellectual professions - scientists, writers and representatives of the nobility.

One can only speculate about the reasons which impelled these men to join the Masonic fraternity. For some, could be attractive perks, which continued to use the building guilds, but they are unlikely to be attractive to aristocrats and leaders of the church, who were the privileged classes of England and other European countries. Presumably, this could be the pursuit of antiquity and tradition, the ancient legends about the origin of the Masonic fraternity, fun or traditional jamboree features protect the weak.

Some researchers Masonic history suggest that the appearance of the boxes representatives of higher strata of society was due to their desire to control the activities of the lodges, because there was concern that the work carried out in them could be dangerous for the ruling class. It makes no sense to deny it completely, but apparently there is no point in denying the fact that the aristocracy wanted to head Freemasonry for political purposes in order to take advantage of this to their advantage.

The Brotherhood and its patrons

But be that as it may, the Masonic fraternity, continuing to remain in the mass, professional association of builders, has received high patrons, thanks to which, apparently, and preserved when the craft guilds began to gradually decline and disappear.

At this time in the lodge representatives take an academic intellectuals, philosophers and men of the reformist mentality, which, because of the ensuing reaction after the Reformation could not freely express their views. In Freemasonry penetrate utopian ideas, asserting that it is possible to build a just society based on the achievements of science and reason. The development of these ideas could not be helped and more of the building corporations, which, along with representatives of heavy manual labor, were creative people - artists, sculptors and architects. Masonic hall itself was a symbol of what every major case of efforts required by all workers, as it were low or high may be their knowledge and skill. This ancient builders of ethics has become a fertile ground for the development of ideas of justice, equality and non-violent redistribution of society on a new, more reasonable basis.

These ideas were not safe to proclaim openly, hence originated the symbolic language of Freemasonry. Construction tools are signs that symbolize moral qualities, embody the ethical laws of justice, the process of building becomes a symbol of building a new, better society. Freemasonry is thus gradually transformed from a corporate ideologies craft fraternity in the ethical doctrine that teaches its adherents to the best human qualities.

The first Lodge of the Giant

As the number of boxes there was a need to coordinate their activities. Therefore, in London in 1717, four lodges banded together and formed a kind of supervisory authority, Grand Lodge, an annual meeting which attracted attention of society and transformed the Order into a dynamically growing movement. Whatever it was, in England between 1737 and 1907 consisted of the brotherhood of sixteen princes and four of them later became kings.

With the unification of operational and accepted Masons in Masonry one brotherhood has taken the form in which it exists today. From operational Masonry, it took over the building tools, extent, reflecting the level of dedication the members of Masonic lodges in secret, the secret words and signs by which Masons recognize each other, the duty to work and much more. Accepted Mason, who for the most part were men of intellectual work, built on this foundation, slender building Masonic symbolism, which reflects their understanding of the world, a belief in the possibility of creating a just society through the improvement of each of its members and the relationships between them. Masonic legend arose, began the search for truth in the ancient beliefs and teachings.

It is believed that the last Grand Master of Masonry was operative English architect Christopher Wren who built St. Paul's Cathedral in London. For eighteen years, while there was construction of the temple, he attended the nearby St. Paul's Lodge.

His mastery of the architect gives an idea such a story. When the church was already almost built, city officials pointed out that in the central area of the temple is not the columns, which would support the oversized ceiling. Christopher Wren argued that the columns are not needed and not the ceiling collapses, and cited as evidence of their calculations. However, he did not believe and ordered the cathedral ceiling prop up the columns. Rehn to comply with this requirement, but ... they built the columns do not reach the ceiling, between the capitals and the ceiling by a space. These columns are not sustaining the ceiling, and stand today as a symbol of the highest skill of the architect and the usual mistrust of the authorities to the achievements of science.

Over the years, Freemasonry to improve its organization. In 1723 in England was published by "The Book of Statutes", written by a Scottish clergyman James Anderson. This document declared that the representatives of various religious denominations should be able to join in the friendly atmosphere of the lodge for a quiet discussion of new ideas. "While in ancient times Masons took religion of the country in which they were, but now it seems appropriate to force them to go to the religion in which all people to come to mutual agreement, leaving his own private opinion, that is, should be virtuous and honest people , noble and honest people, no matter how different would their names and convictions, "- said in the" Book of the Charter. "

Since then, tolerance and open-mindedness become law, faithfully adhered to in Masonic writings. Typographically "Rules" were published in America in 1734 Grand Master Benjamin Franklin in Philadelphia.

Very fast craft had taken root across the European continent. In the late 30s of the XVIII century lodges existed in Belgium, Russia, Italy, Germany and Switzerland. In 1735 in Paris, there were five lodges in 1742 the number had risen to twenty-two and forty-five years before the French Revolution, the number of Masons amounted to 100 thousand.

Freemasons and the Church

The Catholic Church with suspicion and apprehension watched the rapid spread of Freemasonry. The Masons quickly created their own rituals, history, legends and hierarchy that are a fixture of official religion. Already in 1738 Pope Clement XII issued a first and very fierce denunciation of Freemasonry. In his encyclical he commanded excommunicate all Catholics, held a dedication ceremony at the Masonic fraternity. The Pope announced that the offering of the Freemasons oath to keep secrets fraternity is a threat to the sanctity of confession and the power of the church, argued against the co-operation with people professing different from the official church beliefs. Across Europe, the civil authorities started to implement regulations imposing on Masonic penalties and even subjecting them to torture.

Persecution from the Catholic Church is not confined to the persecution of the Masons. Almost immediately after the official opening of the Grand Lodge in London in 1717 in the newspapers began to appear regularly, "exposing" of a message about Freemasonry. Masons were accused of alliance with the Antichrist, claimed that the closed meetings held unbridled orgy. Political events, immoral acts of individual members of the brotherhood from time to time stirred up anti-Masonic sentiment. In 1735 the Dutch were forbidden assembly of boxes out of fear that fraternity members are involved in political intrigues. Similar bans were followed by Sweden in 1738 and in 1745 in Switzerland.

But were suppressed by the Masons could not lead to the destruction of brotherhood, so strong were their ideas and patronage from influential people. However, under the "revelations" public opinion became sharply at times hostile to Freemasonry.

Masons go into science

The answer was the Masons' care in the study of history. Consisting in a fraternity, scientists tried to find the origins of ideas about social morality Masons in ancient ethical and religious teachings. They were the first observed relationship of the ancient religions and ethical systems to each other, they discovered a striking similarity of cosmogonic ideas of the world in various nations. So began to take its modern form an idea of a great builder of the universe, which embodied the traits of the supreme deity of different nations. They succeeded in becoming BOE sense of ancient mysteries, initiation rites of the priests of ancient Egypt, to decipher the mysteries of Tarot cards, a new way to read the stories of Aryan peoples of Central Asia, to see the deep relationship between ethics of Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism and other religious and philosophical systems of the East with the ethics Old Testament and Christianity. Freemasonry gradually transformed into a synthetic, universal ethical and philosophical doctrine, which allowed him to spread around the world, without conflicting with the religious systems that are different from the Christian religion.

Note that this teaching is a special property: instead of language instead of words to describe human qualities, moral, philosophical and ethical concepts Masons use symbols, which have become primarily construction tools. However, the meaning of concepts that embody these tools, open only to those who passed the initiation and pledged to keep a secret. Secret is the special words and characters on which the eye Masons recognize each other. Turning to the degree to degree Mason learns new quality tools, and behind them the moral norm, the new words and signs by which he can communicate not only their affiliation with the Masonic fraternity, but also on the extent of his dedication.

Today, as on Freemasonry published many books, these secrets are no longer a secret, and yet continues to stonemasons ash to store them. This paradox is explained quite simply: the ability to keep a secret - one of the human virtues, and upbringing of this quality currently used - one of the duties of a mason. For him, the mystery still remains so, regardless of who and when she opened it.

The duty of confidentiality arises from other considerations. Freemasonry - a philanthropic movement, ie One of his goals is the creation of good neighbors. But a good deed, which was announced publicly, is not so good as that of how much pride the one who made it. This kind of sponsorship for the sake of advertising, it's not for good but for profit. Such aid corrupts giver and hardly helps those whom it is addressed. True charity can only be made in secret, it should be anonymous, and only then will get help to those most in need. Therefore, the Masons have always remained silent about his charity work.

Unfortunately, these secrets, sometimes, do not give rest to suspicious people, forcing them to see in this the secret machinations of the enemies and world-wide conspiracy of villains, though Freemasonry has existed for over 250 years in almost all countries around the world and still no one could see traces or results "villainous activities of Freemasons."

Quite the contrary.