(Warren 2013)

Towards a Pedagogy for the Application of Empathy in Culturally Diverse Classrooms

Chezare A. Warren

Abstract

Empathy is theorized to improve the teaching effectiveness of teachers in urban and multicultural classroom settings. However, the field has few models useful for training and preparing teachers to cultivate empathy as a professional disposition.

This study examines the academic, behavioral, and social/relational interactions of four White female high school teachers with their Black male students. Findings suggest that empathy, as a professional disposition applied by teachers to negotiate interactions with students, requires two phases of implementation.

Phase 1 is the acquisition of new knowledge.

Phase 2 is the strategic negotiation of that knowledge and interpretation of student feedback to make the necessary pedagogic adjustments in subsequent student–teacher interactions. Implications for teacher education and professional development are discussed.

References

Almerica, G., Johnson, P., Henriott, D., & Shapiro, M. (2011). Dispositions assessment in teacher education: Developing an assessment instrument for the college classroom and the field. Research in Higher Education Journal, 11, 1–19.

    • Argohde, V., Yalvac, B., & Liew, J. (2013). Teacher empathy and science education: A collective case study. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science & Technology Education, 9(X), 89–98.

    • Aspy, D. N. (1972). Toward a technology for humanizing education. Champaign, IL: Research Press.

    • Aspy, D. N. (1975a). Helping teachers discover empathy. Humanist Educator, 14(2), 56–62.

    • Aspy, D. N. (1975b). The relationship between selected student behavior and the teacher’s use of interchangeable responses. Humanist Educator, 14(1), 3–10.

    • Bakeman, R., & Gottman, J. M. (1997). Observing interaction (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    • Banks, J. A. (2007). Educating citizens in a multicultural society (2nd ed.). New York: Teachers College Record.

    • Banks, J. A., & Banks, C. A. M. (2010). Multicultural education: Issues and perspectives (7th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

    • Baskerville, D. (2011). Developing cohesion and building positive relationships through Storytelling in a culturally diverse New Zealand classroom. Teaching and Teacher Education,27(1), 107–115.

    • Batson, C. D. (1991). The altruism question: Toward a social psychological answer. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    • Batson, C. D., Batson, J. G., Slingsby, J. K., Harrell, K. L., Peekna, H. M., & Matthew, R. (1991). Empathic joy and the empathy-altruism hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(3), 413–426.

    • Batson, C. D., Early, S., & Salvarani, G. (1997a). Perspective taking: Imagining how another feels versus how you would feel. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 751–758.

    • Batson, C. D., Eklund, J. H., Chermok, V. L., Hoyt, J. L., & Ortiz, B. G. (2007). An additional antecedent of empathic concern: Valuing the welfare of the person in need. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93(1), 65–74.

    • Batson, C. D., Polycarpou, M. P., Harmon-Jones, E., Imhoff, H. J., Mitchener, E. C., Bednar, L. L., et al. (1997b). Empathy and attitudes: Can feeling for a member of a stigmatized group improve feelings toward the group? Journal of Experimental Psychology, 72, 105–118.

    • Berman, J. (2004). Empathic teaching: Education for life. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press.

    • Black, H., & Phillips, S. (1982). An intervention program for the development of empathy in student teachers. The Journal of Psychology, 112, 159–168.

    • Brazziel, W. F. (1964). Higher horizons in southern elementary schools. Journal of Negro Education, 33(4), 382–389.

    • Carter, P. L. (2009). Equity and empathy: Toward racial and educational achievement in the Obama era. Harvard Educational Review, 79(2), 287–297.

    • Cerulo, K. A. (1997). Identity construction: New issues, new directions. Annual Review of Sociology, 23, 385–409.

    • Coffman, S. L. (1981). Empathy as a relevant instructor variable in the experiential classroom. Group & Organization Management, 6(1), 114–120.

    • Cooper, B. (2004). Empathy, interaction and caring: Teachers’ roles in a constrained environment. Pastoral Care in Education, 22(3), 12–21.

    • Cooper, B. (2010). In search of profound empathy in learning relationships: Understanding the mathematics of moral learning environments. Journal of Moral Education, 39(1), 79–99.

    • Cooper, B., Brna, P., & Martins, A. (2000). Effective affective in intelligent systems building on evidence of empathy in teaching and learning. Affective interactions, pp 21–34.

    • Dance, L. J. (2002). Tough fronts: The impact of street culture on schooling. New York: Routledge.

    • Davis, M. H. (1980). A multidimensional approach to individual differences in empathy. JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, 10, 85.

    • Davis, M. H. (1983). Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 113–126.

    • Davis, M. H. (1994). Empathy: A social psychological approach. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

    • Davis, J. E. (2003). Early schooling and academic achievement of African American males. Urban Education, 38(5), 515–537.

    • Decety, J., & Ickes, W. (2009). The social neuroscience of empathy. Cambridge, MA: The Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press.

    • Delpit, L. (1995). Other people’s children. New York, NY: New Press.

    • Dolby, N. (2012). Rethinking multicultural education for the next generation: The new empathy and social justice. New York: Routledge.

    • Dovidio, J. F., Allen, J. L., & Schroeder, D. A. (1990). The specificity of empathy-induced helping: Evidence for altruistic motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 249–260.

    • Eisenberg, N., & Miller, P. A. (1987). Empathy and prosocial behavior. Psychological Bulletin,101, 91–119.

    • Eisenberg, N., & Strayer, J. (Eds.). (1987). Empathy and its development. New York: The Cambridge Press.

    • Feshbach, N. D., & Feshbach, S. (2009). Empathy and education. In J. Decety & W. Ickes (Eds.), The social neuroscience of empathy (pp. 85–98). Cambridge, MA: The Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press.

    • Fry, R. (2007). The changing racial and ethnic composition of U.S. public schools. Washington, DC: Pew Hispanic Center. Retrieved from http://pewhispanic.org/reports/report.php?ReportID=79.

    • Fultz, J., Batson, C. D., Fortenbach, V. A., McCarthy, P. M., & Varney, L. L. (1986). Social evaluation and the empathy-altruism hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50(4), 761–769.

    • Gay, G. (2002). Preparing for culturally responsive teaching. Journal of Teacher Education,53(2), 106–116.

    • Gay, G. (2010). Culturally responsive teaching: Theory, research, and practice (2nd ed.). New York: Teachers College Press.

    • Gay, G. (2013). Teaching to and through cultural diversity. Curriculum Inquiry, 43(1), 48–70.

    • Gordon, G. L. (1999). Teacher talent and urban schools. Phi Delta Kappan, 81(4), 304–307.

    • Hodgkinson, H. (2002). Demographics and teacher education. Journal of Teacher Education,53(2), 102–105.

    • Hoffman, M. L. (2000). Empathy and moral development: Implications for caring and justice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    • Howard, T. C. (2001). Powerful pedagogy for African American students: A case of four Teachers. Urban Education, 36(2), 179–202.

    • Howard, G. (2006). We can’t teach what we don’t know: White teachers, multiracial Schools. New York: Teachers College Press.

    • Howard, T. C. (2010). Why race and culture matter in schools: Closing the achievement gap in America’s classrooms. New York: Teachers College Press.

    • Irvine, J. J., & York, D. E. (1995). Growing up African American in catholic schools. New York: Teachers College Press.

    • Johnson, L. E., & Reiman, A. J. (2007). Beginning teacher disposition: Examining the Moral/ethical domain. Teaching and Teacher Education, 23(5), 676–687.

    • Kamberelis, G., & Dimitriadis, G. (2005). Focus groups: Strategic articulations of pedagogy, politics, and inquiry. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), The Sage handbook of qualitative research (3rd ed., pp. 887–907). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    • Korth, B., Martin, Y., & Sotoo, N. (2007) Little things that made a big difference: Trust and empathy on the path to multiculturalism. Scholarlypartnershipsedu, 2(1), 25–44. Retrieved from http://opus.ipfw.edu/spe/vol2/iss1/4.

    • Ladson-Billings, G. (1992). Liberatory consequences of literacy: A case of culturally relevant instruction for African-American students. The Journal of Negro Education, 61(3), 378–391.

    • Ladson-Billings, G. (1994). The dreamkeepers: Successful teachers of African American children. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    • Ladson-Billings, G. (2006). Yes, but how do we do it? Practicing culturally relevant pedagogy. In J. Landsman & C. W. Lewis (Eds.), White teachers/diverse classrooms: A guide to building inclusive schools, promoting high expectations, and eliminating racism (pp. 29–42). Sterling, VA: Stylus.

    • Lawrence-Lightfoot, S. (1985). The good high school: Portraits of character and culture. New York: Basic Books.

    • Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    • McAllister, G., & Irvine, J. J. (2002). The role of empathy in teaching culturally diverse students: A qualitative study of teachers’ beliefs. Journal of Teacher Education, 53(5), 433–443.

    • Milner, H. R. (2005). Stability and change in US prospective teachers’ beliefs and decisions about diversity and learning to teach. Teaching and Teacher Education, 21(7), 767–786.

    • Milner, H. R. (2008a). What does teacher education have to do with teaching? Implications for diversity studies. Journal of Teacher Education, 61(1–2), 118–131.

    • Milner, H. R. (2008b). Disrupting deficit notions of difference: Counter-narratives of Teachers and community in urban education. Teacher and Teacher Education, 24(6), 1573–1598.

    • Milner, H. R. (2010a). What does teacher education have to do with teaching: Implications for diversity study? Journal of Teacher Education, 61(1–2), 1118–1131.

    • Milner, H. R. (2010b). Start where you are, but don’t stay there. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

    • Moustakas, C. (1994). Phenomenological research methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    • National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education (2008). Professional standards for the accreditation of teacher preparation institutions. Retrieved from http://www.ncate.org/Portals/0/documents/Standards/NCATE%20Standards%202008.pdf.

    • Noguera, P. A. (2003). Trouble with Black boys: The role and influence of environmental and cultural factors on the academic performance of African American males. Urban Education,38(4), 431–459.

    • Noguera, P. A. (2009). How listening to students can help schools to improve. Theory into Practice, 46(3), 205–211.

    • O’Brien, E. (2003). The political is personal: The influence of White supremacy on White antiracists’ personal relationships. In A. W. Doane & E. Bonilla Silva (Eds.), White out: The continuing significance of racism (pp. 253–270). New York: Routledge.

    • Pajak, E. (2001). Clinical supervision in a standards-based environment: Opportunities and challenges. Journal of Teacher Education, 52(3), 233–243.

    • Parsons, S. C., & Brown, P. U. (2001). Educating for diversity: An invitation to empathy and action. Action in Teacher Education, 23(3), 1–4.

    • Redman, G. L. (1977). Study of the relationship of teacher empathy for minority persons and inservice human relations training. The Journal of Educational Research, 70(4), 205–210.

    • Rogers, C. R. (1975). Empathic: An unappreciated way of being. Counseling Psychologist, 5(2), 2–9.

    • Rossman, G. B., & Rallis, S. F. (2003). Learning in the field: An introduction to qualitative research (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.

    • Rowe, M. (1974). Wait time and rewards as instructional variables, their influence on language, logic and fate control. Journal of Research in Science, 11(4), 291–308.

    • Snyder, T. (2009). Digests of education statistics 2008 (NCES 2009-020). National Center of Education Statistics. Washington, DC. Retrieved from htteacher participant://www.eric.ed.gov.

    • Stephan, W. G., & Finlay, K. A. (1999). The role of empathy in improving intergroup relations. Journal of Social Issues, 55, 729–744.

    • Stevens, W. K. (1967). Norfolk’s venture into empathy. Southern Education Report, 2(6), 13–16.

    • Stotland, E. (1969). Exploratory investigations of empathy. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 4, pp. 271–313). New York: Academic Press.

    • Tettegah, S., & Anderson, C. J. (2007). Pre-service teachers’ empathy and cognitions: Statistical analysis of text data by graphical models. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 32(1), 48–82.

    • Toldson, I. A. (2013). Race matters in the classroom. In C. W. Lewis & I. A. Toldson (Eds.), Black male teachers: Diversifying the United States’ teacher workforce (pp. 15–21). Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Limited.

    • Toldson, I. A., & Lewis, C. W. (2012). Challenge the status quo: Academic success among school-age African American males. Washington: Congressinal Black Caucus Foundation, Inc.

    • U.S. Bureau of Labor. (2011a). Labor force characteristics by race and ethnicity, 2010 (Report No. 1032). Retrieved January 28, 2012 from Bureau of Labor Statistics Report Online via GPO Accessed http://www.bls.gov/cps/cpsrace2010.pdf.

    • U.S. Bureau of Labor (2011b). Women in the labor force: A data book. (Report No. 1034) Retrieved January 28, 2012 from Bureau of Labor Statistics Reports Online via GPO Accessed http://www.bls.gov/cps/wlf-databook-2011.pdf.

    • Warren, L. H. (2005). Using multicultural literature to develop empathy and compassion in preservice teachers: A first step in preparing culturally responsive teachers (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10518/1730.

    • Warren, C.A. (2012). Empathic interaction: White female teachers and their Black male students (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10027/9470.

    • Wispé, L. (1986). The distinction between sympathy and empathy: To call forth a concept, a word is needed. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50(2), 314–321.