(Davis 1983)

Davis (1983) a multi-component response

• (a) perspective-taking, the ability to adopt the viewpoint of another person;

• (b) fantasy, the ability to transpose oneself into the feelings of a fictitious character;

• (c) empathic concern, feelings of concern for another person; and

• (d) personal distress, self-oriented feelings of distress.

He created the, Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI).