- Narcissism

"The absence of empathy can lead to destructive behaviors and adversely affect relationships. A lack of interpersonal empathy is associated with

• - narcissism,

• - bullying,

• - violent crime,

• - abusive parenting,

• - spousal battering, and

• - sexual offending

(Covell, Huss,& Langhinrichsen-Rohling, 2007;

Elsegood & Duff, 2010;

Gini, Albieri, Benelli, & Altoe, 2008;

Joliffe & Farrington, 2004;

Ritter et al., 2011)