“Role taking” imagining how one would think and feel in the other’s place
Darwall (1998) and Mead (1962)
"Hobart and Fahlberg (1965) conceptualize empathy by comparing it with its opposite: projection. If empathy is an accurate perception of another’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, then projection is the opposite: seeing one’s self in others and imagining them to share your feelings and behaviors. This distinction is particularly important as we attempt to measure empathy and empathic responding, because some instruments fail to discriminate between empathic responding and projective identification. Many questions on empathy scales ask about how others feel, reflecting empathic responding, projection, or both (Jolliffe & Farrington, 2006b)." (BUTTERS 2010)*
Jolliffe, D., & Farrington, D. P. (2004). Empathy and offending: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 9, 441-476.