(Duan + 1996)

The current state of empathy research

pdf

Authors

  • Duan, CM (Duan, CM);

  • Hill, CE (Hill, CE)

Publication: JOURNAL OF COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGY Volume: 43, Issue: 3, Pages: 261-274

DOI: 10.1037/0022-0167.43.3.261

Published: JUL 1996

Comments

  • has a historical view of of the concept

Abstract

The literature on empathy, primarily from counseling and psychotherapy and secondarily from social and developmental psychology, is reviewed. Obstacles that may account for theoretical confusions and empirical difficulties in studying empathy are highlighted. The decrease in empathy research in recent years appears attributable to the lack of clear focus and effective research tools as well as the shift in interest from empathy to other concepts such as the working alliance. It is argued that there is a need to return to studying empathy.

Researchers should distinguish between dispositional and experiential empathy and between intellectual empathy and empathic emotions and indicate whether they are examining therapist or client experience of empathy. Suggestions for future research are offered.

Outline

History and Definitions of Empathy

  • The Construct of Empathy

  • The Nature of Empathy

Empirical Research

  • Measurement of Empathy

  • Relationships Between Intellectual Empathy and Empathic Emotions

  • Role of Empathy in Psychotherapy

  • Predictors of Therapeutic Empathy

  • Summary and Speculations About the Decrease in Empathy Research

  • Future Research

Problem with Definitions

"Although the volume of the research on empathy is sizable, the product appears weak. The research is characterized by conflicting constructs, problems with measurement, and lack of systematic replications of various promising research evidence. In addition, only limited content areas have been covered, and many important factors that may affect empathy have not been examined." (DUAN + 1996)