AP Chemistry Unit 7

Big Idea:

Chemical and physical properties of materials can be explained by the structure and the arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules and the forces between them.

The laws of thermodynamics describe the essential role of energy and explain and predict the direction of changes in matter.

Student Expectations:

Focus Standards

Enduring understanding 2.A: Matter can be described by its physical properties. The physical properties of a substance generally depend on the spacing between the particles (atoms, molecules, ions) that make up the substance and the forces of attraction among them.

Essential knowledge

• 2.A.1: The different properties of solids and liquids can be explained by differences in their structures, both at the particulate level and in their supramolecular structures.
• 2.A.3: Solutions are homogenous mixtures in which the physical properties are dependent on the concentration of the solute and the strengths of all interactions among the particles of the solutes and solvent.

Enduring understanding 2.B: Forces of attraction between particles (including the noble gases and also different parts of some large molecules) are important in determining many macroscopic properties of a substance, including how the observable physical state changes with temperature.

Essential knowledge

• 2.B.1: London dispersion forces are attractive forces present between all atoms and molecules. London dispersion forces are often the strongest net intermolecular force between large molecules.
• 2.B.2: Dipole forces result from the attraction among the positive ends and negative ends of polar molecules. Hydrogen bonding is a strong type of dipole-dipole force that exists when very electronegative atoms (N, O, and F) are involved.

Enduring understanding 3.A: Chemical changes are represented by a balanced chemical equation that identifies the ratios with which reactants react and products form.

Essential knowledge

• 3.A.1: A chemical change may be represented by a molecular, ionic, or net ionic equation.

Enduring understanding 3.B: Chemical reactions can be classified by considering what the reactants are, what the products are, or how they change from one into the other. Classes of chemical reactions include synthesis, decomposition, acid-base, and oxidation-reduction reactions.

Essential knowledge

• 3.B.2: In a neutralization reaction, protons are transferred from an acid to a base.

Enduring understanding 3.C: Chemical and physical transformations may be observed in several ways and typically involve a change in energy.

Essential knowledge

• 3.C.1: Production of heat or light, formation of a gas, and formation of a precipitate and/ or a color change are possible evidences that a chemical change has occurred.

Enduring understanding 5.D: Electrostatic forces exist between molecules as well as between atoms or ions, and breaking the resultant intermolecular interactions requires energy.

Essential knowledge

• 5.D.1: Potential energy is associated with the interaction of molecules; as molecules draw near each other, they experience an attractive force.
• 5.D.2: At the particulate scale, chemical processes can be distinguished from physical processes because chemical bonds can be distinguished from intermolecular interactions.
• 5.D.3: Noncovalent and intermolecular interactions play important roles in many biological and polymer systems.

Ongoing Standards

Science Practice 1 The student can use representations and models to communicate scientific phenomena and solve scientific problems.

Science Practice 2 The student can use mathematics appropriately.

Science Practice 3 The student can engage in scientific questioning to extend thinking or to guide investigations within the context of the AP course.

Science Practice 4 The student can plan and implement data collection strategies in relation to a particular scientific question. (Note: Data can be collected from many different sources, e.g., investigations, scientific observations, the findings of others, historic reconstruction and/or archived data.)

Science Practice 5 The student can perform data analysis and evaluation of evidence.

Science Practice 6 The student can work with scientific explanations and theories.

Science Practice 7 The student is able to connect and relate knowledge across various scales, concepts and representations in and across domains.

Student Learning Targets:

Essential Questions:

Extra Information:

Adopted Textbook:

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