Information Disorder: Toward an interdisciplinary framework for research and policymaking


Title: Information Disorder: Toward an interdisciplinary framework for research and policymaking


APA: Wardle, C., & Derakhshan, H. (2017). Information disorder: Toward an interdisciplinary framework for research and policymaking (Vol. 27, pp. 1-107). Strasbourg: Council of Europe.

原作摘要:

This report is an attempt to comprehensively examine information disorder and its related challenges, such as filter bubbles and echo chambers. While the historical impact of rumours and fabricated content have been well documented, we argue that contemporary social technology means that we are witnessing something new: information pollution at a global scale; a complex web of motivations for creating, disseminating and consuming these ‘polluted’ messages; a myriad of content types and techniques for amplifying content; innumerable platforms hosting and reproducing this content; and breakneck speeds of communication between trusted peers.

As we explain, the ‘agent’ who creates a fabricated message might be different to the agent who produces that message—who might also be different from the ‘agent’ who distributes the message. Similarly, we need a thorough understanding of who these agents are and what motivates them.

We must also understand the different types of messages being distributed by agents, so that we can start estimating the scale of each and addressing them. (The debate to date has been overwhelmingly focused on fabricated text news sites, when visual content is just as widespread and much harder to identify and debunk.)

Finally, we need to examine how mis-, dis- and mal-information are being consumed, interpreted and acted upon. Are they being re-shared as the original agent intended? Or are they being re-shared with an oppositional message attached? Are these rumours continuing to travel online, or do they move offline into personal conversations, which are difficult to capture?

重要性

該報告為思考信息混亂提供了一個概念框架。我們希望這裡解釋的定義能夠為正在調查這一現象的政策制定者、立法者和研究人員的對話提供一個結構。只有從共同理解開始,我們才能開始建設性地討論解決方案。我們還希望我們的概念框架概述了信息混亂的不同要素和階段,將有助於為有關該問題的辯論帶來細微差別。

其次,如果我們認真地創建解決方案,我們需要考慮不同類型“主體Agent”的具體動機、不同類型“消息”的特徵以及影響人們如何“解釋”這些消息的因素。我們還需要認識到,當其他主體重新生成和傳播這些消息時,消息及其動機如何發生變化和轉變。

重點整理

在本報告中,我們沒有使用“假新聞”一詞,原因有二。首先,它嚴重不足以描述信息污染的複雜現象。這個詞也開始被世界各地的政治家用來形容那些他們認為報導令人不快的新聞機構。這樣,它就成為強者壓制、限制、破壞和規避新聞自由的機制。


Information Disorder 框架

**i) 三種類型:錯誤信息、虛假信息和Mal-info
ii) 三個要素:主體、信息和解釋者
iii) 三個階段:創建、生產和傳播/分發
1. 創建。消息已創建。
2. 生產。該消息被轉化為媒體產品。
3. 分發。該消息被分發或公開。


根據我們今天認為理所當然的大量使用社交媒體之前進行的研究,人們在評估來源或消息的可信度時使用了一組關鍵的啟發法或心理捷徑:

最近一項關於反錯誤信息的心理功效的薈萃分析。文獻的回顧強調,當觀眾提出支持最初錯誤信息的理由時,揭穿效應的效果就會減弱,從而支持我們所知道的確認偏見和動機推理的力量。




瞭解這個概念框架和結構,探索它們。最終我們需要利用與虛假信息相同的技術,通過引人入勝且有力的敘述來打擊謠言和陰謀論。正如第 1 部分中所討論的,針對虛假信息的有效策略包括:激發情緒反應、重複、強烈的視覺效果和強有力的敘述。如果我們還記得信息搜索和消費的強大的、儀式性的方面,那麼將這些元素整合到我們的解決方案中的重要性是顯而易見的。

水火導讀單 20230815 楊聲輝.docx