Dados de potencial de eletrodo padrão

Os valores de potencial de eletrodo padrão são dados na tabela abaixo em volts relativos ao eletrodo de hidrogênio padrão e sob as seguintes condições:

- A uma temperatura de 298.15 K (25 °C);
- A uma concentração efetiva de 1 mol/L em solução aquosa para cada espécie ou uma espécie em amálgama de mercúrio;
- A uma pressão parcial de 101.325 kPa (absoluta) (1 atm, 1.01325 bar) para cada reagente gasoso. Esta pressão é usada porque a maior parte dos dados da literatura são ainda fornecidos neste valor que para o padrão atual de 100 kPa.
- Uma atividade de unidade para cada sólido puro, líquido puro, ou para água (solvente).

Legenda: (s) – sólido; (l) – líquido; (g) – gás; (aq) – aquoso (padrão para todas as espécies carregadas); (Hg) – amalgama.

Semi-reação

Sr+ + e− ⇄ Sr+

Ca+ + e− ⇄ Ca

Pr3+ + e− ⇄ Pr2+

3⁄2 N2(g) + H+ + e− ⇄ HN3(aq)

Li+ + e− ⇄ Li(s)

N2(g) + 4 H2O + 2 e− ⇄ 2 NH2OH(aq) + 2 OH−

Cs+ + e− ⇄ Cs(s)

Ca(OH)2 + 2 e− ⇄ Ca + 2 OH-

Er3+ + e− ⇄ Er2+

Ba(OH)2 + 2 e− ⇄ Ba + 2 OH-

Rb+ + e− ⇄ Rb(s)

K+ + e− ⇄ K(s)

Ba2+ + 2 e− ⇄ Ba(s)

La(OH)3(s) + 3 e− ⇄ La(s) + 3 OH−

Fr+ + e− ⇄ Fr

Sr2+ + 2 e− ⇄ Sr(s)

Sr(OH)2 + 2 e− ⇄ Sr + 2 OH-

Ca2+ + 2 e− ⇄ Ca(s)

Eu2+ + 2 e− ⇄ Eu(s)

Ra2+ + 2 e− ⇄ Ra(s)

Ho3+ + e− ⇄ Ho2+

Bk3+ + e− ⇄ Bk2+

Yb2+ + 2 e− ⇄ Yb

Na+ + e− ⇄ Na(s)

Mg+ + e− ⇄ Mg

Nd3+ + e− ⇄ Nd2+

Mg(OH)2 + 2 e− ⇄ Mg + 2 OH-

Sm2+ + 2 e− ⇄ Sm

Be2O32- + 3 H2O + 4 e− ⇄ 2 Be + 6 OH-

Pm3+ + e− ⇄ Pm2+

Dy3+ + e− ⇄ Dy2+

No2+ + 2 e− ⇄ No

HfO(OH)2 + H2O + 4 e− ⇄ Hf + 4 OH-

Th(OH)4 + 4 e− ⇄ Th + 4 OH-

Md2+ + 2 e− ⇄ Md

Tm2+ + 2 e− ⇄ Tm

La3+ + 3 e− ⇄ La(s)

Y3+ + 3 e− ⇄ Y(s)

Mg2+ + 2 e− ⇄ Mg(s)

ZrO(OH)2(s) + H2O + 4 e− ⇄ Zr(s) + 4 OH−

Pr3+ + 3 e− ⇄ Pr

Ce3+ + 3 e− ⇄ Ce

Er3+ + 3 e− ⇄ Er

Ho3+ + 3 e− ⇄ Ho

H2AlO3- + H2O + 3 e− ⇄ Al + 4 OH-

Nd3+ + 3 e− ⇄ Nd

Tm3+ + 3 e− ⇄ Tm

Al(OH)4− + 3 e− ⇄ Al(s) + 4 OH−

Al(OH)3(s) + 3 e− ⇄ Al(s) + 3 OH−

Sm3+ + 3 e− ⇄ Sm

Fm2+ + 2 e− ⇄ Fm

Am3+ + e− ⇄ Am2+

Dy3+ + 3 e− ⇄ Dy

Lu3+ + 3 e− ⇄ Lu

Tb3+ + 3 e− ⇄ Tb

Gd3+ + 3 e− ⇄ Gd

H2(g) + 2 e− ⇄ 2 H−

Es2+ + 2 e− ⇄ Es

Pm2+ + 2 e− ⇄ Pm

Tm3+ + e− ⇄ Tm2+

Dy2+ + 2 e− ⇄ Dy

Ac3+ + 3 e− ⇄ Ac(s)

Yb3+ + 3 e− ⇄ Yb

Cf2+ + 2 e− ⇄ Cf

Nd2+ + 2 e− ⇄ Nd

Ho2+ + 2 e− ⇄ Ho

Sc3+ + 3 e− ⇄ Sc(s)

AlF63- + 3 e− ⇄ Al + 6 F-

Am3+ + 3 e− ⇄ Am

Cm3+ + 3 e− ⇄ Cm

Pu3+ + 3 e− ⇄ Pu

Pr2+ + 2 e− ⇄ Pr

Er2+ + 2 e− ⇄ Er

Eu3+ + 3 e− ⇄ Eu

Lr3+ + 3 e− ⇄ Lr

Cf3+ + 3 e− ⇄ Cf

Es3+ + 3 e− ⇄ Es

Pa4+ + e− ⇄ Pa3+

Am2+ + 2 e− ⇄ Am

Th4+ + 4 e− ⇄ Th

Fm3+ + 3 e− ⇄ Fm

Np3+ + 3 e− ⇄ Np

Be2+ + 2 e− ⇄ Be(s)

H2PO2- + e− ⇄ P + 2 OH-

U3+ + 3 e− ⇄ U(s)

Sr2+ + 2 e− ⇄ Sr/Hg[nota 4]

H2BO3- + H2O + 3 e− ⇄ B + 4 OH-

ThO2 + 4H+ + 4 e− ⇄ Th + 2 H2O

HfO2+ + 2 H+ + 4 e− ⇄ Hf + H2O

HPO32- + 2 H2O + 3 e− ⇄ P + 5 OH-

SiO32- + H2O + 4 e− ⇄ Si + 6 OH-

Al3+ + 3 e− ⇄ Al(s)

Ti2+ + 2 e− ⇄ Ti(s)

ZrO2(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e− ⇄ Zr(s) + 2 H2O

Zr4+ + 4 e− ⇄ Zr(s)

Ti3+ + 3 e− ⇄ Ti(s)

TiO(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇄ Ti(s) + H2O

Ti2O3(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇄ 2 TiO(s) + H2O

Zn(OH)42− + 2 e− ⇄ Zn(s) + 4 OH−

Mn2+ + 2 e− ⇄ Mn(s)

Fe(CN)64− + 6 H+ + 2 e− ⇄ Fe(s) + 4HCN(aq)

Te(s) + 2 e− ⇄ Te2−

V2+ + 2 e− ⇄ V(s)

Nb3+ + 3 e− ⇄ Nb(s)

Sn(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e− ⇄ SnH4(g)

SiO2(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e− ⇄ Si(s) + 2 H2O

B(OH)3(aq) + 3 H+ + 3 e− ⇄ B(s) + 3 H2O

Fe(OH)2(s) + 2 e− ⇄ Fe(s) + 2 OH−

Fe2O3(s) + 3 H2O + 2 e− ⇄ 2Fe(OH)2(s) + 2 OH−

TiO2+ + 2 H+ + 4 e− ⇄ Ti(s) + H2O

2 H2O + 2 e− ⇄ H2(g) + 2 OH−

Bi(s) + 3 H+ + 3 e− ⇄ BiH3

Zn2+ + 2 e− ⇄ Zn(Hg)[nota 4]

Zn2+ + 2 e− ⇄ Zn(s)

Ta2O5(s) + 10 H+ + 10 e− ⇄ 2 Ta(s) + 5 H2O

Cr3+ + 3 e− ⇄ Cr(s)

[Au(CN)2]− + e− ⇄ Au(s) + 2 CN−

Ta3+ + 3 e− ⇄ Ta(s)

PbO(s) + H2O + 2 e− ⇄ Pb(s) + 2 OH−

2 TiO2(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇄ Ti2O3(s) + H2O

Ga3+ + 3 e− ⇄ Ga(s)

U4+ + e− ⇄ U3+

H3PO2(aq) + H+ + e− ⇄ P(branco)[nota 2] + 2 H2O

H3PO3(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇄ H3PO2(aq) + H2O

H3PO3(aq) + 3 H+ + 3 e− ⇄ P(vermelho)[nota 2] + 3 H2O

Fe2+ + 2 e− ⇄ Fe(s)

2 CO2(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇄ HOOCCOOH(aq)

Cr3+ + e− ⇄ Cr2+

Cd2+ + 2 e− ⇄ Cd(s)

GeO2(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇄ GeO(s) + H2O

Cu2O(s) + H2O + 2 e− ⇄ 2 Cu(s) + 2 OH−

PbSO4(s) + 2 e− ⇄ Pb(s) + SO42−

PbSO4(s) + 2 e− ⇄ Pb(Hg) + SO42−

Eu3+ + e− ⇄ Eu2+

In3+ + 3 e− ⇄ In(s)

Tl+ + e− ⇄ Tl(s)

Ge(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e− ⇄ GeH4(g)

Co2+ + 2 e− ⇄ Co(s)

H3PO4(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇄ H3PO3(aq) + H2O

V3+ + e− ⇄ V2+

Ni2+ + 2 e− ⇄ Ni(s)

As(s) + 3 H+ + 3 e− ⇄ AsH3(g)

AgI(s) + e− ⇄ Ag(s) + I−

MoO2(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e− ⇄ Mo(s) + 2 H2O

Si(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e− ⇄ SiH4(g)

Sn2+ + 2 e− ⇄ Sn(s)

O2(g) + H+ + e− ⇄ HO2•(aq)

Pb2+ + 2 e− ⇄ Pb(s)

WO2(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e− ⇄ W(s) + 2 H2O

P(red) + 3 H+ + 3 e− ⇄ PH3(g)

CO2(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇄ HCOOH(aq)

Se(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇄ H2Se(g)

CO2(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇄ CO(g) + H2O

SnO(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇄ Sn(s) + H2O

SnO2(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇄ SnO(s) + H2O

WO3(aq) + 6 H+ + 6 e− ⇄ W(s) + 3 H2O

P(branco) + 3 H+ + 3 e− ⇄ PH3(g)

Fe3+ + 3 e− ⇄ Fe(s)

HCOOH(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇄ HCHO(aq) + H2O

2 H+ + 2 e− ⇄ H2(g)

AgBr(s) + e− ⇄ Ag(s) + Br−

S4O62− + 2 e− ⇄ 2 S2O32−

Fe3O4(s) + 8 H+ + 8 e− ⇄ 3 Fe(s) + 4 H2O

N2(g) + 2 H2O + 6 H+ + 6 e− ⇄ 2 NH4OH(aq)

HgO(s) + H2O + 2 e− ⇄ Hg(l) + 2 OH−

Cu(NH3)42+ + e− ⇄ Cu(NH3)2+ + 2 NH3

Ru(NH3)63+ + e− ⇄ Ru(NH3)62+

N2H4(aq) + 4 H2O + 2 e− ⇄ 2 NH4+ + 4 OH−

H2MoO4(aq) + 6 H+ + 6 e− ⇄ Mo(s) + 4 H2O

Ge4+ + 4 e− ⇄ Ge(s)

C(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e− ⇄ CH4(g)

HCHO(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇄ CH3OH(aq)

S(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇄ H2S(g)

Sn4+ + 2 e− ⇄ Sn2+

Cu2+ + e− ⇄ Cu+

HSO4− + 3 H+ + 2 e− ⇄ SO2(aq) + 2 H2O

UO22+ + e− ⇄ UO2+

SO42− + 4 H+ + 2 e− ⇄ SO2(aq) + 2 H2O

TiO2+ + 2 H+ + e− ⇄ Ti3+ + H2O

SbO+ + 2 H+ + 3 e− ⇄ Sb(s) + H2O

AgCl(s) + e− ⇄ Ag(s) + Cl−

H3AsO3(aq) + 3 H+ + 3 e− ⇄ As(s) + 3 H2O

GeO(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇄ Ge(s) + H2O

UO2+ + 4 H+ + e− ⇄ U4+ + 2 H2O

Re3+ + 3 e− ⇄ Re(s)

Bi3+ + 3 e− ⇄ Bi(s)

VO2+ + 2 H+ + e− ⇄ V3+ + H2O

Cu2+ + 2 e− ⇄ Cu(s)

[Fe(CN)6]3− + e− ⇄ [Fe(CN)6]4−

O2(g) + 2 H2O + 4 e− ⇄ 4 OH−(aq)

H2MoO4 + 6 H+ + 3 e− ⇄ Mo3+ + 2 H2O

CH3OH(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇄ CH4(g) + H2O

SO2(aq) + 4 H+ + 4 e− ⇄ S(s) + 2 H2O

Cu+ + e− ⇄ Cu(s)

CO(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇄ C(s) + H2O

I3− + 2 e− ⇄ 3 I−

I2(s) + 2 e− ⇄ 2 I−

[AuI4]− + 3 e− ⇄ Au(s) + 4 I−

H3AsO4(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇄ H3AsO3(aq) + H2O

[AuI2]− + e− ⇄ Au(s) + 2 I−

MnO4− + 2 H2O + 3 e− ⇄ MnO2(s) + 4 OH−

S2O32 − + 6 H+ + 4 e− ⇄ 2 S(s) + 3 H2O

Fc+[nota 3] + e− ⇄ Fc(s)

H2MoO4(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇄ MoO2(s) + 2 H2O

E° (V)[nota 1]

−3.80

−3.1

−3.09

−3.0401

−3.04

−3.026

−3.02

−3.0

−2.99

−2.98

−2.931

−2.912

−2.90

−2.9

−2.899

−2.88

−2.868

−2.812

−2.8

−2.76

−2.71

−2.70

−2.7

−2.690

−2.68

−2.63

−2.6

−2.50

−2.48

−2.40

−2.4

−2.379

−2.372

−2.36

−2.353

−2.336

−2.331

−2.33

−2.323

−2.319

−2.33

−2.31

−2.304

−2.30

−2.3

−2.295

−2.28

−2.279

−2.23

−2.2

−2.20

−2.19

−2.12

−2.1

−2.077

−2.069

−2.048

−2.04

−2.031

−2.0

−1.991

−1.96

−1.94

−1.91

−1.9

−1.899

−1.89

−1.856

−1.847

−1.82

−1.798

−1.793

−1.79

−1.789

−1.724

−1.71

−1.697

−1.662

−1.63

−1.553

−1.45

−1.37

−1.31

−1.23

−1.199

−1.185

−1.16

−1.143

−1.13

−1.099

−1.07

−0.91

−0.89

−0.86

−0.8277

−0.8

−0.7628

−0.7618

−0.75

−0.74

−0.60

−0.6

−0.58

−0.56

−0.53

−0.52

−0.508

−0.499

−0.454

−0.44

−0.43

−0.42

−0.40

−0.37

−0.360

−0.3588

−0.3505

−0.35

−0.34

−0.29

−0.28

−0.276

−0.26

−0.25

−0.23

−0.15224

−0.15

−0.14

−0.13

−0.12

−0.111

−0.11

−0.10

−0.09

-0.063

−0.04

−0.03

0.0000

+0.07133

+0.08

+0.085

+0.092

+0.0977

+0.10

+0.11

+0.12

+0.13

+0.14

+0.15

+0.159

+0.16

+0.163

+0.17

+0.19

+0.20

+0.22233

+0.24

+0.26

+0.273

+0.300

+0.308

+0.34

+0.340

+0.36

+0.40

+0.43

+0.50

+0.520

+0.52

+0.53

+0.54

+0.56

+0.58

+0.59

+0.60

+0.641

+0.65

+0.6992

+0.70

+0.72

+0.726

+0.74

+0.758

+0.77

+0.7996

+0.80

+0.81

+0.85

+0.87

+0.90

+0.91

+0.915

+0.93

+0.95

+0.96

+0.99

+1.02

+1.066

+1.0873

+1.13

+1.15

+1.17

+1.18

+1.188

+1.19

+1.20

+1.229

+1.23

+1.24

+1.25

+1.33

+1.36

+1.42

+1.44

+1.45

+1.460

+1.468

+1.48

+1.49

+1.51

+1.52

+1.59

+1.63

+1.67

+1.69

+1.70

+1.77

+1.78

+1.82

+1.83

+1.85

+1.98

+2.010

+2.075

+2.09

+2.12

+2.18

+2.20

+2.32

+2.42

+2.87

+3.05

Ref.

[1]

[2][3]

[3][4]

[2]

[3]

[1]

[3]

[1]

[3]

[1]

[3]

[1]

[3][5]

[1]

[3]

[1]

[6]

[1]

[7]

[8]

[7]

[9]

[10]

[9]

[7]

[11]

[7]

[5]

[7]

[11]

[10]

[7]

[5]

[10]

[7]

[5]

[7]

[10]

[7]

[9]

≡ 0

[7]

[12]

[10]

[11]

[2]

[10]

[5]

[7]

[11]

[7]

[10]

[5]

[10]

[5]

[13]

[7]

[11]

[7]

[9]

[4]

[10]

[11]

[14]

[15]

[7]

[14]

[11]

[5]

[14]

[5]

[2]

[10]

[7]

[11]

[14]

[16]

[14]

[10][5][4]

[10]

* + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇄

O2(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇄ H2O2(aq)

Tl3+ + 3 e− ⇄ Tl(s)

PtCl62− + 2 e− ⇄ PtCl42− + 2 Cl−

H2SeO3(aq) + 4 H+ + 4 e− ⇄ Se(s) + 3 H2O

PtCl42− + 2 e− ⇄ Pt(s) + 4 Cl−

Fe3+ + e− ⇄ Fe2+

Ag+ + e− ⇄ Ag(s)

Hg22+ + 2 e− ⇄ 2 Hg(l)

NO3−(aq) + 2 H+ + e− ⇄ NO2(g) + H2O

FeO42− + 5 H2O + 6 e− ⇄ Fe2O3(s) + 10 OH−

[AuBr4]− + 3 e− ⇄ Au(s) + 4 Br−

Hg2+ + 2 e− ⇄ Hg(l)

[IrCl6]2- + e− ⇄ [IrCl6]3-

MnO4− + H+ + e− ⇄ HMnO4−

2 Hg2+ + 2 e− ⇄ Hg22+

Pd2+ + 2 e− ⇄ Pd(s)

[AuCl4]− + 3 e− ⇄ Au(s) + 4 Cl−

MnO2(s) + 4 H+ + e− ⇄ Mn3+ + 2 H2O

[AuBr2]− + e− ⇄ Au(s) + 2 Br−

[HXeO6]3− + 2 H2O + 2 e− + ⇄ [HXeO4]− + 4 OH−

H6TeO6(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇄ TeO2(s) + 4 H2O

Br2(l) + 2 e− ⇄ 2 Br−

Br2(aq) + 2 e− ⇄ 2 Br−

IO3− + 5 H+ + 4 e− ⇄ HIO(aq) + 2 H2O

[AuCl2]− + e− ⇄ Au(s) + 2 Cl−

HSeO4− + 3 H+ + 2 e− ⇄ H2SeO3(aq) + H2O

Ag2O(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇄ 2 Ag(s) + H2O

ClO3− + 2 H+ + e− ⇄ ClO2(g) + H2O

[HXeO6]3− + 5 H2O + 8 e− ⇄ Xe(g) + 11 OH−

Pt2+ + 2 e− ⇄ Pt(s)

ClO2(g) + H+ + e− ⇄ HClO2(aq)

2 IO3− + 12 H+ + 10 e− ⇄ I2(s) + 6 H2O

ClO4− + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇄ ClO3− + H2O

O2(g) + 4 H+ + 4 e− ⇄ 2 H2O

MnO2(s) + 4 H+ + 2 e− ⇄ Mn2+ + 2 H2O

[HXeO4]− + 3 H2O + 6 e− ⇄ Xe(g) + 7 OH−

Tl3+ + 2 e− ⇄ Tl+

Cr2O72− + 14 H+ + 6 e− ⇄ 2 Cr3+ + 7 H2O

Cl2(g) + 2 e− ⇄ 2 Cl−

CoO2(s) + 4 H+ + e− ⇄ Co3+ + 2 H2O

2 NH3OH+ + H+ + 2 e− ⇄ N2H5+ + 2 H2O

2 HIO(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇄ I2(s) + 2 H2O

Ce4+ + e− ⇄ Ce3+

BrO3− + 5 H+ + 4 e− ⇄ HBrO(aq) + 2 H2O

β-PbO2(s) + 4 H+ + 2 e− ⇄ Pb2+ + 2 H2O

α-PbO2(s) + 4 H+ + 2 e− ⇄ Pb2+ + 2 H2O

2 BrO3− + 12 H+ + 10 e− ⇄ Br2(l) + 6 H2O

2ClO3− + 12 H+ + 10 e− ⇄ Cl2(g) + 6 H2O

MnO4− + 8 H+ + 5 e− ⇄ Mn2+ + 4 H2O

HO2• + H+ + e− ⇄ H2O2(aq)

Au3+ + 3 e− ⇄ Au(s)

NiO2(s) + 4 H+ + 2 e− ⇄ Ni2+ + 2 OH−

2 HClO(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇄ Cl2(g) + 2 H2O

Ag2O3(s) + 6 H+ + 4 e− ⇄ 2 Ag+ + 3 H2O

HClO2(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇄ HClO(aq) + H2O

Pb4+ + 2 e− ⇄ Pb2+

MnO4− + 4 H+ + 3 e− ⇄ MnO2(s) + 2 H2O

AgO(s) + 2 H+ + e− ⇄ Ag+ + H2O

H2O2(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇄ 2 H2O

Co3+ + e− ⇄ Co2+

Au+ + e− ⇄ Au(s)

BrO4− + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇄ BrO3− + H2O

Ag2+ + e− ⇄ Ag+

S2O82− + 2 e− ⇄ 2 SO42−

O3(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇄ O2(g) + H2O

HMnO4− + 3 H+ + 2 e− ⇄ MnO2(s) + 2 H2O

XeO3(aq) + 6 H+ + 6 e− ⇄ Xe(g) + 3 H2O

H4XeO6(aq) + 8 H+ + 8 e− ⇄ Xe(g) + 6 H2O

FeO42− + 3 e− + 8 H+ ⇄ Fe3+ + 4 H2O

XeF2(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇄ Xe(g) + 2HF(aq)

H4XeO6(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇄ XeO3(aq) + H2O

F2(g) + 2 e− ⇄ 2 F−

F2(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇄ 2 HF(aq)

Notas

1. Para localizar um potencial, use o comando CTRL-F do teclado.

2. Não especificado na referência indicada, mas assumida devido à diferença entre o valor −0.454 e que é calculado por (2×−0.499 + −0.508)/3 = −0.502 exatamente coincidindo com a diferença entre os valores para as variedades alotrópicas de fósforo branca (−0.063) e vermelha (−0.111) em equilíbrio com PH3.

3: Ferroceno Fe(C5H5)2 - Ferroceno - Wikipedia

4. Amálgama de mercúrio.

Referências

1. Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3.

2. Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth–Heinemann. ISBN 0080379419.

3. Vanýsek, Petr (2011). “Electrochemical Series”, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 92nd Edition (Chemical Rubber Company).

4. Atkins, Peter (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th Edition). New York: W. H. Freeman and Company. p. 153. ISBN 978–1–42–921820–7.

5. Peter Atkins (1997). Physical Chemistry, 6th edition (W.H. Freeman and Company, New York).

6. David R. Lide, ed., CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Internet Version 2005, www.hbcpnetbase.com , CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2005.

7. Vanýsek, Petr (2012). "Electrochemical Series". In Haynes, William M. Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 93rd Edition. Chemical Rubber Company. p. 5-80.ISBN 9781439880494..

8. Gordon Aylward & Tristan Findlay (2008). "SI Chemical Data", 6th edition (John Wiley & Sons, Australia), ISBN 978-0-470-81638-7.

9. WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements | Iron | compounds information

10. Bard, A. J., Parsons, R., and Jordan, J. (1985). Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solutions (Marcel Dekker, New York).

11. Bard, A.J., Faulkner, L.R.(2001). Electrochemical Methods. Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd edition (John Wiley and Sons Inc).

12. Marcel Pourbaix (1966). Atlas of Electrochemical Equilibria in Aqueous Solutions (NACE International, Houston, Texas; Cebelcor, Brussels).

13. Connelly, Neil G.; Geiger, William E. (1 January 1996). "Chemical Redox Agents for Organometallic Chemistry". Chemical Reviews 96 (2): 877–910. doi:10.1021/cr940053x. PMID 11848774.

14. WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements | Xenon | compounds information

15. Cotton, F. Albert; Wilkinson, Geoffrey; Murillo, Carlos A.; Bochmann, Manfred (1999), Advanced Inorganic Chemistry (6th ed.), New York: Wiley-Interscience, ISBN 0-471-19957-5

16. Redox Reactions, Western Oregon University website

Sugestões para consulta

- Standard Reduction Potentials - www.jesuitnola.org
- Standard Electrode Potentials in Aqueous Solution at 25°C - hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu