Tors fenomenologi

Tors fenomenologi

Fenomenologi betyr læren om fenomener (jfr. "phenomenology")

Sju teser om fenomener:

  1. fenomener er sammensatte; fenomener består av fenomener

  2. fenomener har aspekter

  3. noen aspekter kan observeres

  4. noen observasjoner kan måles (telling er en form for måling)

  5. aspekter kan samvariere (samvariasjon er ikke kausalitet)

  6. fenomener er dynamiske; (statiske fenomen er illusoriske; dynamikken finnes på et nivå/skala som ikke kan observeres)

  7. fenomener er uttrykk for prosesser


Noen funderinger:

  • Kausalitet eksisterer ikke; alle aspekter er emergente

  • Måling er et fenomen (som alltid innebærer tolkning via en modell av det observerte fenomen)

  • Fenomener med mange likeartede subfenomener kan betraktes statistisk (gasser, menneskemengder)

  • Fenomeners substans er energi- og informasjonsomsetning

  • Energi og informasjon er aspekter av samme fenomen

  • Elementærfenomenet er et kvant (observeres/måles statistisk i form av en qubit)

Inspirasjon fra:


Pedro C. Marijuán: Information Revisited, First Conference on the Foundations of Information Science, Madrid 1994

also: Biosystems, 1996

Introduction to Complex Systems Science and Its Applications, Complexity, 2020-07-27

Neocybernetics by Heikki Hyötyniemi

The source of any energy and change, Nick Samoylov, 2020-08-24

It from bit, Nick Samoylov, 2020-08-24

"There are intelligible principles inherent in the matter of every phenomenon; because matter is essentially the sum of all the seemings that it has for any and all persons."
― Protagoras (490-420BC)


"We cannot observe external things without some degree of Thought; nor can we reflect upon our Thoughts, without being influenced in the course of our reflection by the Things which we have observed."
— William Whewell (1794-1866)


"The hypotheses we accept ought to explain phenomena which we have observed. But they ought to do more than this: our hypotheses ought to foretell phenomena which have not yet been observed."
— William Whewell (1794-1866)


"Real science exists, then, only from the moment when a phenomenon is accurately defined as to its nature and rigorously determined in relation to its material conditions, that is, when its law is known. Before that, we have only groping and empiricism."
— Claude Bernard (1813-1878)


“The chess-board is the world; the pieces are the phenomena of the universe; the rules of the game are what we call the laws of Nature. The player on the other side is hidden from us. We know that his play is always fair, and patient. But also we know, to our cost, that he never overlooks a mistake, or makes the smallest allowance for ignorance.”
― Thomas Henry Huxley (1825-1895)


“To begin with, we put the proposition: pure phenomenology is the science of pure consciousness.”
― Edmund Husserl (1859-1938)


"The ideal of a pure phenomenology will be perfected only by answering this question; pure phenomenology is to be separated sharply from psychology at large and, specifically, from the descriptive psychology of the phenomena of consciousness."
― Edmund Husserl (1859-1938)


"Classical thermodynamics is the only physical theory of universal content, which I am convinced, that within the framework of applicability of its basic concepts will never be overthrown.”
—Albert Einstein​ (1879-1955)


“The universe as we know it is a joint product of the observer and the observed.”
― Pierre Teilhard de Chardin (1881-1955)


"No isolated experiment, however significant in itself, can suffice for the experimental demonstration of any natural phenomenon; for the "one chance in a million" will undoubtedly occur, with no less and no more than its appropriate frequency, however surprised we may be that it should occur to us."
—Ronald Fisher (1890-1962)


"Information is more a matter of process than of storage… Information is important as a stage in the continuous process by which we observe the outer world, and act effectively upon it… To be alive is to participate in a continuous stream of influences from the outer world and acts on the outer world, in which we are merely the transitional stage. In the figurative sense, to be alive to what is happening in the world, means to participate in a continual development of knowledge and its unhampered exchange."
― Norbert Wiener (1894-1964)


“The ability to observe without evaluating is the highest form of intelligence.”
― Jiddu Krishnamurti (1895-1986)


"What we observe is not nature itself, but nature exposed to our method of questioning."
—Werner Karl Heisenberg (1901-1976)


"I believe all complicated phenomena can be explained by simpler scientific principles."
― Linus Pauling (1901-1994)


"Objectivity is the delusion that observations could be made without an observer."
— Heinz von Foerster (1911-2002)


“both observer and observed are merging and interpenetrating aspects of one whole reality, which is indivisible and unanalysable.”
― David Bohm (1917-1992)


"Learning to explain phenomena such that one continues to be fascinated by the failure of one's explanations creates a continuing cycle of thinking, that is the crux of intelligence. It isn't that one person knows more than another, then. In as sense, it is important to know less than the next person, or at least to be certain of less, thus enabling more curiosity and less explaining away because one has again encountered a well-known phenomenon. The less you know the more you can find out about, and finding out for oneself is what intelligence is all about."
― Roger Schank


"There are two possible ways to approach phenomena. The first is to rule out the extraordinary and focus on the "normal." The examiner leaves aside "outliers" and studies ordinary cases. The second approach is to consider that in order to understand a phenomenon, one needs to first consider the extremes-particularly if, like the Black Swan, they carry an extraordinary cumulative effect."
― Nassim Nicholas Taleb