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The Vermaric languages are a linguistic family, of ergative alignment, that constitutes the largest group, with twenty-nine languages derived from proto-Vermaric. It is the largest group and is subdivided into six subgroups:
-The Western Vermaric languages. The Symbaian, the Eloduian, the Claebajarc (the three belonging to the Symbaian-Claebajarcic subgroup) and the Parbidic belong to this group. Symbaian and Eloduian, in turn, constitute the Symbainic-Eloduian subgroup. They have as main peculiarities, with regard to nouns:
a) In terms of number, this group has lost the paucal. The archaic Eloduian and Symbaian, for their part, lose the collective number (although they maintain it as morphemes derived from collective nouns); Subsequently, the archaic Eloduian will lose the dual and the trial, while the Claebajarc and the Parbidic lose the trial. Regarding morphology, in principle all the languages of this group have maintained both inflection processes (the desinential and the apophonic). The Symbainic-Eloduian group has incorporated new endings (*-i for the plural, *-ā for the dual and *-ō for the trial), present in the received non-Vermaric lexicon. It is the so-called idrapic number. The Symbaian has maintained the three types of plurals, while the Eloduian gradually lost the apophonic plural and this idrapic number, maintaining only the Vermaric plural of the classical stage. In this way, the Claebajarc and the Parbidic have four numbers (singular, plural, dual and collective), but in a convergent manner and manifested from the two Vermaric forms; the Symbaian has four numbers (singular, plural, dual and trial) and manifested from the two Vermaric forms and the idrapic plural; and the classical Eloduian has two numbers (singular and plural), manifested from the vermaric ending.
b) Regarding gender, the absolutive particles *os and *on adhere as endings to the nominal stem, developing animate and neuter gender endings. The Symbainic-Claebajarcic languages have developed a set of animated gender endings for adjectives, based on the coincidence between a number of nouns with certain thematic endings and the lexical gender assignment that the speakers made on such, giving as this resulted in the identification of the endings *-u/*-u̯-os with the masculine, *-ja-os with the feminine, *-ø-os with the unspecified and *-ek-on with the neuter. In Symbaian, these endings have given rise to elongated forms for certain SSNNs. In this way, the Symbainic-Claebajarc languages have four genders: unspecified (the Eloduian lost it in its classical stage), masculine, feminine and neuter; The Symbaian, for its part, has two groups of endings, one for determinate syntagmas and another for indeterminate ones, while the Parbidic has animate gender and neuter gender.
c) In terms of cases, this group has not lost cases as a whole. The Parbidic has preserved only the absolutive, ergative, dative, genitive and ablative cases. However, along with Eloduian, they are the only languages in the Western Vermaric group that have maintained Vermaric possessive adjectives with *-tʰī. The Claebajarc lost the partitive, the instrumental and the elative. The Symbainic-Eloduian languages have lost the possessive genitive, the superessive and the superlative and the Eloduian in particular has lost the partitive and the instrumental. For its part, this group has developed the material genitive (from the instrumental and the genitive), the final and the benefactive. The Symbaian in particular developed the locative genitive, the adesive (from the adlative and the locative genitive), the causal (from the ablative), the comitative (from the instrumental), the exessive from the elative and the locative and the illative from the inessive and the elative. In this way, the Parbidic has five possessive cases and adjectives; The Claebajarc has ten cases (absolutive, ergative, dative, genitive, possessive genitive, ablative, adlative, locative, superessive and superlative), the Symbaian has twenty-six cases (absolutive, ergative, dative, genitive, locative genitive, material genitive, ablative, adlative, adesive, benefactive, causal, comitative, elative, ergative, exessive, final, illative, inessive, instrumental, locative, partitive, prolative, respective, tendential, terminal and vocative) and the Eloduian has eleven cases (absolutive, ergative, dative , genitive, material genitive, ablative, adlative, benefactive, final, inessive, locative) and possessive adjectives.
Regarding verbs:
d) The languages of this group have convergently developed verbal agreement with the ergative complement and the indirect complement, based on personal endings. The Parbidic, for its part, has developed an agreement with the indirect complement, based on the adhesion by prefixation of the personal endings to the verbal stem. For example, the prefixes ar- (arəд, "it is for me"), aд- (aдəд, "it is for you"), ad- (adəд, "it is for you") are attached to the form əд (3rd singular of the copulative verb). The Symbainic-Claebajarc languages, for their part, have developed an agreement with the ergative complement from the morpheme -r- (possibly from the nominal ending of ergative *-erk), giving rise to the following structure: root-t-( desin. pers.)-morph. temp.-morph. mood.-r-(pers. des.). The Symbaian, for its part, has developed an agreement with the indirect object and, in addition, a gender agreement (based on the nominal endings) with the different arguments. For example, the simbaíno boktóry, “he has it”; boktára, “she has her.” In this way, Parbidic has a double abs-dat agreement, the Symbainic-Claebajarc languages have a double abs-erg agreement and to this Symbaian adds a dat agreement and a gender agreement.
e) Regarding the moods, the Western group has maintained the three Vermaric moods, while the Symbainic-Eloduian group has developed an optional mood from the conditional and the Symbaian, in addition, developed an imperative mood. The Claebajarc and the Parbidic have preserved the three moods, but no extra mood has been developed. As for tense, this group has maintained the three tenses. The Symbainic-Eloduian group, for its part, has developed three more from a participle and auxiliary periphrasis: the imperfect, from the present, the future perfect, from the future, and the pluperfect, from the perfect. Subsequently, the Symbaian has developed specific morphemes for each of these new tenses.
f) The Symbainic-Claebajarc languages develop participles with the following endings: *-pam-, for the straight voice, *-pek-, for the antipassive voice. The Symbaian develops a middle form with the ending *-pem-, while the elodeo loses the antipassive form. In this way, the Claebajarc has two participles, one straight and one antipassive, the Symbaian has three participles, straight, one middle and one antipassive and the Eloduian has one participle, the straight one.
g) Most of the Parbidic verbs have lost their conjugational paradigm, keeping only the verbs əд, "to be", and kək, "to possess”, which is not Vermaric, since the Parbidic did not preserve the Vermaric verb *bok-t. Due to this, the Vermaric conjugates the other verbs from the root, which functions as a kind of verboid, and these verbs function as auxiliaries. This periphrastic conjugation could have been developed in Proto-Vermaric, since it also occurs in the Middle and Insular Vermaric groups. Regarding pronouns:
h) The only languages of this group that have maintained the relative pronoun are Symbaian and Claebajarc. The Parbidic, for its part, has developed clusive forms from first and second person plural pronouns.
i) The Symbainic-Claebajarcic group share the months and days of the week.
Symbainic-Claemabjarcic months and days of the week.pdf-The Middle Vermaric languages: Damarian, Gonmulisric, Xilarcan, Testaresus and Tajan (extinct) belong to this group. The first two constitute the Damaric group. The second two constitute the Xilarcaninc group. These languages, with regard to the noun syntagma:
a) Because they have abandoned the absolutive particles *os and *on, they do not present grammatical gender in any way. However, they have developed an article *ets, from the masculine dative article et and the particle *os.
b) As for cases, this group has lost the Vermaric possessive genitive and partitive. For its part, this group has developed the abessive case, from the conditional particle *il, and the superessive and subsive cases, from the superlative and sublative, respectively, and the locative. The Gonmulirsic, for its part, has lost the adlative, the elative and the inessive and has in turn lost the ergative and the dative, making these cases with the genitive. Because of this, Gonmulirsic has developed a core-marking particle a, from the Proto-Vermaric particle *on (*on>*ō>*u>a). The Xilarcaninc group lost the adlative, dative, elative, locative and inessive cases (although it maintained the latter in the article, the third and relative pronouns. This group has maintained the possessive adjectives, but the Gonmulirsic has lost them. In this way, Damarian has possessive adjectives and fifteen cases: absolutive, ergative, dative, genitive, abessive, ablative, adlative, elative, inessive, locative, prolative, superlative, superessive, sublative, subessive; while Gonmulirsic, for its part, has eight genders: absolutive, ergative, dative, genitive, locative, prolative, superlative, sublative; and Xilarcaninc group has eight cases: abessive, absolutive, ablative, ergative, genitive, locative, superlative and sublative. Furthermore, having lost the dative, this group makes indirect complements through the genitive and ablative.
c) As for number, this group has preserved the two Vermaric types, but the Gonmulirsic has lost the apophonic, so it has only one type of number and Damarian, Xilarcan and Testaresus have both.
d) The four living languages of this group have maintained the relative pronoun.
Regarding the verbs:
e) This group has preserved the three tenses and the three Vermaric moods. At the same time, it has developed the interrogative mood. The Damaric group has developed the aorist tense, although the origin of this phenomenon is unknown. The Xilarcan group has developed the imperative mood under the influence of the Tharcaian. Regarding the conjugational paradigm, Middle Vermaric verbs use only the root corresponding to the tense in the indicative, while in the other tenses they constitute a periphrasis with these roots and the present of the verbs id (in Damarian), ed (in Gonmulirsic), ai (in Xilarcan) and e (in Testaresus) when they are intransitive, and bok (in Damarian and Gonmulirsic), bai (Xilarcan) and bo (in Testaresus) when they are transitive. In the case of Xilarcan, because the coincidence between the future verboid and the perfect verboid became common, this group developed a split accusivity for the future: the present and the perfect follow the ergative diathesis (absolutive subject, complement ergative in ergative and indirect object in genitive), while the future follows an accusative diathesis (agentive subject in absolutive, direct object patient in genitive and indirect object in ablative).
-The Eastern Vermaric languages: The only language in this group is Gumulirsic. This is mainly characterized by the presence of syllabic consonants (r̩, l̩, m̩, n̩ and s̩). As for the noun syntagma, the cases that this language preserves are the absolutive, ergative, dative, genitive, genitive possessive, adlative, ablative, superlative and sublative, which is why it has lost the partitive, instrumental, elative, inessive and locative. For its part, another thing that characterizes the Gumulirsic is that, from the possessive genitive, it has developed a new case, adding the dative ending (*-ti-џi>-tiџe). In this way, the Gumulirsic distinguishes between the alienable possessive (which corresponds to the form of the Vermaric possessive) and the inalienable possessive. As for number, it has preserved the singular, the plural, the dual and the paucal, so it has lost the trial and the collective; and has preserved the two types of Vermaric plurals, the apophonic and the desinential. It has also retained the relative pronoun. As for verbal conjugation, this language has maintained the Vermaric indicative and subjunctive, it has lost the conditional, however it has developed a negative mood, a wishful mood and a wishful mood, although, like what happens with the Damaric group (although it is not phylogenetically related to this), the origin of this phenomenon is unknown.
-The Peninsular Vermaric languages: They constitute the group of peninsular languages: Cenutzian, Phojian and Phoephonian. These last two constitute a subgroup: the Continental Peninsular Vermaric languages, since they have maintained a very similar grammar. These languages have received great influence from Kirdaian. As for their cases, they have preserved only the Vermaric absolutive, ergative, dative, genitive and locative. The Cenutzian, for its part, has lost the ergative, dative and locative, so it performs the first two with the genitive. From the combination of the Vermaric particles *os and *on, the endings and the Kirdaian articles, this group has developed a set of endings that distinguish the indeterminate masculine gender, *-ɒ̈(s)-ɐ(n) (<*- os-an), feminine, *-ɒ̈(s)-e(n) (<*-os-in) and neuter, *-ɒ̈(n) (<*-on-ø) and determinate masculine, *- ə (*-e), feminine*-e (*-i), and neuter, *-ɒ̈ (*-o). As for number, this group has lost the trial and the collective, so it maintains the singular, the plural, the dual and the paucal, but the Cenutzian has lost the dual. On the other hand, all the languages of this group have preserved the Vermaric relative. As for the verb, this group preserves the three Vermaric tenses, but only maintains the conjugational paradigm of the peninsular Proto-Vermaric verb *(ə)tʰ (<*etʰ) and conjugates the other verbs with a periphrasis of this verb as an auxiliary and a participle, formed from the verbal root and the quird passive participle endings: *-nt- (<*-nt-). On this basis, this group has developed an imperfect (with the present participle and the auxiliary in the perfect) and a periphrastic future perfect (with the perfect participle and the auxiliary in the future). In addition, he has developed a patient complement for the antipassive voice, which is constructed with the preposition *e(s), of unknown origin.
-The Athrorektleric Vermaric languages: This group is made up of six languages, arranged in two groups: the northern Athrorektleric group, to which the Iorugne and Maakajoa languages belong, and the southern Athrorektleric, to which Gueshjele, Tyshjaguge, Tharhaic and Hiakkuon belong (these last two, in turn, they make up the Tharhaic group). These languages have received some influence from Ugredo, which can be seen especially in their lexicon. As for its cases, this language maintains ten Vermaric cases: the absolutive, the ergative, the dative, the genitive, the possessive genitive, the partitive, the locative, the prolative, the superessive and the sublative. The Vermaric absolutive particles *os and *on have acquired the value of determining particles, which is why they contribute gender distinction and determination to the absolutive. As for number, this group lost the Vermaric collective, so it maintains the singular, plural, dual, trial and paucal. It also lost the apophonic plural, so it only maintains the Vermaric morphological plural. Tyshjaguge, for its part, lost the trial. As for the relative, these languages maintain both the Vermaric relative pronoun and the Vermaric relative particle *edʰes. It has also lost both the copulative *etʰ-t and the possessive verb *bok-t. As for verbs, this group has lost the entire paradigm, except for the stem of the perfect, so it has two forms: one for the present and another for the perfect. But it has developed two time particles: *þɛtɬji, perfect (from the aorist Oughreth, zəliek), and *hɛnœ, future (from the future adverb Oughreth hənø). Because of this, two groups of Athrorektleric verbs can be distinguished: those of Vermaric origin (which make the present and perfect from their roots and the future with the present stem and the particle *hɛnœ) and those of Oughreth origin ( that have a single root and make the present with the root alone, the perfect with the root and the particle *þɛtɬji and the future with the root and the particle *hɛnœ).
-The Northern Vermaric or Dacurjajec languages: this group includes Gamuy, Padomuy and Corshachob. This group has possibly received vocabulary and developed morphological features from an unknown Dacurjajec language.
Regarding nouns and adjectives.
a) Regarding number, the Northern Vermaric group has lost the dual, trial and paucal. Number is not morphologically manifested in nouns or adjectives, but is only manifested in verbal agreement and in pronouns. Verbs are only inflected in singular and plural, while pronouns are inflected in singular, plural and collective. The 1st plural pronoun, on the other hand, has developed an inclusive form with the addition of the root *'θɛ of the 2nd singular pronoun, so it has an exclusive form *kʰænes and an inclusive form *θɛkʰænes.
b) Regarding gender, the Northern Vermaric group has maintained the animate and neuter genders. In turn, it has developed a third gender based on marking. The Dacurjajec nouns and adjectives do not take the particles os and on, but in the animate group, to differentiate human animated from non-human animated, the latter take the particle os as the ending -o in the absolutive, resulting in the human animate, non-human animate and neuter genders. However, the human animate and the neuter have the same endings, so, to differentiate the former from the non-human animate, the adjectives maintained only two genders: the animate (made with the endings of the non-human animate) and the neuter. In this way, the animate of the adjectives agrees with the human animate and the non-human animate of the nouns: *kʰæ *ælʊ ("big dog").
c) Regarding the cases, the Northern Vermaric group has lost all cases except the absolutive and the ergative. The former became the straight case, which can be the term for postpositions to decline it in other cases. The genitive postposition *θu developed from the comitative Vermaric postposition *(a)tʰ. The dative postposition *ɛ developed from the postposition *ae. On the other hand, this group developed an abessive case, from the ending *is, probably coming from this Dacurjajec language. Therefore, it has three cases: the rectus, the ergative and the abessive.
d) The Northern Vermaric group maintains the Vermaric possessive adjectives.
e) This group also maintains the roots of vermaric superlatives and sublatives: 'təsʊ ("beautiful"), 'gɞnʊ ("the most beautiful"), 'dɞnʊ ("the least beautiful").
Regarding verbs:
f) The Northern Vermaric group lost the Vermaric copulative and possessive verbs. The possessive is constructed with indirect objects and possessive adjectives.
g) The Northern Vermaric group lost personal agreement, except for the first person, and kept number agreement. In turn, it developed definite forms, so this group has five agreements: first person singular, indefinite singular, definite singular, indefinite plural and definite plural. Negation, on the other hand, is done with the subject in the abessive case: *kis *fætuɾ ("I don't fight"), *θē *θʊtuɾfʊwus *ðagʊx ("You don't eat apples").
h) This group has maintained the three Vermaric tenses (present, perfect and future) and has developed an imperfective form with the prefix *ʊɾ, which probably comes from the Dacurjajec language. On the other hand, this group has lost verbal apophony and all verbs are inflected with the Vermaric tense suffixes.
i) This group has maintained the three moods (the indicative, the subjunctive and the conditional) and has developed four modes, which it probably received from that Dacurjajec language: dubitative (with the ending *-æi̯n), interrogative (with the ending *-us), imperative (with the ending *-at), which only has antipassive voice forms, and deprecative (with the ending *-ʊi̯s).
j) This group developed an antipassive voice prefix *a-, which probably came from that Dacurjajec language.
Seven languages belong to the Insular Vermaric group: Bieriwachichus, Sufrius, Iedus, Tulmascun, Thrhombarmabian, Pritorzan, and Stosrithe. These last four descend from Iedus and belong to the Jedic subgroup. Tulmascun, Thrhombarmabian, and Pritorzan, on the other hand, make up the North Jedic subgroup.
a) As regards nouns, the Insular Vermaric group has only retained the absolutive, ergative and genitive cases and the singular, dual and collective numbers of Proto-Vermaric (retaining only the suffixed plural, losing the apophonic) and, from the particles *os and *on, it has developed, on the one hand, the gender endings *-o (animated) and *-oθ (neuter), which extend to the entire declension, and on the other, the predicative case ending *-ū. In addition, it has developed a vocative case, dropping the gender ending, thus making the vocative coincide with the nominal stem, and an equative case (which only has one form common to all numbers) *-ei̯θei̯, from the Vermaric instrumental endings *-ai̯tʰ and genitive *-(k)ī. The ending *-ai̯tʰ, for its part, became a derivational suffix *ejtʰ that produces adverbials from verbs, nouns, and adjectives (cf. åbŗis bch.). Thus, Proto-Insular Vermaric had six cases: absolutive, ergative, genitive, predicative, vocative, and equative. The last two only occur in the singular and plural. Bieriwachichus has lost the collective number, Sufrius has lost the vocative case, and Iedus has lost the vocative, predicative, and genitive cases, retaining only the absolutive and the ergative. For its part, Iedus has developed a construct state, removing the endings -o and -oz from the absolutive form, and a set of possessive endings, from the genitive personal pronouns, which were clitics in Insular Vermaric (cf. *uθ>-(r)ůz; růrůz).
The North Jedic languages have lost all cases, collective number, construct form, gender, and possessive endings. That is, the inflection of nouns, adjectives, and pronouns only presents singular, plural, and dual numbers (Thrhombarmabian, for its part, also lost the dual), organized into eight nominal types. The equative case of Iedus, on the other hand, became a derivational suffix that produces comparative and/or modal adjectives and adverbials, and, as occurred in the Symbainic-Eloduian group, some former collectives became collective nouns. Stosrithe, for its part, lost the equative case and the dual and collective number of Iedus, while retaining the absolutive and ergative cases, singular and plural numbers, construct form, and gender. In morphology, Stosrithe synthesized all the declensions into a single paradigm, developed from the old u declension of Iedus, with the suffixes -ø/-y (absolutive animate singular), -st/-n̩ (absolutive neuter singular), -ɘ (absolutive animated plural), -ɘst (absolutive neuter plural), -ieu (ergative) and -y (construct). Stosrithe has also retained the possessive endings.
b) Regarding adjectives, they only inflect when they are attributes, but when they are complements, they do not inflect, but rather come before the core they complement. On the other hand, the Insular Vermaric group has lost the morphological adjective degree. In the case of the North Jedic languages, since they have lost the construct form, the adjectives agree with the nominal core. In the case of Stosrithe, as mentioned above, this one did retain the construct status.
c) With regard to pronouns, the Insular Vermaric group has retained the Vermaric 1st and 2nd person genitive forms *on and *ton, has developed an animated and a neuter form for the third person from gender endings, has retained the Vermaric pronoun *(e)m, which has also developed an animated and a neuter form from gender endings, and has developed an interrogative pronoun from the Vermaric relative and interrogative particle *nun (*ennyθ). Iedus, for its part, has added gender inflection to this interrogative pronoun, adding gender endings, thus developing a form for the neuter (ænyzo) and a form for the neuter (ænyzoz), while ænyz corresponded to the construct form. Both the North Jedic group and Stosrithe retain the relative and the interrogative pronouns. In the particular case of the Thrhombarmabian, it has a single invariable form aenyto.
d) Regarding verbs, the Insular Vermaric group has developed an auxiliary *bʰy, which functions both intransitively and transitively, and is the only one that can inflect morphologically. Its present form comes from the Vermaric verb *(a)m-tgai̯, and its perfect form comes from the verb *etʰ-t. This verb retains from Proto-Vermaric the indicative and subjunctive moods, the present, perfect, and future tenses, and the singular and plural numbers, with which the dual and collective numbers agree. Furthermore, a conditional mood developed from the Vermaric subordinating particle *il. It has also developed two suffixes, both of unknown origin: -is, which agrees with the ergative complement when it is plural, and -ak, which indicates that the absolutive subject is definite. All verbs have three participles. One for each tense, which were formed from the verbal root and the Vermaric tense suffixes (except for polyrrhiza verbs), with which the periphrasis is constructed and which can act as complements of NS or as predicatives. From the present participle, a gerund was formed, adding to it the Vermaric instrumental case ending *-ai̯tʰ. On the other hand, from the present root and the Vermaric adjectival suffix *-rjek, Insular Vermaric developed a verbal adjective. Finally, from the present root and the Vermaric postposition of the separative, with an ablative value, *(s)oe, converted into an ending *-s, an infinitive was formed. Sufrius lost the verbal agreement determinated. In Iedus, the auxiliary verb was converted to verbal endings (*bʰytr̩>-zuru; *ɛkr̩ bʰytr̩>ækuruzuru), so it lost this verb and has no copula, but all verbs are morphologically inflected. The North Jedic group has lost the verbal adjective, the infitive and the future participle and has retained definite agreement and number agreement of the ergative complement. Stosrithe has retained the verbal adjective and agreement with the ergative complement but has lost definite agreement, all participles, the gerund and the infinitive.
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