Keyword
capnography, capnogram
A : normal in controlled mechanical ventilation
B : normal during spontaneous breathing
C : bronchospasm (asthma, COPD) / partially obstructed ET tube or breathing circuit
D : cardiogenic oscillation at the end of exhalation as flow decreases and the beating heart
causes emptying the different lung regions and back-and-forth motion between exhaled and fresh gas
E : spontaneous breathing effort during controlled mechanical ventilation
F : esophageal intubation
G : rebreathing of CO2, as may occur with faulty expiratory valve or exhausted absorber system
H : faulty inspiratory valve
I : single lung transplant
J : faulty inspiratory valve
K : abrupt onset of a ruptured or leaking ET tube cuff
L : leak in a sidestream sample line
Reference
Miller’s Anesthesia, 8th edition, Ch.51, P.1554