Flooding
Table of Contents
Countries Most Prone to Urban Flooding
Sea Level Rise "By 2100 in the USA, coastal population growth and sea level rise could put between 4 and 13 million people at risk of inundation"
Suriname - Total Area Covered by Low-Lying Cities: N/A, Total National Population in Flood Zone: 52%
Netherlands - Total Area Covered by Low-Lying Cities: 23%, Total National Population in Flood Zone: 49%
Monaco - Total Area Covered by Low-Lying Cities: 22%, Total National Population in Flood Zone: 22%
Bahrain - Total Area Covered by Low-Lying Cities: 21%, Total National Population in Flood Zone: 24%
Macao - Total Area Covered by Low-Lying Cities: 18%, Total National Population in Flood Zone: 23%
Gibraltar - Total Area Covered by Low-Lying Cities: 14%, Total National Population in Flood Zone: 14%
Cayman Islands - Total Area Covered by Low-Lying Cities: 9%, Total National Population in Flood Zone: 10%
Antigua and Barbuda - Total Area Covered by Low-Lying Cities: 6%, Total National Population in Flood Zone: 9%
Hong Kong - Total Area Covered by Low-Lying Cities: 6%, Total National Population in Flood Zone: 6%
Belgium - Total Area Covered by Low-Lying Cities: N/A, Total National Population in Flood Zone: 52%Â
Pollution Major storms and floods can damage buildings, overload sewers, farms, and chemical storage facilities. Waste is picked up from damaged buildings, road ways, and tipped bins sending a huge array of unknown chemicals, bacteria, and other microbes into people's drinking water, soil, and air.
Floating Buildings?
Solutions
Managed Retreat
"... the purposeful movement of people, buildings and other assets from areas vulnerable to hazards—has often been considered a last resort. But Siders said it can be a powerful tool for expanding the range of possible solutions to cope with rising sea levels, flooding and other climate change effects when used proactively or in combination with other measures."  - Managed Retreat: A Must in the War Against Climate ChangeÂ
Careful Choice in Relocation/Building Site Choices
5 Best (and Worst) Places to Build a Home or Village
This 10:33 minute video talks about how different locations can be more dangerous in respect to floods and fires, or advantageous in respect to view, resources, and utility efficiency.
We need to reduce the chance of failed relocation due to predictable threats such as sea level rise. New communities and buildings need to be built with flood mitigation as a primary concern, to reduce the chance of themselves flooding, or flooding neighbors down stream, thereby perpetuating the need to relocate or rebuild between current buy-out/evacuation zones and currently habitable ones.Â
One idea that may help revitalize deteriorating communities inland would be to invest in rebuilding their infrastructure in preparation of sea level and flood evacuees' arrival. Investments for eco-friendly, passive, and renewable infrastructure would help protect the new and old inhabitants against climate change while providing jobs such as food production, circular economy, energy production (such as solar, thermal, wind) from the beginning, rather than the messy rush to retrofit out cities which will cost our current communities millions or more.Â
Some locations are experiencing population decline due to aging populations combined with lower birth rate. In response they are paying people to move in, live in those areas. Some offer free land or rebates for fixing up historical properties such as farm houses. Some countries even pay parents to have children, so families may find these easier places to resettle. Organizations focusing on helping communizes move should consider these welcoming opportunities, with careful considerations to the evacuees' needs and the terms of the invite. For example: "Antikythera, Greece offers money to families with children with homes and farms deemed acceptable, however priority is given to Greek citizens. Other locations have stipulations about previous felonies, or requiring people live on the land for a set amount of time before qualifying."
Create and Enforce Legislation Banning New Developments in Flood Zones
In areas without this type of legislation, many people have been sold home in known flood zones, within 100 year flood zones, and other unsuitable places. These homes are prone to repeated flooding which can push families into a poverty situation where they are unable to sell their homes (because they flood repeatedly) which leaves them without the funds to leave or keep rebuilding. Governments need to offer buy-out programs and work with conservation organizations to clear the badly-placed buildings. The land can function as both wild space and as permeable land to help absorb future flood waters, protecting nearby communities.
Man-Made Defenses
Sustainable Drainage Systems or (SUDs) help slow and safely divert water away from homes and businesses, preferably into wetlands, underground storage, or other places where it can do good instead of harm.
Dams or seawalls may also be useful depending on the nature of the flooding, though solutions such as living shorelines provide better, long-term solutions compared to hard engineering.
Preserve Wetlands, Waterways, and Mangroves
Mangroves not only help prevent soil erosion, but help protect communities against hurricanes and other extreme weather. They have unique biodiversity, and serve many functions but are under threat from climate change, and human activities. Wetlands provide vital flood prevention with large spaces for overflow and absorption to take place. The vegetation both helps water sink into the soil and respirate back into the atmosphere. These wild areas also play a massive roll in preserving biodiversity for migrant and native species of fish, birds, and other wildlife. These in turn provide economic opportunities to the communities that preserve those ecosystems, while absorbing pollution so that it can do less harm.
Mangroves
Tree Planting
Establishing and protecting riparian borders can be a very powerful tool to protect water quality, mitigate flooding, control erosion, increase biodiversity, create wildlife corridors, protect ground water, and even improve water respiration to provide vital rain for crops.
Methods
Ensure legislation has consequences when pollution or other terms are not met. Legislation should bar new construction projects other than ones designed to manage water and protect us from climate change.
Install low-head dam for saltwater wedge and freshwater pool separation "Rising sea levels, combined with reductions in freshwater runoff due to drought, will cause the salt water-freshwater boundary to move further upstream in tidal estuaries. Upstream shifts of this boundary can reduce the water quality of surface water resources. Installation of low-head dams across tidal estuaries can prevent this upstream movement." -Â
Sustainable Drainage Systems (SUDS)
SUDs passively reduce flooding down stream by slowing the flow of water, letting it spread out in safe places so that it can better infiltrate the soil. This has many benefits from reducing erosion and siltation, to recharging ground water and making the landscape more resilient against droughts, fires and heatwaves.Â
Recharging ground water also means salt water intrusion can be reduced along coastal areas, while guaranteeing safe ground water for future generations.
Click the SUDs button to learn more about these systems.
Beavers are a keystone species that naturally lives throughout the northern hemisphere in North America, Europe and northern Asia from Russia down to at least Mongolia. These natural engineers were perhaps the first major designers of SUDs, and can provide many of the same benefits without requiring paychecks. Click the Beaver button to learn more about how to help these animals return to the places that need them, or to find out which organizations near you might help remove and rehome some that are causing unwanted flooding.
Green Space Expansion
Green space is our greatest natural defense against flooding. These green spaces can be renovated to de-compact the soil and build flood mitigation infrastructure including reservoirs and swales. Ecologically these areas increase biodiversity, and can help expand our range of wildlife corridors which will further protect wildlife against the threats of extinction caused by fractured habitats. Keystone species, particularly beavers should be allowed to colonize these areas, providing flood protection in areas where human/animal interactions can be minimized.
Examples of Green Spaces
Green spaces can perform a number of services, and incorporating green spaces in flood prevention plans can even boost their success and biodiversity.
Greenbelts and greenways are strips of green areas connecting communities while tamping down excessive urban sprawl. These spaces reduce air pollution, provide connectivity for wildlife, and if properly designed can provide connectivity to humans instead of forcing everyone to drive in private vehicles. Greenbelts can absorb flood water, but this may result in people having to take alternative routes such as roads until the waters recede.
Wetlands are vital for many migratory and stationary species. Seasonal rains can turn deserts, grasslands, and other biomes into vibrant space for pollinators as well as other species who feed on them. Flooding may negatively impact tourism, but should be less likely to destroy homes unless indigenous communities or park rangers live in the area.
Wetlands
Wetlands are natures sponges, and have been under threat from farmers and urban developers draining these natural resources. By restoring wetlands we both buffer land and communities from storms and floods, but we'll also restore biodiversity for millions of species who rely on wetlands to reproduce, eat, and find refuge year round or on their migration routes.
Tools
Greener LAND "This tool helps you decide which landscape interventions are best suited towards landscape restoration for the landscape you operate in. Start by selecting the characteristics of your landscape on your left."
Organizations
Africa
Madagascar
The Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust " We conserve, restore and create wetlands, and inspire everyone to value the amazing things healthy wetlands can do for us." "Since 1960, over 60% of Madagascar’s wetlands are estimated to have been lost. Those remaining are subject to an array of pervasive threats including sedimentation, pollution and over-harvesting." "Lake Sofia is a Ramsar site – an accreditation given to the world’s most important wetlands through the intergovernmental Ramsar Convention. It is one of 21 Ramsar Sites in Madagascar. Few have Management Plans and conservation managers have little capacity to assess the condition of, and threats to, their sites. Currently, those involved in the conservation and management of wetlands work in isolation, and the lack of a functioning National Ramsar Committee for wetlands has resulted in missed opportunities to influence decisions around planning and regulatory frameworks that can have a significant impact on the health of these vital ecosystems."
Asia
Cambodia
Cambodian Rural Development Team
Department of Freshwater Wetland Conservation, Cambodian Ministry of Environment
NatureLife Cambodia
Europe
United Kingdom
The Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust "We conserve, restore and create wetlands, and inspire everyone to value the amazing things healthy wetlands can do for us." They work in multiple countries, but mostly the UK to preserve and rehabilitate wetlands as well as the water ways that feed them. Projects includeÂ
North America
United States
Bayouland Conservancy "We preserve land along streams for flood control, clean water, and wildlife."
Buy Out Programs
Buyouts help protect our most vulnerable citizens who, especially after many floods and damaging storms may not have the funds to keep rebuilding, nor to move away from dangerous, flood-prone areas. From a fiscal standpoint buyout programs reduce flood risk which reduces government liability and increased poverty which in turn increases strain on public funding.
Pollution Sites Must be Maintained and kept far from Places that are expected to experience Flooding based on history or the proposed flood/sea level rise forecasts.
Sewage Facilities Need to be Revamped to Withstand or Work with Nature
Illegal sewage releases are becoming more common thanks to more frequent flooding and larger populations than some of these sewage facilities were designed to serve. Sewage releases during floods threatens water safety, and can spread deadly diseases to rescue workers, flood victims, wildlife, and domestic animals.
Finance & Facilitate Systems to Recycle Water
"Recycling greywater frees up more finished water for other uses, expanding supply and decreasing the need to discharge into receiving waters. Receiving water quality limitations may increase due to more frequent droughts. Therefore, to limit wastewater discharges, use of reclaimed water in homes and businesses should be encouraged." - https://www.epa.gov/arc-x/climate-impacts-water-utilities#tab-3
Click the Grey Water button to learn more about recycling gently used water for uses including flushing toilets and watering gardens.
Click the Harvesting Water button and scroll or click in the Table of Contents to navigate down to the Water Recycling section where we have info about Tap to Toilet Water Recycling and Grey Water.
Practice Conjunctive Water Use
"Conjunctive use involves the coordinated, optimal use of both surface water and groundwater, both intra- and inter-annually. Aquifer storage and recovery is a form of conjunctive use. For example, a utility may store some fraction of surface water flows in aquifers during wet years and withdraw this water during dry years when the river flow is low. Depending on whether natural or artificial aquifer recharge is employed, the required infrastructure may include percolation basins and injection wells." - https://www.epa.gov/arc-x/climate-impacts-water-utilities#tab-3
Plant Based Shift
Altering Our Farming Priorities via Diet Shifts, Wiser Distribution of Farming Subsidies to Help Farmers Transition to Sustainable Alternatives Away from Those Causing the Most Water Stress and Pollution How we raise our food is deeply tied to water shortages, flooding, water pollution, and poor land management including deforestation and draining wetlands to create artificial grazing land can add significant, costly complications to these issues. With most of our land used to raise livestock which give a relatively tiny percentage of protein and calories in return, critically rethinking our dietary systems and land use practices could relieve significant amount of room to rehome people, grow enough food for our growing population, AND perhaps even return damaged land to the wild for better flood mitigation. Below are some key issues that can provide the most impactful returns at the least cost to consumers or policy makers.
Click the Plant Based button to learn more about switching to plant-based alternatives.
Return Land Drained for Grazing to it's Natural State
Reducing the consumption of animal products such as beef, wool, dairy, etc. will help reduce or even reverse our encroachment into wild places that traditionally acted as sponged for rain water. Some of these areas were actively pumped dry to allow grazing at the expense of valuable wetlands and forests, then over time compaction from animal hooves had mad many of these places suffer from increased erosion and soil compaction which stops water from penetrating. This means that fields can become prime causes of pollution and erosion, adding to flooding problems instead of working naturally as undisturbed wild places to do mitigate flooding.
Grazing uses the most land, is less efficient, meaning that "grass-fed" livestock take longer to reach slaughter-size while using more resources, and generally does not provide all of the benefits often touted by the livestock industry. For example carbon sequestration through well managed grazing, even in the best circumstances cannot reach a point of neutrality. The manure ends up directly on the ground where it can wash into water ways without any type of processing to reduce disease risk. Grazing is also the greatest cause of deforestation, which is problematic since trees are vital to water sequestration, fighting erosion, and reducing flood risk.
Ending subsidies to these operations would help prevent further destruction and expansion from this sector, while programs designed to support ranchers as they convert to plant-based agriculture will ensure that these people are supported in their time of need, while food and water security is ensured for everyone.
Click the Alternatives to Livestock button if you are a farmer who wants to find a more planet-friendly alternatives to raising animals or animal feed.
Model and Reduce Agricultural & Irrigation Water Demand
"Agriculture represents the second largest user of water in the United States in terms of withdrawals. In order to forecast and plan for future water supply needs, agricultural (irrigation) demand must be projected, particularly in drought-prone areas. For example, to reduce agricultural water demand, utilities can work with farmers to adopt advanced micro-irrigation technology (e.g., drip irrigation)." - https://www.epa.gov/arc-x/climate-impacts-water-utilities#tab-3
Vertical Farms
These are perhaps best known for reducing water use in food production, however they can also provide resiliency against major events such as flooding. Crops left soaking in wet soil can become weak, or simply die and rot which threatens us with food insecurity while farmers and farm workers lose valuable income. Vertical farms are best suited for the types of crops eaten by humans: leafy greens, herbs, as well as fruits including berries, tomatoes, and cucumbers. They are not suited for crops commonly fed to livestock such as corn or other grains.
Eliminate Feed Lots, Factory Farms, and Manure Lagoons in Flood Prone Areas
Along water ways or in flood prone areas, these facilities endanger water safety. During major storms, farmers were unable to drain manure lagoons ahead of major storms which caused fecal mater and other contagious materials to flood into people's homes. Factory farm buildings filled with thousands of chickens and pigs were left to flood with the animals un-evacuated, meaning that after the flood waters receded, they were filled with rotting animal corpses, presenting further threat of dangerous diseases to nearby communities. - https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2016/11/04/500701098/manure-happens-especially-when-hog-farms-flood
At the absolute least, any farmers already in these areas or applying for building approval should be required to submit their plan for full animal evacuation in the event of these storms as well as infrastructure to eliminate the risk of flooding manure into waterways or nearby communities. Similarly zoos, dog boarders, and other such facilities should be discouraged in flood-prone areas or areas that may contaminate waterways.
Click the Contact Your Representative button to tell your local leaders about this issue.
Tools & Apps
Water Pumping
The pumping of water takes a larger amount than many people realize. Pumping ground water for agricultural, industry, or public use, moving it between facilities, etc. all require energy since water is a fairly heavy substance.
STEEP "is a free Excel-based reference guide that can be used to make system assessments and identify potential areas for energy use savings in existing or planned water supply and wastewater facility projects."
Maps & Tools
Maps by Region Check specific State and Country pages to see if there are more specific maps, tools, projects, and groups for specific areas. If you have suggestions, we would love to hear what else we can include. Some states and countries have more detailed watershed, county, and city level maps. Other topic sections such as plastic, agriculture may be worth checking to understand how pollution enters our water ways, and how industries might endanger water sources without proper regulation, mitigation, or clean up systems to protect communities from these threats.
North America
USA
USA Flood Factor Interactive map can be used to find specific addresses, and see how historical flooding as affected existing roads and neighborhoods. Please scroll down in page to find the partial US map, or type in an address and scroll down to find the interactive map.
NOAA Flood Map Check specific State and Country pages to see if there are more specific maps, tools, projects, and groups in your area. If you have suggestions, we would love to hear what else we can include. Some states have watershed, county, and city level maps. Other sections such as plastic, agriculture may be worth checking to understand how pollution enters our water ways, and how industries might endanger water sources without proper regulation, mitigation, or clean up systems to protect communities from these threats.Â
Stormwater Management and Restoration Tracking (SMART) Tool (Interactive) Tool tracks storm water management practices in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed which spans, Delaware, New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and West Virginia
USGS Ground Water Depletion in the United States 1900-2008 (PDF) understanding which area are suffering worst from ground water depletion can help us build better water management systems which could convert flood and rain waters back into aquifers. This would both ensure drinking and irrigations for future generations, as well as stabilizing soil which increasingly threatens building, road, and dam foundations in water-depleted regions.
Organizations
North America
USA
Anthropocene Alliance (A2) "has almost 300 member-communities in 41 U.S. states and territories. They are impacted by flooding, toxic waste, wildfires, and drought and heat — all compounded by reckless development and climate change. The consequence is broken lives and a ravaged environment.
The goal of A2 is to help communities fight back. We do that by providing them organizing support, scientific and technical guidance, and better access to foundation and government funding. Most of all, our work consists of listening to our frontline leaders. Their experience, research, and solidarity guide everything we do, and offer a path toward environmental and social justice.
Supported by outstanding partner organizations with expertise in engineering, hydrology, public health, planning, and the law, A2 leaders have successfully halted developments in climate-vulnerable areas; implemented nature-based hazard mitigation strategies; organized home buyouts; and pushed for clean-ups at superfund sites, toxic landfills, and petrochemical plants.
We support everyone we can, but our special priority is people who have suffered the worst environmental impacts for the longest time; that usually means low-income, Black, Latinx, Native American and other underserved communities.
To learn about our policies, read our A 10-Point Platform on Climate Change."
New York
The Office of Resilient Homes and Communities "strives to address communities’ most urgent needs, while also encouraging the identification of innovative and enduring solutions to strengthen the State’s infrastructure and critical systems. The office utilizes approximately $4.4 billion in flexible funding made available by the U.S. Department of Housing & Urban Development’s (HUD) Community Development Block Grant Disaster Recovery (CDBG-DR) program to concentrate aid to four main areas. Paired with additional federal funding that has been awarded to other State agencies, the CDBG-DR program is enabling homeowners, small businesses and entire communities to build back even better than before. And in a State already known for its great resiliency and can-do spirit, the efforts are paving the way for a tremendous comeback– one that will reinvigorate New York and better prepare it for future extreme weather events that come its way."
Grants & Funding
Asia
Livable Cities: Financing Partnership Facility "The urban operations of ADB benefits from the support of notable trust funds, which are collectively referred to as the Urban Financing Partnership Facility. Under this umbrella, strategic, long-term, multi-partner investments on innovative urban solutions are implemented. These investments help to achieve the vision of livable cities." These include:
Urban Climate Change Resilience Trust Fund (UCCRTF) eligible countries include Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, and Vietnam.