Prescribed Fire
Introduction
We often think of fire as purely destructive, but in certain contexts it can be a useful tool or step towards rejuvenation.
This page explores the benefits of prescribed fires, including their ability to reduce fire risk during hot weather, and how to use fire responsibly as a tool to replenish unhealthy landscapes.
Benefits of Prescribed Fire
Burning in ecosystems that are evolved to burn each year helps kill off invasive species while helping fire-dependent species germinate and thrive. Burning old growth can open up spaces to get more sunlight, and burned matter enriches soil. The dark colour can help the soil warm faster, allowing more seeds to germinate. Open spaces can be important to species such as lizards and grassland birds to forage and find mates.
When prescribed burning is reintroduced, it can significantly boost wildlife populations, bring back plant species that haven't been seen in a long time, and can prevent much larger, more harmful fires later in the year.
The resources in this section are intended to demystify prescribed burning and to empower land managers to return to this time-tested practice with understanding about local guidelines, safety, and species.
Reduced Future Fire Risk
Currently wild fires are increasingly caused by prolonged time periods without any cooling rain. They are becoming more frequent, more extreme, and longer lasting thanks to climate change, thanks to increasing greenhouse gas emissions.
Reduce Air Pollution
By creating smaller, more controlled fires on still days, when biomass is lower in the ecosystem (less plant matter has had time to grow) communities and land stewards can dramatically reduce air pollution compared to raging, out-of-control fires later in the year.
Air pollution is still a concern however, so it is important to notify the correct people, and wear protection. In the grant section bellow, there is at least one program offering air filters for people who will be in the effected areas during prescribed burns. People with respiratory issues should stay indoors, and use additional equipment such as filters and masks if possible.
Protect Infrastructure & Energy Grid
Fires not only cause homelessness and expensive damage to entire communities, but they can also knock out critical infrastructure including power lines. Prescribed burning helps us get ahead of these issues and prevent future damage, which saves communities thousands if not millions over the long term.
Invasive Species
Some invasive species increase fire risks in certain environments. In the Piney Wood Forests of North America for example, the native trees and vines are fire resistant, however the invasive vines now growing in those woods, can catch fire and help it spread up to the canopy where it can cause severe harm to the trees.
An invasive species tendency towards burning in fire-prone ecosystems can make fire the perfect tool to control their spread.
Revive Struggling Ecosystems
Some ecosystems evolved alongside seasonal fires, and as a result many can't complete their reproductive cycles without these fires. Fire alters the landscape by thinning out weeds, helping the seeds of fire-tolerant species to germinate, and even alters the soil chemistry.
In places where indigenous cultures once cared for the land via seasonal burning, but were removed from the land, massacred, or legally prohibited from conducting these burns, the landscape has noticeably deteriorated. Much less biodiversity remains, and what remains is increasingly a tangle of invasive species that negatively impact the remaining native species.
Some regions that are returning to burning traditions are specifically seeking the guidance of local indigenous people as they can often offer expert advice gained from centuries of hands-on experience with the local species, geographies, wind conditions, and more.
Biodiversity Loss & Extinction
"Nearly 3 billion koalas, kangaroos and other native Australian animals were killed or displaced by bushfires in 2019 and 2020, showed a study by the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), triple the organisation's earlier estimates.
Some 143 million mammals, 2.46 billion reptiles, 180 million birds and 51 million frogs were impacted by the country's worst bushfires in decades, the WWF said on Tuesday.
The fires destroyed over 11 million hectares (37 million acres) across the Australian southeast, equal to about half the area of the United Kingdom. When they were blazing, the WWF estimated the number of affected animals at 1.25 billion."
...
"The total includes animals displaced because of destroyed habitats and which now face a lack of food and shelter or the prospect of moving to already occupied habitats.
Researchers said the destruction will see some species become extinct before their existence is even recorded." - Reuters
Tools, Guides, & Resources
Africa
Africa Fire Mission "Committed to building and increasing the sustainable capacity of fire departments in developing communities."
Africa The Fire Continent (PDF) "This report is aimed at provoking discussions on these issues and reminding us that the right fire management regime is an important element in maintaining the health of different ecosystems. We see this as the start of an important debate on how fire should be used to restore and maintain healthy ecosystems, promote agriculture, and build up carbon stocks to address climate change, while reducing the risks to life and property."
Fire Management Research Network (FMRM) "is an online platform on the Working On Fire website for the purpose of sharing knowledge and ideas on fire management in South Africa. The Network aims to foster collaborative efforts in fire management across South Africa and will provide researchers, scientists and students in this field with a platform to interact, exchange and share their work. Very often researchers pursue their work in isolation from fire managers, hence limiting the impact of their work. This Network’s objective is to bridge the gap between applied management and academic work. Essentially the Network aims to serve as a link, contact and support for the South African, African and international fire management community and researchers."
Wildland Fire Management Handbook for Sub-Sahara Africa (PDF)
Europe
Prescribed Burning in the European Mediterranean Basin (PDF) This paper focuses on information from Catalonia, France, Italy, Portugal, and Spain.
Note for Rewilding-Based Solution
Rewilding with Iberian Ibex might be a good species to consider for this type of program.
"The Portuguese ibex (Capra pyrenaica lusitanica) is an extinct subspecies of Iberian ibex that inhabited the north mountainous zones of Portugal, Galicia, Asturias and western Cantabria. In size and colouration it was much like the Spanish animals, though inclining towards brown rather than black markings. Its horns were strikingly different from any of the other Iberian subspecies." - Wikipedia: Portuguese Ibex
North America
USA
e-FIRE An interactive video course designed for landowners and those new to prescribed fire to learn how to plan, conduct, and evaluate a burn.
Prescribed Burn Associations (PBAs) "are groups of landowners and other interested people who form partnerships to pool their knowledge, equipment, and other resources to conduct prescribed fires. It can be very difficult for private landowners to gain the hands-on training needed to safely and effectively use prescribed fire. PBAs can not only provide that training, but serve to build a community of engaged landowners who can connect with one another on other land management issues as well.
PBAs are most widespread in the Midwest. However the concept has become increasingly popular as interest has grown in expanding the use of prescribed fire on private lands. In the Southeast, PBAs now exist in states including North Carolina, Florida, and Mississippi."
California
Agricultural and Prescribed Burn Notices "The notices on this page do not necessarily reflect the burn status of your local area. You must contact your local fire permit official (local air district or fire agency) for final authorization to burn."
California Smoke Spotter app "New mobile app helps Californians track smoke from prescribed fires"
Cal PBA "is a one-stop location for PBAs in California - providing contact information and useful prescribed fire resources."
Oklahoma
Start A Prescribed Burn Association fill out a form for help.
New Mexico
NMED: Smoke Management Program includes a list of resources.
Tennessee
Consulting Forester Directory "This directory is a searchable database of local consulting foresters. These professional foresters help landowners achieve their goals in managing family woodlands" You may also be interested in Prescribed Burning and Standby
Texas
Oceana
Australia
Aboriginal Landcare Education Program (PDF) This guide is full of helpful imagery, safety information, and useful information about how fire moves over the different types of landscapes, as well as wind and air movements.
Organizations
The following organizations help reduce the impact of fire. Some promote controlled burning at specific times of year in appropriate locations, to prevent bigger, more dangerous fires later in the year. Others educate farmers on affordable ways to avoid crop burning.
International
Fire Management Research Network (FMRM) "is an online platform on the Working On Fire website for the purpose of sharing knowledge and ideas on fire management in South Africa. The Network aims to foster collaborative efforts in fire management across South Africa and will provide researchers, scientists and students in this field with a platform to interact, exchange and share their work. Very often researchers pursue their work in isolation from fire managers, hence limiting the impact of their work. This Network’s objective is to bridge the gap between applied management and academic work. Essentially the Network aims to serve as a link, contact and support for the South African, African and international fire management community and researchers."
International Association for Wildland Fire: Pescribed Fire: A Tool for Our
Africa
Africa Fire Mission "Committed to building and increasing the sustainable capacity of fire departments in developing communities."
Africa The Fire Continent (PDF) "This report is aimed at provoking discussions on these issues and reminding us that the right fire management regime is an important element in maintaining the health of different ecosystems. We see this as the start of an important debate on how fire should be used to restore and maintain healthy ecosystems, promote agriculture, and build up carbon stocks to address climate change, while reducing the risks to life and property."
Wildland Fire Management Handbook for Sub-Sahara Africa (PDF)
South Africa
Fire Management Research Network (FMRM) "is an online platform on the Working On Fire website for the purpose of sharing knowledge and ideas on fire management in South Africa. The Network aims to foster collaborative efforts in fire management across South Africa and will provide researchers, scientists and students in this field with a platform to interact, exchange and share their work. Very often researchers pursue their work in isolation from fire managers, hence limiting the impact of their work. This Network’s objective is to bridge the gap between applied management and academic work. Essentially the Network aims to serve as a link, contact and support for the South African, African and international fire management community and researchers."
Europe
France
Portugal
Spain
North America
Canada
Canadian Prairies Prescribed Fire Exchange "We provide training, planning and knowledge sharing around the use of prescribed fire as a management tool for enhancing healthy prairie and parkland ecosystems. We recognise the importance of fire as an instrument for conservation, traditional practice, and public safety."
USA
Fire Organizations & Agencies "These fire organizations and agencies provide assistance and information to the fire community throughout the Great Plains."
National Interagency Fire Center "Coordination and cooperation in wildland fire management."
The Southern Fire Exchange (SFE) "is a fire science delivery program in the Southeast, funded by the Joint Fire Science Program. With our key partners, we strive to improve access to and usefulness of southern fire science information and offer opportunities for the fire community to interact and learn from one another."
Alabama
Central Alabama Prescribed Burn Association "We work together as a community to train and learn to safely apply fire to the landscape for public safety, ecological restoration, and habitat improvement. Our organization serves as a network to connect central Alabama land owners with people in our 22 county area who volunteer to contribute knowledge or manpower to assist with local burn efforts."
Arkansas
Prescribed Burn Associations (PBAs) (Directory) "are groups of landowners who form partnerships to pool their knowledge, equipment, and other resources to conduct prescribed fires. While this is a recently developed program in Arkansas, there are established PBAs in surrounding states. They generally have a president, vice president, secretary, treasurer and board members. Once a prescribed burn association is established, they will receive training and can apply for a burn trailer and equipment provided in partnership by the Arkansas Game and Fish Commission, Quail Forever, and United States Fish and Wildlife Service."
California
Cal PBA "is a one-stop location for PBAs in California - providing contact information and useful prescribed fire resources."
CalfFire: Prescribed Fire "The planned and controlled application of fire to the land under specified conditions, to reduce vegetation and risk from wildfire."
The California Air Resources Board: Prescribed burning "Prescribed burning is the controlled application of fire to the land to reduce wildfire hazards, clear downed trees, control plant diseases, improve rangeland and wildlife habitats, and restore natural ecosystems. Sometimes called a controlled burn or prescribed fire, prescribed burning is one of the most important tools used to manage fire today. As catastrophic wildfires continue to be a growing concern in California, the use of prescribed burning to reduce hazardous fuels is projected to increase. Daily burn decisions are issued based on the forecast of air quality and meteorological conditions that can affect smoke dispersion."
California PBA "Prescribed Burn Associations (PBAs) are community based, mutual aid networks that help private landowners put “good fire” back on the land. The Cal PBA website is a one-stop location for PBAs in California - providing contact information and useful prescribed fire resources.
Fire MOU Partnership "In 2015, twelve organizations comprised of state and federal land and resource management agencies, environmental groups, and regional prescribed fire councils came together to pledge their commitment to advancing the use of fire for ecological benefit and improved fire management. They included the U.S. Forest Service, Sierra Forest Legacy, Cal Fire, The Wilderness Society, The Nature Conservancy, Sierra Club, Center for Biological Diversity, National Park Service, Northern California Prescribed Fire Council, and the Southern Sierra Prescribed Fire Council.
Since then, an additional 23 partners have signed on to the MOU (35 total today). The following agencies and partners are currently members of the MOU Partnership..."Lake Tahoe Basin: Subscribe to our Prescribed Fire Notification List "If you would like to sign up to receive U.S. Forest Service Lake Tahoe Basin Management prescribed fire notifications, please" sign up or unsubscribe via this link.
Northern California Prescribed Fire Council "is a venue for practitioners, state and federal agencies, academic institutions, tribes, coalitions, and interested individuals to work collaboratively to promote, protect, conserve, and expand the responsible use of prescribed fire in Northern California’s fire-adapted landscapes."
Plumas Underburn Cooperative "Citizen volunteers and wildland fire professionals working together to promote resilient forests and safe communities through the use of prescribed fire."
Florida
North Florida Prescribed Burn Association (NFPBA) "The purpose of the [NFPBA] is to facilitate the safe and effective use of prescribed fire by promoting landowner cooperation and providing the resources, education, and training necessary to return fire to its place as a tool for ecosystem maintenance."
Northwest Florida Prescribed Burn Association (NWFPBA) "is a non-profit organization consisting of private landowners and other conservation-minded individuals interested in getting more prescribed fire on the landscape.
The Northwest Florida PBA brings together knowledge, experience, and resources to put good prescribed fire on more private lands throughout the area. The region covered by this PBA is from Madison County to Escambia County in Northwest Florida.
Just an initiation fee of $100 to join. No annual dues. The Northwest Florida PBA also has a $200 burn fee for each burn conducted on your property. These fees are used for tool maintenance, purchasing new equipment, and any other needs the PBA has." (Facebook)
Georgia
Chattahoochee Fall Line Prescribed Fire Cooperative "began as a concept in 2015. Several states, federal, private, and non-governmental partners worked together to launch this project. It was established in October 2017 with the hiring of the Prescribed Fire Center Coordinator. The goal of the Co-Op is to increase the frequency, quality, and quantity of prescribed fire on private lands. A secondary goal is to establish a training center that will facilitate classroom and hands-on training events."
Southwest Georgia Prescribed Burn Association "The purpose of the Southwest Georgia Prescribed Burn Association is to promote the use of prescribed fire by encouraging landowner collaboration and supplying the training, education, and resources needed to utilize burning as a land management tool."
Hawaii
Hawaii Wildfire Management Organization "Working with communities across Hawaii on wildfire prevention, mitigation, and planning activities in the Hawaii-Pacific region through proactive, collaborative, and forward-thinking projects.
Illinois
SIBA "We help landowners restore native vegetation and wildlife habitat by providing a trained crew, equipment, and the resources necessary for conducting a safe prescribed fire on their land."
Iowa
Tallgrass Prairie Center: Seed and Service Providers this page offers a map of seed and service providers in Iowa, as well as another map of prescribed fire providers around the state.
Kansas
Kansas Prescribed Burning Associations (Directory)
Kansas Prescribed Fire Council "was established in September 2008 to protect private landowner rights and public land manager options to responsibly use prescribed fire as a grassland natural resource management tool."
Missouri
Nebraska
Prescribed Burn Associations (Directory) "Pheasants Forever helped form local Prescribed Burn Associations (PBA) throughout Nebraska to help overcome the three recurring limitations: adequate knowledge, equipment, and assistance for prescribed burning. Burn association members must attend a basic burn workshop and participate in at least 1-2 burns each year. While private landowners often request assistance in completing CRP management burns, prescribed burn associations are not a work-for-hire operation. Rather, their success relies on a neighbor-helping-neighbor model.
Using grant money from the Nebraska Environmental Trust, Pheasants Forever developed mobile prescribed burn units for every burn association, complete with $28,000 worth of burn equipment. The units have basically everything you would need for a safe and effective prescribed burn in a grassland environment: drip torches, skid sprayers, hand tools, radios, protective clothing, etc.
Interested in joining a prescribed burn association? ..."
Nevada
Fire MOU Partnership "In 2015, twelve organizations comprised of state and federal land and resource management agencies, environmental groups, and regional prescribed fire councils came together to pledge their commitment to advancing the use of fire for ecological benefit and improved fire management. They included the U.S. Forest Service, Sierra Forest Legacy, Cal Fire, The Wilderness Society, The Nature Conservancy, Sierra Club, Center for Biological Diversity, National Park Service, Northern California Prescribed Fire Council, and the Southern Sierra Prescribed Fire Council.
Since then, an additional 23 partners have signed on to the MOU (35 total today). The following agencies and partners are currently members of the MOU Partnership..."Lake Tahoe Basin: Subscribe to our Prescribed Fire Notification List "If you would like to sign up to receive U.S. Forest Service Lake Tahoe Basin Management prescribed fire notifications, please" sign up or unsubscribe via this link.
New Mexico
NMED: Smoke Management Program includes a list of resources.
North Carolina
Piedmont Prescribed Burn Association "We are a community-based organization dedicated to increasing access to prescribed fire on lands in the Piedmont of North Carolina. The Piedmont Prescribed Burn Association welcomes individuals who are passionate about supporting conservation initiatives, including private landowners, natural resource professionals, students, and the general public. Together, we strive to foster a collaborative environment to promote the responsible use of prescribed fire for the benefit of our local landscape."
The Sandhills Prescribed Burn Association (SPBA) "was created to assist landowners in restoring one of the most biologically diverse and culturally rich landscapes that once covered 90 million acres in the Southeastern US.
The NC Sandhills — part of the historic range of Longleaf spanning from Virginia to Texas, and of which less than 5% of the forest remains — has been and continues to be important for the economic, cultural, and environmental future of the region. A southeastern-wide conservation effort to restore this once great forest is underway, and the Sandhills of NC is a critical part of this effort. There has been success in restoring Longleaf on public lands; however, 61% of Longleaf acreage with potential for restoration is in private ownership. This presents unique challenges and opportunities."
Southern Blue Ridge Prescribed Burn Association "We are a community-based organization focused on increasing access to prescribed fire on private lands to benefit the Southern Blue Ridge mountains. Members of the Southern Blue Ridge Prescribed Burn Association include anyone interested in supporting the conservation effort: private forest landowners, natural resource professionals, students, and the public.
Please contact us if you are interested in joining or learning more!"Triangle Prescribed Burn Association (TPBA) "is a group of like-minded individuals in the Triangle area across 5 counties (Orange, Alamance, Person, Durham, and Chatham) that come together to use fire as a tool for ‘Best Land Management Practices’ to restore the land and to advocate for people willing to support our effort. Our ultimate goal is to reduce the number of wildfires in our state.
Prescribed fire is a normal part of regeneration for the health of the forests and grasses in the environment. America lost its recognition that fire is safe and healthy when applied correctly. We are now recognizing the positive benefits of its use."
Oklahoma
Oklahoma Prescribed Burn Association is a non-profit that supports local PBAs, and helps to develop new ones across Oklahoma.
Oklahoma Prescribed Fire Council "supports and promotes prescribed burning across the state. The OKPFC provides information, education and creates opportunities for prescribed fire collaboration."
Prescribed Burn Associations Learn how to start a PBA "... a partnership between a group of landowners and other local citizens to conduct prescribed fires. Prescribed burning is the key land management practice used to restore and maintain native plant communities to their former diversity and productivity for livestock production and wildlife habitat, along with reducing fuels and damage from wildfires."
Oregon
Certified Burn Manager Program "In 2021, Legislators passed Senate Bill 762, requiring the Oregon Department of Forestry (ODF) to develop a Certified Burn Manager (CBM) program. The overall goal of this program is to reduce barriers to prescribed fire in Oregon by increasing available resources on non-federal ODF protected lands through a prescribed fire leadership training and certification program. When landowners within ODF protection districts use a certified burn manager and follow the required burn plan it protects both from civil liability. ODF is seeking applications from individuals interested in becoming CBMs and training providers who have experience with the creation and delivery of wildland fire training to deliver content based upon a detailed CBM instructor guide and final exam provided by ODF.
Initially, while training providers are entering into agreements with ODF and creating content in preparation for delivery based on ODF’s CBM instructor guide, only individuals with existing National Wildfire Coordinating Group (NWCG) qualifications as a Type 2 Burn Boss (RXB2) or documentation of prior experience leading burns are eligible to apply for historical recognition. For those with experience in prescribed fire seeking to gain knowledge, skills, and the abilities in leading burns, the certified burn manager course is expected to be made available by January 2024. Once the certified burn manager course has been completed, a field certification book will be issued by ODF to be submitted for certification as a burn manager." Click the link to apply.
Texas
Prescribed Burn Alliance of Texas "Taking the WILD out of Fire" Prescribed Burn Alliance of Texas Directory
Oceana
Australia
Bush Heritage Australia: Fire Management "Aboriginal people have managed fire regimes for thousands of years and continue to manage large parts of Australia through the careful use of fire.
Strict cultural protocols around lighting fires were once common and today many of our partnerships with Aboriginal groups still maintain these protocols through the role of elders in determining where and when controlled burns are used."
South Australia
CFS: Govornment of South Wales: Prescribed Burns "Prescribed burning is the controlled use of fire on a particular area of landscape. The aim is to strategically reduce fire fuel hazards on public and private land across South Australia."
Western Australia
AFAC: National Prescribed Burning Network "AFAC collaborates with and supports member agencies in using fire in the landscape for bushfire mitigation, community safety, and ecological and land management purposes.
The AFAC National Manager, Prescribed Burning Strategy, is based at the Bushfire Centre of Excellence in Western Australia under a partnership agreement with the Department of Fire and Emergency Services, WA."
Maps
Europe
Portugal
Portugal Wildfire Management in a New Era Assessing Fire Risks, Resources and Reforms (PDF) includes data and maps.
North America
USA
Burn Back Better: Map of the Wildfire Risk in Western States scroll down for map of fire risks by county in Western US states.
InciWeb interactive map of fires in USA and US territories.
Southeast (SE) FireMap "is a tool that aims to ... help... users accurately track and understand fire patterns across the Southeast."
Iowa
Tallgrass Prairie Center: Seed and Service Providers this page offers a map of seed and service providers in Iowa, as well as another map of prescribed fire providers around the state.
California
Prescribed Burns Map (interactive)
Oregon
Oceana
Australia
Patterns of Seasonal Fire Occurrence in Australia map on page 13 on this Guidebook PDF. Includes mainland Australia, Tasmania, and some smaller islands.
Western Australia
Burn Options Program "These are the burn options available depending on weather factors and changing works program priorities."
Today's Burns (interactive map) "Parks and Wildlife’s prescribed burning program protects lives, property and infrastructure from bushfires through a carefully planned regime of controlled burns."
Education, Training & Certification Opportunities
North America
Canada
Introduction to Prescribed Fire in the Grassland Environment - Continuing Education | University of Saskatchewan (usask.ca) "The Introduction to Prescribed Fire in the Grassland Environment course, offered in partnership with the University of Saskatchewan, provides participants with the understanding of basic principles for planning, conducting, and assessing a grassland prescribed fire. This course is delivered online and open for registration year round. It is entirely asynchronous and self-paced, meaning students can complete it on their own schedules.
This course is open to all practitioners of prescribed fire, present or future, or those simply interested in learning more about its possible applications. Prescribed fire serves many purposes as a management tool – from conservation to maintaining rangeland health, and even public safety. As such, a wide variety of groups and demographics use it. The purpose of this course is to share awareness, and in addition to other training, ensure practitioners (crew members) in the grassland and parkland ecoregions can use fire in a safe, effective, and informed way.
This course, in combination with an in-field component, serves as the minimum training requirement for participation on a prescribed fire by many CPPFE partner agencies."
USA
Oregon
Certified Burn Manager Program "In 2021, Legislators passed Senate Bill 762, requiring the Oregon Department of Forestry (ODF) to develop a Certified Burn Manager (CBM) program. The overall goal of this program is to reduce barriers to prescribed fire in Oregon by increasing available resources on non-federal ODF protected lands through a prescribed fire leadership training and certification program. When landowners within ODF protection districts use a certified burn manager and follow the required burn plan it protects both from civil liability. ODF is seeking applications from individuals interested in becoming CBMs and training providers who have experience with the creation and delivery of wildland fire training to deliver content based upon a detailed CBM instructor guide and final exam provided by ODF.
Initially, while training providers are entering into agreements with ODF and creating content in preparation for delivery based on ODF’s CBM instructor guide, only individuals with existing National Wildfire Coordinating Group (NWCG) qualifications as a Type 2 Burn Boss (RXB2) or documentation of prior experience leading burns are eligible to apply for historical recognition. For those with experience in prescribed fire seeking to gain knowledge, skills, and the abilities in leading burns, the certified burn manager course is expected to be made available by January 2024. Once the certified burn manager course has been completed, a field certification book will be issued by ODF to be submitted for certification as a burn manager." Click the link to apply.
Grants & Funding
North America
USA
The Climate Pollution Reduction Grants (CPRG) Program "provides $5 billion in grants to states, local governments, tribes, and territories to develop and implement ambitious plans for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and other harmful air pollution. Authorized under Section 60114 of the Inflation Reduction Act, this two-phase program provides $250 million for noncompetitive planning grants, and approximately $4.6 billion for competitive implementation grants."
California
California Air Districts "California's 35 local Air Districts are responsible for regional air quality planning, monitoring, and stationary source and facility permitting. The districts administer air quality improvement grant programs and are CARB's primary partners in efforts to ensure that all Californians breathe clean air."
Missouri