Waterways

Introduction

Headwaters, streams, gullies, rivers, and other types of waterways are under increasing threat from run off pollution, illegal dumping, bank erosion, and over extraction of water. 

Another threat comes in the form of obstructions such as dams and weirs which prevent migratory species such as salmon, shad, and eels from navigating between feeding and breeding locations.

About This Page

This page explores Types of Waterways, the Dangers to our Waterways, then we explore proven Solutions to help protect and re-wild waterways.

At the bottom of the page we offer Tools & Guides, Organizations who help protect and repair waterways, followed by some Maps.

Waterway Anatomy

Head Waters

This refers to the source of a river. Underground water might push up to the surface, producing spring-fed headwaters, or seasonal rains might fill up wadies which tend to be dry year round, except in the rainy season. In colder climates and higher altitudes, snow caps might melt to produce snow melt streams. Headwaters are generally steep and fast-moving. 

In places such as the USA, legal loopholes leave these vital parts of rivers unprotected from polluters. Headwaters also tend to be understudied, putting them at further risk of abuse from companies and farms.

Tributaries

These are the streams and rivers that feed into a larger stream or river. These can make it tricky to determine the "source" of a river, but generally the larger body of water will be chosen as the main source as investigators travel up to pinpoint the exact point a river supposedly comes from.

Flow

"“Flow” refers to the water running in a river or stream. There are two important aspects to a river’s natural flow. First, there is the amount of water that flows in the river. Some rivers get enough water from their headwaters, tributaries, and rain to flow all year round. Others go from cold, raging rivers to small, warm streams as the snowpack runs out, or even stop flowing completely. A river’s natural ups and downs are called “pulses.” Like a human being’s pulse, a river’s natural flow of water is life support for animals, plants, and fish, delivering what they need to survive at the right times. When we divert water away from a river, we change the river’s natural flow.

The second component of natural flow is how water moves through a river’s channel. In a natural, wild river, the water runs freely. But in more developed or degraded rivers, dams and other structures can slow or stop a river’s flow.  When a river’s flow is blocked, migratory fish like salmon can suffer, unable to move up or downstream." - WeKivaIsland: The Anatomy of a River

Channel

"The shape of a river channel depends on how much water has been flowing in it for how long, over what kinds of soil or rock, and through what vegetation. There are many different kinds of river channels – some are wide and constantly changing, some crisscross like a braid, and others stay in one main channel between steep banks. The bends in a river called “meanders” are caused by the water taking away soil on the outside of a river bend and laying it down the inside of a river bend over time.  Each kind of river channel has unique benefits to the environment." - WeKivaIsland: The Anatomy of a River

Meanders

These are the curves in a river, created by erosion and deposition. Specifically the process where flowing water strips away materials from the outer bend, and deposits those materials on the inside of the river bend over time. Healthy rivers can look like squiggly snakes on the landscape, and this increased surface area or edge effect of water against dry land has many benefits on biodiversity as well as retaining water in the land.

When humans straighten rivers we create many problems from negatively impacting wildlife to increasing the chances of devastating floods and localized drought susceptibility.

Shorelines 

Also referred to with names such as riverbank and streambank. These act as homes for many species, but can change drastically over time due to erosion, or rivers changing course entirely.

Riparian Border / Zone

This refers to the vegetative areas that help stabilize shorelines with their roots. They often consist of grasses, sedges and reeds, shrubs, and perhaps most importantly, trees which help reduce flood damage with their extensive root systems.

Riparian zones are particularly important in their ability to protect waterways from pollution, especially from farms, gardens, and urban areas.

Flood Plains

These relatively flat, low-lying areas are common next to rivers, lakes, and even coastal areas which are prone to flooding. 

Flood plains are important for wildlife species who often rely on flooding to reproduce (such as frogs and wetland birds), and they can help protect human communities from flooding. 

Historically we've filled in and raised these spaces to farm on or build houses, and this has led to catastrophic flooding, loss of homes, and even deaths. Restoring floodplains can be a highly effective step in creating Sustainable Drainage Systems to protect our communities even as climate change makes flooding more unpredictable and intense.

Wetlands

These can include a myriad of specific ecosystems, but their general function is that of a sponge, helping to reduce flooding, by storing water used by many static and migratory species.

Bogs

Bogs, Mires, and Peatlands tend to be soggy year round, supporting various species of moss, which sequester massive amounts of carbon. These have been drained for grazing and crop land. In certain countries, such as Scotland they have been routinely burned for the hunting industry. On top of all this abuse many countries also harvest and sell off their peat moss for gardening, though alternatives with lower ecological impact exist.

Marshes

These wetlands are dominated by grasses, reeds, and sedges. They may be dotted with other plants such as shrubs and trees

Swamps

These wetlands are characterized by their higher density of trees. Other wetland types tend to have a smattering of shrubs and water-loving trees, but swamp trees along with their unique routes provide the bulk of swamp biodiversity.

River Mouth

This refers to the area where a river widens and empties into a larger body such as a lake, bay, or ocean.

Deltas

These consist of the built up silt deposited by a river when it empties into a larger body of water. They might be flat (often fan-shaped) and devoid of vegetation, serving as mud flats for birds such as terns, as well as crabs, or even lung fish. They can also build up higher over time. The rich silt can support grasses, reeds, and even trees, which can in turn support nesting birds, as well as other species.

Types of Waterways

Bayous

Bayous are gully-type waterways in North America. They support many species including beaver, alligators, and many more. These tend to be deep with steep sides, and have at least a stream-like flow year round, but rise to river-like depths and widths after heavy rains.

Streams

Chalk Streams

There are only around 200 of these in the world.

"Over 85% of the world’s chalk streams are found in England.

They are unique to England, France and Denmark. They are as internationally rare and ecologically important as coral reefs or rainforests." - WildFish: Chalk Streams

Norfolk's Forgotten Chalk Streams

A ~15 minute video about these unique ecosystems and what we can do to save them.

Norfolk's Forgotten Chalk Streams - Update

This 7 minute video shows the improvements since the last video. The video highlights specific species that are now thriving, including comments about why they are so important for these ecosystems.

Bare in mind that these are British chalk streams, so the appropriate plants may be different if you are trying to revive calk waterways in other countries.

Rivers

These are the widest type of waterway. They are generally permanent, except for extreme cases of drought and/or over-extraction. Rivers such as the Colorado River, and the Mississippi River in the USA have run dangerously low in recent decades due to livestock farming, and over extraction of water to grow feed crops. Drought conditions pushed water levels so low that boasts became stranded. Rivers like the Thames in the UK have also run dry in places.

Waddi

A waddi is the middle-eastern term for a temporary waterway formed after rains in otherwise dry environments. 

Creating gully plugs in these can help slow down water, which both hydrates the surrounding environment and can help create pockets of biodiversity in otherwise barren lands. People have found building these simple interventions can help rejuvenate lost grasslands, help list species return to dry areas, and even help create downstream springs as the ground water levels improve.

Threats to Waterways

Pollution for Agriculture (& Gardening)

Agriculture uses far more of our land than any other human activity (about 46% of Earth's habitable land).  - Our World in Data

By contrast gardening has a much smaller impact, space-, fertilizer-, and pesticide-use wise than farming. However learning water-friendly practices can help you be a part of positive change even on a very small scale. After all, every step in the right direction counts!

Livestock Farming

Livestock and their feed use a whopping 77% of that agricultural land, meaning they have a particularly outsized impact on our land and waterways- Our World in Data

Because so much land is used to provide livestock feed and grazing, erosion from equipment use, chemical use, poor irrigation practices, overgrazing, and hoof action all contribute to the decline of farm soil as well as the waterways that those soils eventually wash into.

In addition to using more space, livestock outnumber humans by 10s of billions. This is a problem because certain species, such as pigs and cows eat far more than a human can per day, and by extention, this means they produce far more manure than we do in sewage. As more farm animals are pushed into smaller spaces (99% of livestock in the USA are raised in factory farms, and even "grass fed" animals generally end up in feedlots). 

A factory farm can produce more manure than an entire city of humans!

Livestock waste has to go somewhere. Farmers are increasingly storing this stinky waste in manure lagoons, which can leak or overflow into waterways during heavy rains. After some time to process, the manure is then spread as a slurry over fields, but again, this can then wash into waterways, where it can cause thousands or 10s of thousands of fish deaths very quickly.

Ploughing

There are a lot of problems with this ancient farming method, which degrades farm land and intensifies drought conditions. 

Ploughing's greatest threat to waterways is the increased erosion of healthy soil from fields, which causes sedimentation, nitrification, and die-off events of life in waterways. 

Pesticide Use

Pesticides and spread on the wind or run into water ways during rain events. Pesticides van build up in humans, livestock, soil, and bodies of water. Even worse is that they can become ineffective over time, leading to farmers using more or stronger chemicals. 

Click the Non-Lethal Pest Control button to learn about pesticide-free ways to protect crops and animals from predators and insects.

Factory Pollution

Fossil Fuel Extraction & Spills

Mining & Abandoned Mines

Water Extraction

Water extraction is also a growing threat to waterways, with scientists warning that we are using up water faster than a growing number of regions can replenish naturally.

Check out our Water page to see how agriculture uses far more water than industry, which uses far more water than urban areas or private homes.

Livestock Farming

Livestock in particular not only outnumber humans and use most of our agricultural land, but their feed and drinking water needs are a growing danger to water security in general. Over extraction of water has made the ground sink in places like California, and rivers around the world have started to dry up as farmers extract water faster than any other industry.

Solutions to Protect Waterways

Combat Over-Extraction

To reduce pressure on our limited water supplies, it helps to first understand which practices use the most water, and make life or policy changes accordingly. On our Water page we explore how humanity uses water, from the most water-thirsty industries, to the less intense domestic water uses.

You can also explore our Livestock Water Use page, which explores how livestock farming has been drying up rivers and other water supplies around the world.

Pebble & Gravel Restoration

12:21 minute video

Reduce Pollution

Agricultural water pollution is potentially the most common kind, since almost half the habitable portion of Earth's land is used for agricultural purposes, with 77% of that farm land being used to grow livestock feed and raise animals. - Our World in Data

Explore our (general) Water Pollution page to learn about different sources of water pollution including aquaculture, factory, mining, livestock, human sewage, and many other common types of water pollution. This page also explores ocean water pollution, rather than just freshwater.

Cleanups

Our Plastic Cleanup page explores the many methods and devices currently in use for reducing plastic in our water bodies. This page also includes info about ponds and oceans, plus charities you can join or support.

Remove Barriers

Some barriers like beaver dams can be highly beneficial to waterways and their surrounding ecosystems. However, man-made structures can cause all kinds of problems from serious erosion and increased water pollution, to the extinction of migratory species such as salmon and eels. Non-migratory species such as freshwater mussels can also be seriously impacted, and species who rely on specific depths may also disappear.

We explore some ways to combat these issues in our Wildlife Corridor page which discusses dam removal, culverts, and other methods of helping wildlife pass comfortably under bridges or past other obstacles.

Riparian Borders

These underappreciated eco-systems are major workhorses which are under constant threat from humans, especially on farms or due to development. They offer many benefits, so restoring and protecting them are critical for the following reasons.

Bank Stabilization

Riparian borders help stabilize the banks of waterways with their roots helping to hold soil in place, even during major flooding or rain events. Their foliage can also help reduce the impact of erosion, even capturing some of what is washed downstream, and helping to build up certain areas.

Biodiversity Boosting

These are vital habitats which can support as much as 80% in desert eco-systems, even though they make up a relatively small fraction of space in a given region.

Many species nest near waterways, sometimes directly in the bank or in nearby trees. They can function as critical habitat for species like fish, especially when large pieces of wood fall into water, creating nesting and hiding locations for them. 

Riparian ecosystems can also function as wildlife corridors, especially through spaces that have been converted for human development. Similarly they can act as resting spots for migratory species.

Clean Water

Riparian buffers help keep pollutants and excess sediment out of waterways, meaning cleaner water for people and animals who use that water. Reduced pollution helps organisms, who in turn help clean water down stream, such as shellfish, and seagrasses.

"One analysis of multiple studies ... found that buffers in general removed 67% of nitrogen, and wider buffers of at least 50 meters can remove 85%!" - SciShow

Stabilize Water Temperatures

The shade provided by plants, particularly trees helps maintain temperatures that support life. This means more available oxygen in the water. As the climate gets hotter, rivers that have been stripped of their trees can become so warm that fish and other species die off.

Warmer water also translates to faster evaporation, meaning rivers are more likely to run dry during droughts when their banks have been deforested.

"Just 30 meters of plants on each side of a river can help keep the water temperature the same as if the river flowed through a massive forest." - SciShow

How Plants are Bringing Rivers Back

Riparian borders prevent erosion, protect waterways from pesticides and other types of run off. They help keep waterways cooler, which minimizes deaths caused by large temperature swings. They also provide habitat for all kinds of animals, including places to feed, reproduce, or simply to travel through in our increasingly divided landscapes.

Explore our Trees page to learn about successful planning, common mistakes to avoid, and our growing list of organizations, governments, and programs offering free or cheap trees. The page also includes resources like grants for farmers or schools to put towards trees and planting/growing supplies.

Greenway or greenbelts have many uses, but they can work particularly well when combined with waterways, maintaining or even expanding riparian borders as part of a community's flood prevention system and nature preservation.

Stabilizing Banks

Stabilizing Streambanks Naturally

5:31 minute video about stabilizing streambanks with natural materials to help rebuild them naturally, vs. heavier duty interventions which can cause more degradation over time.

Tools & Guides

Free Software for Stream Simulation

North America

USA

Minnesota

The Financial Incentives Database (FIND) "tool was developed by ISAP to share financial payment opportunities that are available for adopting conservation practices such as cover crops, saturated buffers, and constructed wetlands. By listing program information side-by-side, the FIND tool allows farmers to compare programs and select the option that is best for their operation.

Information in this tool is current as of June 1, 2024. Information may have changed since that time. Users are encouraged to confirm the latest information through the organization’s website. The information in this tool will be updated on an annual basis.

Begin by entering basic information about your farm location, production type, and conservation goals."

Resources & Guides

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