HD. This is the monster's hit dice. Any "+" adds this number of hit points per hit die.
Level. This is a rough approximation of challenge based on XP gained for defeating the creature. Also used to determine what level of the "dungeon" the creature would reside where dungeon deepness approximated difficulty.
XP. The number of experience points gained for defeating and individual of this type with average hit points.
Challenge. A rough calculation of challenge rating matched to character class experience points. Add all class experience points of the PCs and allied NPCs plus 10% to determine an appropriate "boss" challenge monster. Double this for all other creatures in the encounter area (dungeon level, tower, etc.; Any area expected to be contiguously explored before a long rest).
Type. This notes the creature type and sub-type. Important reference for certain spells.
Size is noted in relation to a typical human size of 5-7 feet (“man-sized”). Creatures smaller than this are “Small” and those larger are “Large”. Size plays a role in weapon usage, weapon damage, and being surrounded in melee as well as other situations (e.g. spell effects). See also Vile Monsters, Attributes & Abilities.