Using Geographic Information Systems to provide

Download Using Geographic Information Systems to provide .PDF

6351112 Downloads

4.63 MB .pdf

A database stores large amounts of information over long periods of time; this information is managed and controlled by DBMSs. Geoinformation system requirements A geoinformation system’s strength lies in how it is able to analyse spatial data. Object-Relational Database Management Systems (ORDBMS) Object-relational database management systems provide a database technology that combines the concepts of relational databases with those of object-oriented databases into one system. These objects and their characteristics define the behaviour and capabilities of an object-oriented geoinformation system. The main reason organisations are investing in GIS is their potential to increase efficiency. Figure 6 illustrates the division of a DBMS into three sections: data manipulation, data definition and physical data storage. The basic geodata architecture is similar in other European countries. Object Query Language (OQL) The database query language OQL supports easy access to object-oriented database managements systems. These characteristics enable a large degree of freedom in constructing queries. As noted earlier, the basic principles of this approach are followed by many of Germany’s European neighbours. GIS GIS-Software GIS Special Applications GIS Basic Software Geo-Database Geo-Data Geo-Basic-Data Geo-Special-Data GIS-Hardware Figure 2 – Components of a GIS Using Geographic Information Systems to provide better e-services 7 Hardware The hardware aspect of a GIS consists of the following: • Data input – digitaliser, scanner, network elements, keyboard. Advances in computer technology have now transformed how we can visualise and map information. The digitalisation of maps and other forms of spatial information opens new possibilities for GIS to be used to visualise geographic knowledge and to transform geographic information. Municipalities use a variety of GIS platforms with the most common being Intergraph and GISLine, a Norwegian product. Comparing levels of internet access, internet use and e-government use in the Smart Cities countries 2. 24 Using Geographic Information Systems to provide better e-services 3. Aside from these two examples, the range and extent of deployment of geobased services varies widely across the Smart Cities partnership. In general, there are two types of geographic data: vector data and raster data. Object-oriented databases, and their corresponding object-oriented database management systems (OODBMS), are used to present and manipulate complex objects and object contexts. resource data, taxation data and geographic location, etc