Kwangmyong (intranet)

The article previously processed by Ayord: Grădină împrejmuită / Jardín vallado.

The following article processed by Ayord: Neputința învățată / Indefensión aprendida.

Analize comparative personale aplicate unor articole din secțiunile în limba spaniolă și în limba română ale Wikipedia universal, dedicate nepoțeilor mei (unii rezidenți în România, unii rezidenți în Spania) și generației lor, pentru a le citi și trage propriile lor concluzii când vor crește mari (dacă la acea vreme vor considera că analizele făcute de mine le vor fi de folos). Wikipedia trebuie să fie internațională (universală, globală), asa cum a fost ea gândită de spiritul american, și nu națională, nu acel gen de "gradină împrejmuită" cum este cea a Cubei (Ecured), ca cea a Coreei de Nord (Kwangmyong), sau așa cum tinde să fie... în percepția mea... Wikipedia în limba română.  Sunt într-o mare inferioritate numerică și-mi prinde bine orice ajutor.  Oricine consideră, mă poate sprijini financiar la vreunul din numerele de cont indicate mai jos: ES49 2100 7486 9021 0026 8311; RO21 RZBR 0000 0600 2400 7612.

Análisis comparativos personales aplicados a algunos artículos de las secciones en español y en rumano de la Wikipedia universal, dedicados a mis nietos (unos residentes en Rumanía, otros residentes en España) y a su generación, para leerlos y sacar sus propias conclusiones cuando sean mayores (si en aquel momento consideran que los análisis hechos por mí les serán de utilidad). Wikipedia debe de ser internacional (universal, global), como la concibió el espíritu americano, y no nacional, no aquel tipo de "jardín vallado" como ha sido prefigurada la de Cuba (Ecured), la de Corea del Norte (Kwangmyong), o como tiende a ser... en mi percepción. .. la Wikipedia en rumano.  Estoy en desmesurada inferioridad numérica y me viene bien cualquier apoyo. Quien lo considere, puede apoyarme económicamente en alguno de los números de cuenta indicados a continuación: ES49 2100 7486 9021 0026 8311; RO21 RZBR 0000 0600 2400 7612.

Kwangmyong (광명 lit. 'Bright Light')[1][2] is a North Korean "walled garden" national intranet service[3] opened in the early 2000s. The Kwangmyong intranet system stands in contrast to the global Internet in North Korea, which is available to fewer people in the country.[4]

The network uses domain names under the .kp top level domain that are not usually accessible from the global Internet.[5] As of 2016 the network uses IPv4 addresses reserved for private networks in the 10.0.0.0/8 range, also known as 24-bit block as defined in RFC 1918.[5] North Koreans often find it more convenient to access sites by their IP address rather than by domain name using Latin characters.[5] Like the global Internet, the network hosts content accessible with web browsers, and provides an internal web search engine. It also provides email services and news groups.[6][7][8] The intranet is managed by the Korea Computer Center.[9][10]

Contents 

• History

• Content

• Network access

• Languages

• Information control

• List of sites

• See also

• References

• External links

• Further reading

History

The first website in North Korea, the Naenara web portal, was made in 1996.[11] Efforts to establish the Kwangmyong network on a national scale began as early as 1997, with some development of intranet services in the Rajin-Sonbong Economic Special Zone as early as 1995. The intranet was originally developed by the Central Scientific and Technological Information Agency.[12][13][14] The national Kwangmyong intranet was first in service during the early 2000s.[13][15] North Korea's first email provider was Sili Bank, established in 2001.[16][17][18]

Prior to 2006, North Koreans would use intranet chat rooms to organize meetups to play sports, such as basketball. Following an incident where around 300 North Korean intranet users organized a flash mob at the Pyongyang Gymnasium, all chat rooms were removed from the North Korean intranet.[11] Regional chat rooms reportedly made a return in 2015.[19]

In 2013, Anonymous-affiliated hackers claimed to have broken into North Korea's intranet.[20] However, evidence for the claim was lacking.[21][22][23]

A video conferencing system called Rakwon was developed at Kim Il-sung University in 2010. During the COVID-19 pandemic, it became much more popular for remote meetings and appeared regularly on news bulletins. Telemedicine and remote education systems have been developed.[24]

Content

As of 2014, the Kwangmyong network was estimated to have between about 1,000 and 5,500 websites.[15][25][8][26] Excélsior and Max Fisher of Vox estimated the number was about 5,000.[27][28]

The Kwangmyong network is composed of many websites and services. Some sites host political and economic propaganda. Scientific and cultural information and fields of knowledge among other topics can be found elsewhere.[12][17][29][30] Over 30 million mostly scientific or technical documents were reportedly posted to the intranet as of 2007.[9]

Websites of various North Korean government agencies including provincial government, cultural institutions, major universities and libraries, some local schools, and some of the major industrial and commercial organizations are accessible to users.[11][25] The network also contains (mostly science-related) websites from the open Internet that are downloaded, reviewed and censored.[7][31]

An internal emailing service is available on the Kwangmyong network.[6][11][16][32] A search engine is in use for browsing the Kwangmyong intranet.[8][14][33][17] The search engine reportedly goes by the name "Naenara", which means "Our Country".[25][31][34] A Facebook-like social networking service in use by professors and university students existed as of 2013, and was used to post birthday messages.[35] CNN reported in 2017 that a "North Korean equivalent to Facebook" exists.[36] Message boards are known to exist on the network.[31][37][27] An IPTV video-streaming service called Manbang (만방), Korean for "Everyone", was reportedly launched in August 2016, though the name Manbang appeared in North Korean technology as early as 2013. It is accessed by a Wi-Fi-enabled set-top box. It can be accessed through smartphones and tablet computers.[16][38][39] Reportedly the Kwangmyong has been used for online dating.[33][34][36] Chat rooms were used by North Koreans interested in sports until 2006, when the chat rooms were removed.[11] Regional chat rooms were added in 2015.[19]

Domestic state news services are available on the network, such as the Korean Central News Agency, Rodong Sinmun, and Voice of Korea.[17][16][40] Scientific research websites of academic and scholarly works devoted to the network are served through web-based academic exchanges and information sharing such as the Academy of Sciences for Science and Technology (Korean: 과학기술전시관; Hanja: 科學技術展示館)[41] and the Academy of Sciences for Medical Science (Korean: 의학과학정보센터).[42] An electronic library is present on the network, which also hosts video lectures for various topics.[11][43]

Some e-commerce and e-banking websites exist on the network.[32][44][45][46] Some video games also exist on the intranet.[11][33][18][34] One of the games available on the Kwangmyong is Korean chess.[17][25] Phones provide access to e-books and mobile payment.[47][48] Some cultural websites are among the few .kp domain websites which have been openly accessible to foreigners through the global Internet, such as at least one culinary site and one displaying the country's film industry.[31][49] Other services in use on the intranet include dictionaries, telehealth, and text messaging services.[32] Reportedly a travel website allowed North Koreans to plan vacations within the country.[50]

Network access

Kwangmyong is designed to be accessible only from within North Korea.[32][51][52] Access is available within major cities and counties, as well as universities and major industrial and commercial organizations.[38] For example, a library at the Pyongyang Sci-Tech Complex provides access to the intranet, and is reportedly used by different types of people, including factory workers, children and researchers for various purposes.[32][53] About 3,000 computer terminals are usable there.[54] The intranet is also accessible from another library at the Grand People's Study House.[34]

Sites in the network are commonly accessed using 24-bit block private IPv4 addresses.

The first "internet café" (or "intranet cafe") in North Korea was opened in Pyongyang, where one may access the country's intranet services. It opened in 2002, near Kwangbok station, and has about 100 computers.[55][56][34] It was opened by a Seoul company named Hoonnet, and a North Korean company named Jangsaeng General Trade Company.[9][57] These cafes, also known as "PC rooms" or "Information Technology Stores", began appearing across North Korea as soon as the early 2000s, and can be accessed for a fee.[11][33][18] The cafes provide other paid services as well, such as computing classes. As of 2005, the price for accessing these services was considered prohibitively expensive for the average North Korean citizen, according to Daily NK.[58]

The process of installing an approved personal computer in North Korean homes which would be capable of accessing the intranet requires inspection and authorization from local government authorities.[11][19][59][60] As of 2010, an estimated 200,000 such personal computers were in Pyongyang private homes, and access to the Kwangmyong is more common among people in cities compared to those in rural areas.[11][61][62]

In addition to access from personal computers, the national intranet may be accessed from mobile devices.[53] Kwangmyong has 24-hour unlimited access by dial-up telephone line.[38] As of 2013, a number of Android-based tablet computer products, including the Samjiyon tablet computer, can be purchased in North Korea that give access to Kwangmyong.[63] A 2017 estimate put the number of mobile phones in North Korea at between 2.5 and 3 million.[32] In 2020, another estimate put the number of mobile phone users at 4.5 million.[64] In recent years, these have been the more common way for North Koreans to access websites on the Kwangmyong intranet. Access to the global Internet or phone numbers outside of North Korea is not permitted aside from highest-ranked government officials and certain employees of Korea Computer Center.[32][51][65][66] Like personal computers, phones must be approved by authorities.[32][67] According to Radio Free Asia, the government began requiring cell phone users to install surveillance software to access the intranet.[68]

In 2018, North Korea unveiled a new Wi-Fi service called Mirae ("Future"), which allowed mobile devices to access the intranet network in Pyongyang.[69]

In December 2023, North Korea started to deploy 4G network for mobile device to access the intranet network.[70][71][72]

Languages

The network uses Korean as the main interface language, though the government's web portal (Naenara), is multilingual.[52][73] There is a dictionary available to users for translation between Korean and Russian, Chinese, English, French, German and Japanese, with a database containing at least 1,700,000 words, to assist users who may not be familiar with foreign languages.[74]

Different websites on the intranet may be available in different sets of languages. A website that sells postage stamps is available in Korean, English, and Chinese.[75] The writings of the Kim family are available in Korean, Japanese, Russian, and Chinese.[17]

Information control

Kwangmyong is designed to be used only within North Korea, and is referred to as an intranet.[52] Kwangmyong prevents domestic users within North Korea from freely accessing foreign content or information and typically prevents foreigners from accessing domestic content.[16][45] According to Daily NK, it "prevents the leak of classified data" and "functions as a form of information censorship, preventing undesirable information from being accessed".[76] Thus, sensitive topics and information are unlikely to surface on Kwangmyong due to the absence of a link to the outside world and the censorship that occurs. Kwangmyong is maintained and monitored by government-related entities.[77] However, large amounts of material from the global Internet ends up on Kwangmyong, following processing.[31][59] The operating systems of government-approved phones reject access to any applications that are not also approved by the government.[32]

While foreigners in North Korea are generally not allowed to access Kwangmyong, they may have access to the global Internet.[16][45][46][77][78] For security reasons networks with Internet and intranet access are air gapped so that computers with Internet access are not housed in the same location as computers with Kwangmyong access.[7]

Given that there is no direct connection to the outside Internet, unwanted information cannot enter the network. Information is filtered and processed by government agencies before being hosted on the North Korean Intranet.[79] Myanmar and Cuba also use a similar network system that is separated from the rest of the Internet, and Iran has been reported as having future plans to implement such a network, though it is claimed that it would work alongside the Internet and would not replace it.[80][81][82]

List of sites

Below is a list of sites that were listed on Kwangmyong's website portal in 2016.

See also

• Internet in North Korea

• Internet censorship in North Korea

• Red Star OS

• Telecommunications in North Korea

• North Korea portal

• Internet portal

References.

Kwangmyong (광명 lit. 'Bright Light')[1][2] is a North Korean "walled garden" national intranet service[3] opened in the early 2000s. The Kwangmyong intranet system stands in contrast to the global Internet in North Korea, which is available to fewer people in the country.[4]

The network uses domain names under the .kp top level domain that are not usually accessible from the global Internet.[5] As of 2016 the network uses IPv4 addresses reserved for private networks in the 10.0.0.0/8 range, also known as 24-bit block as defined in RFC 1918.[5] North Koreans often find it more convenient to access sites by their IP address rather than by domain name using Latin characters.[5] Like the global Internet, the network hosts content accessible with web browsers, and provides an internal web search engine. It also provides email services and news groups.[6][7][8] The intranet is managed by the Korea Computer Center.[9][10]

Contents 

• History

• Content

• Network access

• Languages

• Information control

• List of sites

• See also

• References

• External links

• Further reading

History

The first website in North Korea, the Naenara web portal, was made in 1996.[11] Efforts to establish the Kwangmyong network on a national scale began as early as 1997, with some development of intranet services in the Rajin-Sonbong Economic Special Zone as early as 1995. The intranet was originally developed by the Central Scientific and Technological Information Agency.[12][13][14] The national Kwangmyong intranet was first in service during the early 2000s.[13][15] North Korea's first email provider was Sili Bank, established in 2001.[16][17][18]

Prior to 2006, North Koreans would use intranet chat rooms to organize meetups to play sports, such as basketball. Following an incident where around 300 North Korean intranet users organized a flash mob at the Pyongyang Gymnasium, all chat rooms were removed from the North Korean intranet.[11] Regional chat rooms reportedly made a return in 2015.[19]

In 2013, Anonymous-affiliated hackers claimed to have broken into North Korea's intranet.[20] However, evidence for the claim was lacking.[21][22][23]

A video conferencing system called Rakwon was developed at Kim Il-sung University in 2010. During the COVID-19 pandemic, it became much more popular for remote meetings and appeared regularly on news bulletins. Telemedicine and remote education systems have been developed.[24]

Content

As of 2014, the Kwangmyong network was estimated to have between about 1,000 and 5,500 websites.[15][25][8][26] Excélsior and Max Fisher of Vox estimated the number was about 5,000.[27][28]

The Kwangmyong network is composed of many websites and services. Some sites host political and economic propaganda. Scientific and cultural information and fields of knowledge among other topics can be found elsewhere.[12][17][29][30] Over 30 million mostly scientific or technical documents were reportedly posted to the intranet as of 2007.[9]

Websites of various North Korean government agencies including provincial government, cultural institutions, major universities and libraries, some local schools, and some of the major industrial and commercial organizations are accessible to users.[11][25] The network also contains (mostly science-related) websites from the open Internet that are downloaded, reviewed and censored.[7][31]

An internal emailing service is available on the Kwangmyong network.[6][11][16][32] A search engine is in use for browsing the Kwangmyong intranet.[8][14][33][17] The search engine reportedly goes by the name "Naenara", which means "Our Country".[25][31][34] A Facebook-like social networking service in use by professors and university students existed as of 2013, and was used to post birthday messages.[35] CNN reported in 2017 that a "North Korean equivalent to Facebook" exists.[36] Message boards are known to exist on the network.[31][37][27] An IPTV video-streaming service called Manbang (만방), Korean for "Everyone", was reportedly launched in August 2016, though the name Manbang appeared in North Korean technology as early as 2013. It is accessed by a Wi-Fi-enabled set-top box. It can be accessed through smartphones and tablet computers.[16][38][39] Reportedly the Kwangmyong has been used for online dating.[33][34][36] Chat rooms were used by North Koreans interested in sports until 2006, when the chat rooms were removed.[11] Regional chat rooms were added in 2015.[19]

Domestic state news services are available on the network, such as the Korean Central News Agency, Rodong Sinmun, and Voice of Korea.[17][16][40] Scientific research websites of academic and scholarly works devoted to the network are served through web-based academic exchanges and information sharing such as the Academy of Sciences for Science and Technology (Korean: 과학기술전시관; Hanja: 科學技術展示館)[41] and the Academy of Sciences for Medical Science (Korean: 의학과학정보센터).[42] An electronic library is present on the network, which also hosts video lectures for various topics.[11][43]

Some e-commerce and e-banking websites exist on the network.[32][44][45][46] Some video games also exist on the intranet.[11][33][18][34] One of the games available on the Kwangmyong is Korean chess.[17][25] Phones provide access to e-books and mobile payment.[47][48] Some cultural websites are among the few .kp domain websites which have been openly accessible to foreigners through the global Internet, such as at least one culinary site and one displaying the country's film industry.[31][49] Other services in use on the intranet include dictionaries, telehealth, and text messaging services.[32] Reportedly a travel website allowed North Koreans to plan vacations within the country.[50]

Network access

Kwangmyong is designed to be accessible only from within North Korea.[32][51][52] Access is available within major cities and counties, as well as universities and major industrial and commercial organizations.[38] For example, a library at the Pyongyang Sci-Tech Complex provides access to the intranet, and is reportedly used by different types of people, including factory workers, children and researchers for various purposes.[32][53] About 3,000 computer terminals are usable there.[54] The intranet is also accessible from another library at the Grand People's Study House.[34]

Sites in the network are commonly accessed using 24-bit block private IPv4 addresses.

The first "internet café" (or "intranet cafe") in North Korea was opened in Pyongyang, where one may access the country's intranet services. It opened in 2002, near Kwangbok station, and has about 100 computers.[55][56][34] It was opened by a Seoul company named Hoonnet, and a North Korean company named Jangsaeng General Trade Company.[9][57] These cafes, also known as "PC rooms" or "Information Technology Stores", began appearing across North Korea as soon as the early 2000s, and can be accessed for a fee.[11][33][18] The cafes provide other paid services as well, such as computing classes. As of 2005, the price for accessing these services was considered prohibitively expensive for the average North Korean citizen, according to Daily NK.[58]

The process of installing an approved personal computer in North Korean homes which would be capable of accessing the intranet requires inspection and authorization from local government authorities.[11][19][59][60] As of 2010, an estimated 200,000 such personal computers were in Pyongyang private homes, and access to the Kwangmyong is more common among people in cities compared to those in rural areas.[11][61][62]

In addition to access from personal computers, the national intranet may be accessed from mobile devices.[53] Kwangmyong has 24-hour unlimited access by dial-up telephone line.[38] As of 2013, a number of Android-based tablet computer products, including the Samjiyon tablet computer, can be purchased in North Korea that give access to Kwangmyong.[63] A 2017 estimate put the number of mobile phones in North Korea at between 2.5 and 3 million.[32] In 2020, another estimate put the number of mobile phone users at 4.5 million.[64] In recent years, these have been the more common way for North Koreans to access websites on the Kwangmyong intranet. Access to the global Internet or phone numbers outside of North Korea is not permitted aside from highest-ranked government officials and certain employees of Korea Computer Center.[32][51][65][66] Like personal computers, phones must be approved by authorities.[32][67] According to Radio Free Asia, the government began requiring cell phone users to install surveillance software to access the intranet.[68]

In 2018, North Korea unveiled a new Wi-Fi service called Mirae ("Future"), which allowed mobile devices to access the intranet network in Pyongyang.[69]

In December 2023, North Korea started to deploy 4G network for mobile device to access the intranet network.[70][71][72]

Languages

The network uses Korean as the main interface language, though the government's web portal (Naenara), is multilingual.[52][73] There is a dictionary available to users for translation between Korean and Russian, Chinese, English, French, German and Japanese, with a database containing at least 1,700,000 words, to assist users who may not be familiar with foreign languages.[74]

Different websites on the intranet may be available in different sets of languages. A website that sells postage stamps is available in Korean, English, and Chinese.[75] The writings of the Kim family are available in Korean, Japanese, Russian, and Chinese.[17]

Information control

Kwangmyong is designed to be used only within North Korea, and is referred to as an intranet.[52] Kwangmyong prevents domestic users within North Korea from freely accessing foreign content or information and typically prevents foreigners from accessing domestic content.[16][45] According to Daily NK, it "prevents the leak of classified data" and "functions as a form of information censorship, preventing undesirable information from being accessed".[76] Thus, sensitive topics and information are unlikely to surface on Kwangmyong due to the absence of a link to the outside world and the censorship that occurs. Kwangmyong is maintained and monitored by government-related entities.[77] However, large amounts of material from the global Internet ends up on Kwangmyong, following processing.[31][59] The operating systems of government-approved phones reject access to any applications that are not also approved by the government.[32]

While foreigners in North Korea are generally not allowed to access Kwangmyong, they may have access to the global Internet.[16][45][46][77][78] For security reasons networks with Internet and intranet access are air gapped so that computers with Internet access are not housed in the same location as computers with Kwangmyong access.[7]

Given that there is no direct connection to the outside Internet, unwanted information cannot enter the network. Information is filtered and processed by government agencies before being hosted on the North Korean Intranet.[79] Myanmar and Cuba also use a similar network system that is separated from the rest of the Internet, and Iran has been reported as having future plans to implement such a network, though it is claimed that it would work alongside the Internet and would not replace it.[80][81][82]

List of sites

Below is a list of sites that were listed on Kwangmyong's website portal in 2016.

See also

• Internet in North Korea

• Internet censorship in North Korea

• Red Star OS

• Telecommunications in North Korea

• North Korea portal

• Internet portal

References.

Kwangmyong (Chosŏn'gŭl: 광명; Hancha: 光明; en español: Brillante) es el intranet nacional de tipo "jardín vallado" de Corea del Norte,1​ iniciado en 2000. Se puede acceder a este mediante navegadores web, incorpora servicios de correo electrónico, grupos de noticias y un motor de búsqueda interno. La red tiene su propio DNS para utilizar nombres de dominio que no son utilizados en el internet público.2​ Se puede acceder a sus páginas web a través de un URL o una dirección IP.3​

En Corea del Norte, solamente a un pequeño número de personas se les permite usar el Internet global con autorización del gobierno, por lo que Kwangmyong es la única red de computadoras disponible para sus habitantes. Es un servicio gratuito de uso público.

Índice

1 Descripción

2 Cobertura

3 Contenido

4 Acceso a la red

5 Idiomas

6 Control de la información

7 Véase también

8 Notas

9 Enlaces externos

Descripción

Diseñado solamente para su uso en Corea del Norte, Kwangmyong no está directamente conectado al Internet para que sus usuarios no puedan acceder a fuentes de información extranjeras o para evitar la fuga de información clasificada.[cita requerida] Funciona como un tipo de censura, evitando el acceso a información no deseada. Por lo tanto, es poco probable que temas e información delicados aparezcan en Kwangmyong debido a la ausencia de un enlace al exterior. Kwangmyong es mantenido por el Centro de Computación de Corea, que asegura el acceso a información "aceptable" a través de la red.4​ Sin embargo, grandes cantidades de materiales del Internet ingresan en Kwangmyong después de ser procesados.[cita requerida]

Cobertura

Se puede acceder a Kwangmyong desde las principales ciudades de Corea del Norte y sus provincias, así como desde universidades y principales entidades industriales y comerciales. Hay varios cibercafés en Pionyang.5​6​

Contenido

• Información sobre política, economía, ciencias, cultura y otros campos del saber.

• Servicio de noticias nacionales.

• Un servicio de correo similar al correo electrónico.

• Una red social.7​

• Departamentos de investigación de universidades, obras e información compartidos en la red a través de intercambios académicos virtuales.

Academia de Ciencias para la ciencia y la tecnología (Chosongul: 과학기술전시관 Hancha: 科學技術展示館).

Academia de Ciencias para la ciencia médica (Chosongul: 의학과학정보센터 (enlace roto disponible en Internet Archive; véase el historial, la primera versión y la última).).

• Páginas web de diversas agencias gubernamentales, gobiernos provinciales, institutos culturales y universidades, así como de las principales entidades comerciales e industriales.

• Páginas web del Internet censuradas (la mayoría sobre temas científicos). A pedido, se pueden descargar páginas web completas del Internet, ser revisadas y censuradas, para su posterior publicación en Kwangmyong.2​

• Una biblioteca electrónica (Chosongul: 전자도서열람 (enlace roto disponible en Internet Archive; véase el historial, la primera versión y la última).).

• Algunas tiendas virtuales de entidades comerciales.8​

En 2014, se estimaba que Kwangmyong tenía entre 1.000 y 5.500 páginas web.9​

Acceso a la red

Kwangmyong tiene acceso ilimitado las 24 horas, a través de una conexión dial-up. En 2013 ya se podían comprar en Corea del Norte diversas tabletas con sistema operativo Android, incluyendo la Samjiyon, que ofrecen acceso a Kwangmyong.10​

Idiomas

El principal idioma de la interfaz de la red es el coreano, siendo mantenida por más de 2.000 expertos en idiomas, según información oficial, para extender sus servicios en ruso, chino, inglés, francés, alemán y japonés, con un servicio de traducción en línea en tiempo real para los siete idiomas, así como una base de datos que contiene más de 2.000.000 de palabras para ayudar a los usuarios que no hablan idiomas extranjeros.

Control de la información

Al no haber una conexión directa con el Internet global, la información no deseada no puede entrar a la red. La información es filtrada y procesada por agencias gubernamentales antes de ser alojada en el intranet norcoreano. Cuba y Birmania también emplean un sistema de red similar, separado del Internet, reportándose que Irán planea implementar una red de este tipo.11​

Véase también

• Portal:Corea del Norte. Contenido relacionado con Corea del Norte.

• Internet en Corea del Norte

• Censura en Corea del Norte

Kwangmyong (Chosŏn'gŭl: 광명; Hancha: 光明; en español: Brillante) es el intranet nacional de tipo "jardín vallado" de Corea del Norte,1​ iniciado en 2000. Se puede acceder a este mediante navegadores web, incorpora servicios de correo electrónico, grupos de noticias y un motor de búsqueda interno. La red tiene su propio DNS para utilizar nombres de dominio que no son utilizados en el internet público.2​ Se puede acceder a sus páginas web a través de un URL o una dirección IP.3​

En Corea del Norte, solamente a un pequeño número de personas se les permite usar el Internet global con autorización del gobierno, por lo que Kwangmyong es la única red de computadoras disponible para sus habitantes. Es un servicio gratuito de uso público.

Índice

1 Descripción

2 Cobertura

3 Contenido

4 Acceso a la red

5 Idiomas

6 Control de la información

7 Véase también

8 Notas

9 Enlaces externos

Descripción

Diseñado solamente para su uso en Corea del Norte, Kwangmyong no está directamente conectado al Internet para que sus usuarios no puedan acceder a fuentes de información extranjeras o para evitar la fuga de información clasificada.[cita requerida] Funciona como un tipo de censura, evitando el acceso a información no deseada. Por lo tanto, es poco probable que temas e información delicados aparezcan en Kwangmyong debido a la ausencia de un enlace al exterior. Kwangmyong es mantenido por el Centro de Computación de Corea, que asegura el acceso a información "aceptable" a través de la red.4​ Sin embargo, grandes cantidades de materiales del Internet ingresan en Kwangmyong después de ser procesados.[cita requerida]

Cobertura

Se puede acceder a Kwangmyong desde las principales ciudades de Corea del Norte y sus provincias, así como desde universidades y principales entidades industriales y comerciales. Hay varios cibercafés en Pionyang.5​6​

Contenido

• Información sobre política, economía, ciencias, cultura y otros campos del saber.

• Servicio de noticias nacionales.

• Un servicio de correo similar al correo electrónico.

• Una red social.7​

• Departamentos de investigación de universidades, obras e información compartidos en la red a través de intercambios académicos virtuales.

Academia de Ciencias para la ciencia y la tecnología (Chosongul: 과학기술전시관 Hancha: 科學技術展示館).

Academia de Ciencias para la ciencia médica (Chosongul: 의학과학정보센터 (enlace roto disponible en Internet Archive; véase el historial, la primera versión y la última).).

• Páginas web de diversas agencias gubernamentales, gobiernos provinciales, institutos culturales y universidades, así como de las principales entidades comerciales e industriales.

• Páginas web del Internet censuradas (la mayoría sobre temas científicos). A pedido, se pueden descargar páginas web completas del Internet, ser revisadas y censuradas, para su posterior publicación en Kwangmyong.2​

• Una biblioteca electrónica (Chosongul: 전자도서열람 (enlace roto disponible en Internet Archive; véase el historial, la primera versión y la última).).

• Algunas tiendas virtuales de entidades comerciales.8​

En 2014, se estimaba que Kwangmyong tenía entre 1.000 y 5.500 páginas web.9​

Acceso a la red

Kwangmyong tiene acceso ilimitado las 24 horas, a través de una conexión dial-up. En 2013 ya se podían comprar en Corea del Norte diversas tabletas con sistema operativo Android, incluyendo la Samjiyon, que ofrecen acceso a Kwangmyong.10​

Idiomas

El principal idioma de la interfaz de la red es el coreano, siendo mantenida por más de 2.000 expertos en idiomas, según información oficial, para extender sus servicios en ruso, chino, inglés, francés, alemán y japonés, con un servicio de traducción en línea en tiempo real para los siete idiomas, así como una base de datos que contiene más de 2.000.000 de palabras para ayudar a los usuarios que no hablan idiomas extranjeros.

Control de la información

Al no haber una conexión directa con el Internet global, la información no deseada no puede entrar a la red. La información es filtrada y procesada por agencias gubernamentales antes de ser alojada en el intranet norcoreano. Cuba y Birmania también emplean un sistema de red similar, separado del Internet, reportándose que Irán planea implementar una red de este tipo.11​

Véase también

•  Portal:Corea del Norte. Contenido relacionado con Corea del Norte.

• Internet en Corea del Norte

• Censura en Corea del Norte