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Electronic devices are often capable of doing different things depending on inputs from a user (or the environment).
Electrical devices do a job until they are turned off, and really only can occupy 1 of 2 states (on or off)
Name 5 electronical devices
thin phone chargers - computer plasma/lcd tv - CD/DVD player - PS3 Microwave -
name 5 electric devices
kettle - Cars - cooker - Freezer/Fridge , heater
somewhat electronic and some what electrical
old CRT TVs - Radio, VCR
Electronics is the branch of electrical science and technology dealing with the flow and emission of electrons in and from conductors and semiconductors.
A material is described as a semiconductor if its electrical resistance is greater than a good conductor but less than an insulator’s.
Silicon, germanium and lead sulphide are common examples of semiconducting materials.
The resistance of some semiconductors decreases with increasing temperature or by increasing the amounts of impurities in the material. The purposeful addition of impurities is known as doping.
Circuit Board
You will find a circuit board (sometimes called a printed circuit board (p.c.b.)) inside any electronic device that you care too open, although the advice would be not to open any such items.
These are often complicated designs that contain different electronic components that are put together in order to achieve a set purpose.
An integrated circuit is a very small solid-state circuit made up of interconnected semiconductor devices like diodes, transistors, resistors and capacitors printed into a single silicon chip.
simple electronic devices; everyday applications
Electronic Components
We need to start by getting used to the symbols that we will use to draw circuits
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Ohmmeter
Motor
Lamp
Resistor
Variable Resistor
Thermistor
Photoresisitor
L.E.D.
OP57 understand that a diode is a device that allows current to flow in one direction only,
A diode is a two terminal semiconductor electronic device that only allows current to flow in one direction through it.
- A light-emitting diode (LED) protected by a fixed resistor
The diode has very low resistance in one direction and in this direction it is said to be forward biased – current will flow when the diode is forward biased facing the positive pole of the battery.
The diode has very high resistance in the other direction (reverse biased). The silver band on the diode is closer to the cathode (k)(-) electrode. The other electrode is the anode (a)(+). Current flows through the diode from the anode to the cathode. Current will only flow if the diode is forward biased with the anode is connected to the positive terminal of the battery.
Know the symbol for a diode – a circle with a horizontal triangle which shows the direction of the current from positive to negative (from anode to cathode).
Know how to set up a direct current circuit with a forward biased diode so a lamp will light plus how to set up reversed biased diode to a lamp will not light.
OP57 that a light emitting diode (LED) requires less current than a bulb
http://c21.phas.ubc.ca/article/light-emitting-diodes-leds
Where do people use LEDs ?
Give 3 examples where people / industry have replaced bulbs with LEDs
OP58 set up simple series circuits using switches, buzzers, LEDs and resistors
Draw a circuit diagram of a 4 LED spot light
Draw a circuit diagram of a door bell
Leds have an operating voltage. The battery or power source must have a higher voltage than the operating voltage. If theres too much voltage passing through the LED it damages it. So you must limit the voltage.
The voltage drops across each LED so you can use a resistor or use enough LEDs to act as mini resistors.
OP59 measure the resistance of a light-dependent resistor (LDR) under varying degrees of brightness of light
Measuring the Resistance of a Light-Dependent Resistor (LDR) Under Varying Degrees of Brightness of Light.
1. Cover an LDR with an opaque card to block all light.
2. Connect a multimeter to the LDR.
3. Move the switch to the ohmmeter setting.
4. The ohmmeter reads a very high resistance.
5. Gradually remove card and note down the drop in resistance reading.
6. Gradually bring a bright light closer and closer to the LDR – note that the resistance continues to decrease as the light increases.
A thermistor is actually a part that changes its resistance with the temperature change. There are namely 2 types of thermistors, the NTC and the PTC. The 'T' and 'C' stands for "Temperature" and "Coefficient". The "P" stands for "Positive" and "N" for "Negative". So, a NTC will decrease its resistance while the temperature rises, and a PTC will do the opposite
OP60 identify everyday applications of the diode, (including the LED), and of the LDR.
Everyday Applications of Diodes
1. Converting an Alternating Current supply to Direct Current. (AC ~ DC)
Many electrical appliances (radio, television, computer, music systems) need direct current but alternating current is the supply from the ESB. So the a.c. supply has to be converted to d.c..
2. Protection of electrical devices which would be damaged by wrong flowing current.
3. A Light Emitting Diode (LED) is a diode that emits light when a small current is flowing through it. The small current makes it an energy efficient means of lighting.
. The LED is a diode with higher resistance than normal but when current flows through it light is produced instead of heat. The symbol is the same as that for a diode with two arrows pointing away from it. The cathode electrode (-) is usually shorter than the anode (+). The cathode electrode (-) is close to the flat straight edge (Flat Cat). The lens at the top of the LED focuses the emitted light.
A LED uses much less current than a filament bulb and so a suitable resistor must be in series with it to ensure that it only receives a small current. A large current would damage the LED.
Everyday Applications of LEDs
Displays on CD players, radios, digital clocks, car instrument panels and so on.
Infrared LEDs are use in remote controls.
LED ‘bulbs’ are now in use for lighting e.g. torches, traffic lights, car brake lights. LEDs last much longer than filament bulbs, light up quicker and use about 5% of the energy.
Light Dependent Resistor
A light dependent resistor (LDR) is a variable resistor in that its electrical resistance reduces as the intensity of the light (brightness) falling on it increases. In darkness the LDR has maximum
Know the symbol for an LDR: small resistor symbol surrounded by a circle with two arrows pointing towards the circle.
Everyday Applications of LDRs
1. Used as light controlled switches.
2. Can be used to switch on street lighting in the evening.
3. Use in light meters and in cameras.
The standard guide to the electronic symbols
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/design/electronics/materialscomponentsrev9.shtml
http://www.circuithowto.com/2010/11/blinkie-led-guy.html
lets build stuff ... electronics projects
https://insidetheperimeter.ca/thanksphysics-it-is-futile-to-resist-the-transistor/
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