Lemons are a popular plant in the Rutaceae family, thought to originate from Northwest or Northeast India. This citrus plant has been cultivated for at least 1,000 years. Lemons have numerous benefits, and their use has been known since ancient times. Today, their various uses are supported by various scientific studies. Lemons have a sour taste, but despite their sour taste, they are a highly beneficial and valuable plant for the food and culinary industries, health, and beauty. Lemons are widely cultivated for their fruit, which can be used in drinks, ice cream, and other desserts, as well as as a flavoring or flavoring in food and cakes. The rind produces an essential oil that can also be used as a flavoring in food, perfume, and medicine. Lemons have long been used as a traditional medicine in various countries. In Romanian folk medicine, lemons are used to treat coughs. Lemon juice was also traditionally used as a remedy for scurvy, before the discovery of vitamin C. Furthermore, lemon juice is often used to remove ink stains and bleach.

Lemons can grow in both highlands and lowlands, in both tropical and subtropical countries. The ideal altitude is 500-1,200 m above sea level, while in lowland areas the altitude ranges from 100-400 m above sea level. Rainfall should not exceed 100 mm/month and humidity should be 50-85% with a minimum of three dry months. The optimal temperature for citrus cultivation is between 25-30 °C, with the coldest month averaging at least 15 °C. Growth generally stops below 13 °C and above 38 °C. Lemons prefer a fairly heavy clay soil texture with plenty of compost and sand added, moist, well-drained, and a very sunny location. Lemons also prefer a pH between 5 and 6. However, they can tolerate a pH range of 4.8 to 8.3. This plant is intolerant of waterlogging and dislikes root disturbance, therefore it should be placed in a permanent position when young.

• Taproot.

• The stem is long, spiny but sparse, erect, rounded, with sympodial branching, and green twigs.

• Young leaves are initially purple, gradually turning green, ovate to lanceolate with toothed edges. The leaf blades are narrow or marginal. The leaf veins are pinnate, and the leaf surface is smooth.

• The flowers are bisexual, with five star-shaped petals, white with a purple tinge at the edge. The petals are star-shaped. The stamens are numerous, with kidney-shaped anthers and yellow. The pistil is cylindrical, with a rounded, yellow stigma. Flowers appear in clusters or solitary, and are somewhat fragrant. They appear in leaf axils.

• The fruit is round to oblong-round with apical mammilla (a nipple-shaped structure at the tip that attaches to the branch). The skin of ripe fruit is bright yellow, and the flavor is sour, astringent, and slightly sweet. The skin surface is shiny.

• The seeds are few, ovoid, and smooth.

• Propagation is carried out generatively (seeds) and vegetatively (grafting).

• Seeds are obtained from physiologically ripe fruit. The seeds are washed thoroughly and air-dried for 2-3 days until the mucus is removed. Then, the seeds are sown and placed in a shaded area, watered every two days to maintain humidity. After a week, the seedlings will sprout. Once the seeds are 15 cm tall, they can be transplanted into polybags.

• For vegetative propagation, plants used as seedlings must have strong, sturdy roots, high environmental adaptability, drought tolerance, pest and disease resistance, straight stems with a diameter of 15 cm, and high yields.

• Harvesting is carried out when the fruit reaches optimal maturity, approximately 8 months after flowering.

Helps the body fight infections and also prevents or treats scabies, mouthwash for sore throats, cough medicine, maintains the immune system, substitutes for quinine in treating malaria and fever, treats rheumatism, high blood pressure, colds, irregular menstruation or induces menstruation, chest pain, uterine infections and kidney stones, helps fight varicose veins and bruises, removes excess water from the body, is carminative (to relieve gas colic in the stomach by expelling gas from the digestive tract). Has activity as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, and antiparasitic.

• Essential oils (D-limonene, β-pinene, γ-terpinene), coumarins, phenolic compounds, carboxylic acids, amino acids, flavonoids (diosmin, hesperidin, limocitrin), phenolic acids (ferulic, synapic, p-hydroxybenzoic acids).