Native to Southern Europe and the Mediterranean region. It grows wild along the Mediterranean coast and in Egypt, and is widely cultivated throughout the world. Fennel is widely used as a flavoring in cooking and as a medicinal plant. The plant also produces essential oils, which are used as ingredients in detergents and cosmetics such as soaps, creams, lotions, and luxury perfumes.

Grows in lowlands up to an altitude of 1,800 meters above sea level, in a cool climate, and is very sensitive to salt. It prefers moist clay soil with a pH between 6.3 and 8.3, average rainfall of 500-2,000 mm/year, and an annual temperature of 12-24 °C. It also grows well in sandy soil.

• Stems are rod-shaped with parallel grooves and many branches.

• Leaves are open cylindrical, 2-15 cm long.

• Compound flowers with 6-40 pedicels, yellow corolla, emerging from the stem tips.

• The fruit is oblong, ribbed, 6-10 mm long, 3-4 mm wide, green when young, and brownish-green or yellow to completely brown when old or ripe.

• Propagation by seed or seedlings.

• Seeds are planted directly or sown first. Planting distance in the field is 50 cm.

Treats coughs, stomachaches, thrush, insomnia, irregular menstruation, urinary retention, constipation, albuminuria (high levels of albumin protein in urine), increases appetite, and treats fungal infections.

Leaves: quercetin-3-glucuronide, limonene, kaempferol-3-glucuronide, felandrene, nelumboside, pinene, funicularin. Seeds: flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, phenols, sterols, estragole, gallic acid, L-limonene.