This plant is native to Southeast Asia and Northern Australia and grows wild in the wet areas of the Andaman Islands, Assam, Hawaii, India, Indonesia, Thailand, and Vietnam. In Indonesia, it has spread to Sumatra, Java, Maluku, Kalimantan, and Sulawesi. This plant is widely used by locals as a traditional medicine, especially for treating high blood pressure. The young leaves can be eaten as a salad.

It grows in tropical areas from 0-1,000 meters above sea level, in fertile soils to loamy clay. In Indonesia, it is generally planted in the eastern part with a monsoon climate and the humid west.

• The stem is straight, brown or gray, smooth, usually branching near the base, with numerous branches forming a shady canopy.

• The leaves are single, dark green, alternate.

• The flowers are small, in clusters, pungently scented, bright green at first, becoming reddish as they open, and dioecious.

• The fruit is juicy, fleshy, ovate or spherical, 8-10 mm in diameter, yellowish-red to bluish-violet.

• Generative propagation (seeds) and vegetative propagation (stem cuttings, grafting, budding, and grafting).

• Grafting generally roots after 95 days.

• Grafting uses older shoots, 3-4 cm long, smooth and green, with leafy stalks and lenticels.

Antioxidant, antibacterial, syphilis, anemia, heart palpitations, high blood pressure, wound medicine, breast milk stimulant, antidiabetic, hypertension medicine, anemia, and snake bites.

Phenolics (kaempferol, quercetin, anthocyanins), polyphenols (catechin, epicatechin, rutin and tran-resveratrol), phenolic acids (gallic, caffeic, ellagic acids).