Hydrop fetalis

Hydrop fetalis

เป็นความผิดปกติแบบรุนแรงของ fetus และ newborn โดยมีอาการบวมมาก มีการสะสมของ fluid ตั้งแต่ 2 fetal compartment ขึ้นไป ได้แก่ ascites, pleural effusion, pericardial effusion และ skin edema บางรายมี polyhydramios และ placental edema ร่วมด้วย

Hydrops fetalis is a condition in the fetus characterized by an abnormal collection of fluid with at least two of the following:

• Edema

• (fluid beneath the skin, more than 5 mm).

• Ascites

• (fluid in abdomen)

• Pleural effusion

• (fluid in the pleural cavity, the fluid-filled space that surrounds the lungs)

• Pericardial effusion

• (fluid in the pericardial sac, covering that surrounds the heart)

In addition, hydrops fetalis is frequently associated with polyhydramnios and a thickened placenta (>6 cm).

Presentation

มีแบบฉบับตรวจได้ชัดเจนด้วย ultrasound ดังนี้

• • Polyhydramnios

  • Size greater than dates

  • Fetal tachycardia

  • Decreased fetal movement

  • Abnormal serum screening

  • Antenatal hemorrhage

  • placenta บวมหนา

• hepato-splenomegaly, cardiomegaly, ascites

หลังคลอด

- ซีด

- Severe abdominal distension

- Hepatosplenomegaly

- Respiratory distress

Causes

มี 2 สาเหตุหลัก Immune และ non-immune

HF พบประมาก 1 per 2,000 births

แบ่งตามสาเหตุได้ 2 แบบ

Immune hydrops (accounts for 10-20%of cases)

ที่พบบ่อย คือ Rh incompatibility มารดา Rh negative เด็ก Rh positive

ทารก Ab ในมารดาทำลาย RBC ในทารกทำให้เกิดอาการซีด เด็กไม่สามารถ compensate เรื่อง anemia ได้และทำให้เกิด heart failure และมี fliud สะสมตามเนื้อเยื่อต่างๆได้

• • Maternal antibodies against red-cells of the fetus cross the placenta and coat fetal red cells which are then destroyed (hemolysis) in the fetal spleen.

  • The severe anemia leads to

    • • High-output congestive heart failure.

      • Increased red blood cell production by the spleen and liver leads to hepatic circulatory obstruction (portal hypertension)

  • Anti-D, anti-E, and antibodies directed against other Rh antigens comprise the majority of antibodies responsible for hemolytic disease of the newborn .

    • • However, there are numerous, less commonly encountered, antibodies such as anti-K (Kell), anti-Fya (Duffy) , and anti-Jka (Kidd) that may also cause hemolytic disease of the newborn.

Nonimmune hydrops (accounts for 80 -90% of cases โรคต่างๆหรือcomplication)

• • Any other cause besides immune.

  • In general nonimmune hydrops (NIH) is caused by a failure of the interstitial fluid (the liquid between the cells of the body) to return into the venous system .

This may due to:

severe anemia, congenital infection, heart and lung defect, chromosomal abnormalities, liver disease

• • Cardiac failure

  • (High output failure from anemia, sacrococcygeal teratoma, fetal adrenal neuroblastoma, etc.)

  • Impaired venous return (Metabolic disorders)

  • Obstruction to normal lymphatic flow (Thoracic malformations)

  • Increased capillary permeability

  • Decreased colloidal osmotic pressure (Congential nephrosis)

Some conditions may involve more than one mechanism . For example, parvovirus may cause cardiomyopathy and anemia from marrow suppression.

• Conditions Associated with NIH

  • (This list is not exhaustive)

    • Cardiac

      • • Cardiomyopathy, Ebstein's anomaly, pulmonary atresia, coarctation of the aorta, hypoplastic left heart, complete AV canal, left sided obstructive lesions, premature closure of the foramen ovale

        • Intracardiac tumors (tuberous sclerosis)

        • Cardiac arrhythmia

          • • SVT, flutter, heart block, WPW syndrome

    • Chromosomal /Genetic Syndromes

      • • T13, T18, T21, XO (Turners syndrome) , Noonan syndrome , multiple pterygium syndrome, Pena-Shokeir, arthrogryposis

    • Fetal Anemia

      • • Alpha (α) thalassemia, parvovirus, fetal hemorrhage, G-6-PD deficiency

    • Infection

      • • Parvovirus, CMV, syphilis, coxsackie virus, rubella, toxoplasmosis, herpes,varicella, adenovirus, enterovirus, influenza, listeria

    • Thoracic Abnormalities

      • • Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation (CCAM) , chylothorax, diaphragmatic hernia, mediastinal tumor, skeletal dysplasias

    • Twinnning

      • • Twin to twin transfusion Severe anemia in the donor twin or high-output failure in the recipient

    • Tumors

      • • Fetal sacrococcygeal teratoma, hemangiomas (Hepatic, Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome), fetal adrenal neuroblastoma, placental tumors (chorioangioma)

    • Miscellaneous

      • • Cystic hygromas, inheritable disorders of metabolism (lysosomal storage diseases) ,maternal thyroid disease, congenital nephrotic syndrome.

Evaluation

• Obtain maternal history (including pedigree)

• Evaluate for immune hydrops

  • • Obtain maternal indirect Coombs test to screen for antibodies associated with blood group incompatibility.

• Evaluate for nonimmune hydrops

  • • Level II sonogram with Doppler measurement of the peak systolic velocity (PSV) in the fetal middle cerebral artery (MCA) to assess for fetal anemia. If there is evidence for anemia or equivocal result obtain:

      • • Maternal blood counts and hemoglobin electrophoresis (with hemoglobin DNA analysis), Kleihauer-Betke stain, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrohgenase deficiency screen.

        • Maternal TORCH titers, RPR, listeria, parvovirus B19, coxsackie, adenovirus, and varicella IgG and IgM, as indicated.

• • Fetal echocardiogram

    • • Consider fetal heart rate monitoring for 12 to 24 hours if fetal arrhythmia is suspected.

• • • Amniocentesis for fetal karyotype and PCR (polymerase chain reaction) for infections OR fetal percutaneous blood sampling for same and in addition fetal liver function; and metabolic testing if indicated.

    • In the presence of a family history of an inheritable metabolic disorder or recurrent nonimmune hydrops test for :

      • • Storage disorders such as Gaucher’s, gangliosidosis, sialidosis, beta-glucuronidase deficiency, and mucopolysaccharidosis

          • • Enzyme analysis and carrier testing in parents and/or analysis of fetal or neonatal blood or urine.

            • Histological examination of fetal tissues.

        • Maternal thyroid antibodies

Treatment

การรักษา

ในครรภ์ขึ้นอยู่กับสาเหตุ

หลังคลอด ดูแลเรื่องการหายใจ Abdominocentesis, throracocentesis, diuretic ขับน้ำออก

Maternal complications

The mother may develop edema , hypertension, and proteinuria during conservative management of hydrops a condition known as Mirror syndrome (also known as pseudotoxemia or Ballantyne syndrome) . Symptoms may persist after delivery.

Counseling

• • Long term prognosis depends on underlying cause and severity of the heart failure.

  • If the cause of NIH cannot be determined, the perinatal mortality is approximately 50%

  • Prognosis is much poorer if diagnosed at less than 24 weeks , pleural effusion is present, or structural abnormalities are present .

    • • Pulmonary hypoplasia is a common cause of death in neonates with plerual effusions.

      • Fetal hydrops associated with a structural heart defect is associated with an almost 100% mortality rate.

  • If early in pregnancy (less than 24 weeks) with no treatable cause the option of termination may be a consideration.

  • Recurrence is uncommon unless related to blood group incompatibility (isoimmunization) or inheritable disorder.

Antepartum

• • Follow up of the fetus will depend on the gestational age of the fetus, and the mother's wishes regarding intervention.

  • If treatment has been successful or hydrops is resolving spontaneously, the fetus may be followed with repeat sonograms every 1 to 2 weeks and antenatal testing.

    • • Patients treated for immune hydrops are usually delivered at 37 weeks' or when fetal lung maturity has been confirmed.

  • Consultation with the neonatologist may help to decide when it is appropriate to proceed with preterm delivery for possible postnatal treatment .

  • The mother should be evaluated frequently for signs of "mirror" syndrome.

Delivery

• • The fetus should be delivered at tertiary care center with neonatologists and other appropriate specialists.

  • There is no evidence that delivery by cesarean section has a marked effect on outcome.

  • Cord blood should be obtained at delivery

A postmortem evaluation should be performed in all cases of hydrops that result in neonatal death. One study showed that a combined approach of a thorough antenatal assessment and autopsy may be more likely to determine the cause of non-immune hydrops .

Online Resources:

• Idiopathic Hydrops Fetalis

• OMIM

• Hydrops Fetalis

• eMedicine

  • Non-immune Hydrops(Powerpoint)

  • OBGYN.net

• Hydrops Fetalis

  • Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital

References

Wilkins, I. Nonimmune hydrops. In Creasy and Resnick's Maternal Fetal- Medicine Principles and Practice sixth ed.Ed Creasy R et al. , 2009, Saunders. pp505-517

Bianchi DW, Crombleholme TM, D'Alton ME. Fetology: Diagnosis & Management of the Fetal Patient.1st ed McGraw-Hill Professional 2000 pp 959-965

Rodriquez MM, Chaves F, Romaguera RL, Ferrer PL, delaGuardia C, Bruce JH. Value of autopsy in nonimmune hydrops fetalis: series of 51 stillborn fetuses. Pediatr Devel Path 2002;5:365-374.

http://www.perinatology.com/conditions/Hydrops.htm